{"id":9516,"date":"2024-12-25T22:39:51","date_gmt":"2024-12-25T21:39:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=9516"},"modified":"2024-12-25T22:41:30","modified_gmt":"2024-12-25T21:41:30","slug":"tadeas-hajek-z-hajku-a-jeho-denni-meteorologicka-pozorovani-v-letech-1557-1558","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/tadeas-hajek-z-hajku-a-jeho-denni-meteorologicka-pozorovani-v-letech-1557-1558\/","title":{"rendered":"TADE\u00c1\u0160 H\u00c1JEK Z H\u00c1JKU A JEHO DENN\u00cd METEOROLOGICK\u00c1 POZOROV\u00c1N\u00cd V LETECH 1557-1558"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"9516\" class=\"elementor elementor-9516\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1f2d5b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1f2d5b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f9908aa\" data-id=\"f9908aa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e56a8e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e56a8e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>1. \u00daVOD<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u00edsemn\u00e9 historick\u00e9 prameny o po\u010das\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch jevech pat\u0159\u00ed k d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm zdroj\u016fm informac\u00ed pro rekonstrukci klima\u00adtu na\u0161eho tis\u00edcilet\u00ed. Oproti st\u0159edov\u011bku, kde jsou \u00fadaje o pov\u011b\u00adtrnostn\u00edch jevech sp\u00ed\u0161e sporadick\u00e9 a \u010dasov\u011b nerovnom\u011brn\u011b zastoupen\u00e9 [3], roste v\u00fdrazn\u011b jejich po\u010det v 16. stolet\u00ed [2]. Souvis\u00ed to s celkov\u00fdm spole\u010densko-ekonomick\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem v tomto stolet\u00ed [13], kdy nov\u00e9 racion\u00e1ln\u00ed zp\u016fsoby hospoda\u0159e\u00adn\u00ed na \u0161lechtick\u00fdch i c\u00edrkevn\u00edch velkostatc\u00edch se op\u00edraly o v\u00fdsledky exaktn\u00edch v\u011bd. Majitel\u00e9 panstv\u00ed se sna\u017eili co nej\u00adv\u00edce vyu\u017e\u00edvat p\u016fdn\u00ed fond, odvod\u0148ovali ba\u017einy a budovali ryb\u00adn\u00edky [21].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch objev\u016f zp\u0159\u00edstupnil \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti i vyn\u00e1lez knihtisku roku 1450 a jeho obecn\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u00ad\u0159en\u00ed po roce 1500. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed k mocn\u00e9mu rozvoji kronik\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a analistiky, a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1sluhou vzd\u011blan\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch p\u00edsa\u0159\u016f, u\u010ditel\u016f a far\u00e1\u0159\u016f [34]. V\u00fdznamn\u00fd byl i obrat v naz\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed na meteorologii, co\u017e souviselo i s nov\u00fdmi v\u00fdsledky astrono\u00admie. To podn\u00edtilo mj. i z\u00e1jem \u0161lechtic\u016f, astronom\u016f, l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f aj. k zapisov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed v jednotliv\u00fdch dnech do ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch kalen\u00add\u00e1\u0159\u016f, hv\u011bzd\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch tabulek \u010di osobn\u00edch den\u00edk\u016f. V\u00fdsledky sv\u00fdch denn\u00edch z\u00e1znam\u016f pozorovatel\u00e9 srovn\u00e1vali s ofici\u00e1ln\u011b ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi astrometeorologick\u00fdmi p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010fmi i s pr\u016fb\u011bhem po\u010das\u00ed v minul\u00fdch letech. Daleko hlub\u0161\u00ed byl z\u00e1jem astrono\u00adm\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017eili porovnat v\u00fdsledky sv\u00fdch meteorologic\u00adk\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed s ob\u011bhy planet a celkov\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem vesm\u00ed\u00adru. Rovn\u011b\u017e jim denn\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed slou\u017eilo k obhajob\u011b jejich ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch prognostik proti p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 kritice u\u017eivatel\u016f [27].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch se oproti z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b [19, 20] obje\u00advuj\u00ed prvn\u00ed denn\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed podstatn\u011b pozd\u011bji. Bylo to patrn\u011b d\u00e1no vcelku pozdn\u00edm zalo\u017een\u00edm univerzity Karlem IV. 7. dubna 1348 a stagnac\u00ed v 15. stolet\u00ed, zp\u016fsobenou husitsk\u00fd\u00admi v\u00e1lkami. Obecn\u011b lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee a\u017e koncem 15. a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v 1. polovin\u011b 16. stolet\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k o\u017eiven\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed i v\u011bdy [29]. Teprve ze 16. stolet\u00ed poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed prvn\u00ed dosud zn\u00e1m\u00e9 denn\u00ed z\u00e1znamy o po\u010das\u00ed. Prov\u00e1d\u011bl je \u0161lechtic Jan z Kunovic v obdob\u00ed 1533-1545 na jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Morav\u011b [6,22,24]. V \u010cech\u00e1ch lze zat\u00edm za nejstar\u0161\u00ed pova\u017eovat z\u00e1pisy \u010deskobud\u011bjovick\u00e9ho p\u00edsa\u0159e Jana Pet\u0159\u00edka z Bene\u0161ova ze zimy 1555\/56 [5]. Denn\u00ed z\u00e1znamy o po\u010das\u00ed si vedl i astronom Tade\u00e1\u0161 H\u00e1jek z H\u00e1jku v letech 1557-1558 (viz d\u00e1le). V letech 1588-1591 k nim je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159istupuji pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed-ho p\u0159edstavitele proslul\u00e9ho moravsk\u00e9ho rodu, Karla star\u0161\u00edho ze \u017derot\u00edna [4], a v letech 1596-1598 a 1622 l\u00e9ka\u0159e Maty\u00e1\u0161e Borbonia z Borbenheimu [11,28]. Obdobn\u00e9 z\u00e1pisy o po\u010das\u00ed v \u010cech\u00e1ch si v letech 1599-1601 z\u0159ejm\u011b vedl i v\u00fdznamn\u00fd astronom Tycho Brahe. Po\u010das\u00ed zaznamen\u00e1val toti\u017e ji\u017e v letech 1582-1597 v Uranienburgu na Hvenu. Bohu\u017eel tato \u010desk\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou nezv\u011bstn\u00e1 [27].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>2. OSOBNOST TADE\u00c1\u0160E H\u00c1JKA Z H\u00c1JKU<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Charakteristika \u017eivotn\u00edch osud\u016f Tade\u00e1\u0161e H\u00e1jka z H\u00e1jku (obr. 1) \u010derp\u00e1 z prac\u00ed [1,9,18,32,36,37]. Tento proslul\u00fd astro\u00adnom, matematik a l\u00e9ka\u0159, zn\u00e1m\u00fd t\u00e9\u017e pod jm\u00e9nem Hagecius nebo Tadeus Nemicus, se narodil v Praze nejpravd\u011bpodobn\u011b\u00adji v roce 1525. Jeho otec, pra\u017esk\u00fd m\u011b\u0161\u0165an \u0160imon bakal\u00e1\u0159, byl z\u00e1mo\u017en\u00fdm a v\u00e1\u017een\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edkem p\u0159i Betl\u00e9msk\u00e9 kapli a jako univerzitn\u011b vzd\u011blan\u00fd mu\u017e zaru\u010doval sv\u00e9mu synu kvalitn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed. Velkou z\u00e1sluhu na Tade\u00e1\u0161ov\u011b v\u00fdchov\u011b m\u011bla tak\u00e9 jeho nevlastn\u00ed matka, se kterou se po brzk\u00e9 smrti prvn\u00ed man\u00ad\u017eelky H\u00e1jk\u016fv otec v roce 1530 o\u017eenil. Tade\u00e1\u0161 H\u00e1jek pro\u017eil d\u011btstv\u00ed a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00fd \u017eivot v dom\u011b \u201eU H\u00e1jk\u016f&#8221; na Betl\u00e9msk\u00e9m n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed v Praze \u010dp. 252.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/sites\/default\/files\/Tade%C3%A1%C5%A1%20z%20H%C3%A1jku.JPG\" alt=\"\" \/>Po absolvov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9ho z proslul\u00fdch pra\u017esk\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f studoval H\u00e1jek ve 2. polovin\u011b 40. let na pra\u017esk\u00e9m Vysok\u00e9m u\u010den\u00ed (Karlov\u011b univerzit\u011b). Roku 1548 ode\u0161el na v\u00edde\u0148skou univerzitu, kde studoval matematiku a l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed. V roce 1550 po n\u00e1vratu do Prahy dos\u00e1hl bakal\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a roku 1552 mistrov\u00adsk\u00e9 hodnosti. Po n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm pobytu v zahrani\u010d\u00ed (zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v It\u00e1lii) se roku 1553 vr\u00e1til do pra\u017esk\u00e9ho Karolina jako u\u010ditel matematiky na artistick\u00e9 fakult\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 t\u00e9to dob\u011b vydal tiskem sv\u00e9 prvn\u00ed odborn\u00e9 knihy, mimi\u00adci a pranostyky (soupis viz nap\u0159. [36]). Za sv\u00e9 l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 a hv\u011bz\u00add\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 z\u00e1sluhy byl roku 1554 pov\u00fd\u0161en c\u00edsa\u0159em Ferdinandem L do ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9ho stavu s pr\u00e1vem u\u017e\u00edvat erb a p\u0159\u00eddomek z H\u00e1jku [33]. Na univerzit\u011b p\u016fsobil do roku 1557, kdy se o\u017eenil s Kate\u0159inou ze Str\u00e1nova a podle tehdej\u0161\u00edch univerzitn\u00edch \u0159\u00e1d\u016f musel sv\u00e9 u\u010ditelsk\u00e9 m\u00edsto opustit. Studia l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed ve V\u00eddni mu umo\u017enily zalo\u017eit l\u00e9ka\u0159skou praxi, kter\u00e1 se stala hlavn\u00edm zdrojem jeho p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f. P\u0159itom nalezl i dostatek \u010dasu pro geo\u00adgrafick\u00e1, botanick\u00e1 a astronomick\u00e1 studia. Kolem roku 1558 se ujal p\u0159ekladu d\u00edla italsk\u00e9ho botanika P. O. Matthioliho. \u010cesk\u00fd p\u0159eklad herb\u00e1\u0159e, dopln\u011bn\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edmi H\u00e1jkov\u00fdmi poznatky z botanick\u00e9ho b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed i l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 praxe, vy\u0161el v Praze roku 1562 [1].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V letech 1556-1563 trianguloval okol\u00ed Prahy. Jeho mapa, v n\u00ed\u017e se zmi\u0148uje humanista Matou\u0161 Kol\u00edn, v\u0161ak nez\u016fstala zachov\u00e1na. Roku 1566 se H\u00e1jek z\u00fa\u010dastnil jako hlavn\u00ed poln\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159 c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9ho ta\u017een\u00ed proti Turk\u016fm a obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed R\u00e1bu [26]. Za sv\u00e9 slu\u017eby je\u0161t\u011b roku 1566 \u010di 1567 z\u00edskal od c\u00edsa\u0159e Maxmi\u00adli\u00e1na II. \u00fa\u0159ad dvorsk\u00e9ho fyzika a osobn\u00edho l\u00e9ka\u0159e.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Roku 1571 byl H\u00e1jek na zemsk\u00e9m sn\u011bmu jmenov\u00e1n protomedikem Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho a z\u00edskal i d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00fd \u0161lechtick\u00fd titul [25]. Do mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch hv\u011bzd\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch kruh\u016f vstoupil pracemi o nov\u00e9 hv\u011bzd\u011b, kter\u00e1 se v listopadu 1572 objevila v souhv\u011bzd\u00ed Kasiopeja. Pozd\u011bji vydal je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik astrono\u00admick\u00fdch spis\u016f, v\u011bt\u0161inou v\u011bnovan\u00fdch komet\u00e1m a supernov\u00e1m [1,36]. Roku 1575 se na korunovaci Rudolfa II. v \u0158ezn\u011b sp\u0159\u00e1\u00adtelil s d\u00e1nsk\u00fdm astronomem T\u00fdchonem Brahem. O dva roky pozd\u011bji, kdy vydal sv\u016fj spis o nov\u00e9 komet\u011b, mu zem\u0159ela \u017eena Kate\u0159ina. Znovu se o\u017eenil roku 1583 se Zuzanou z Merklova. S prvn\u00ed \u017eenou m\u011bl t\u0159i syny, s druhou dceru.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 t\u00e9to dob\u011b byl ji\u017e osobn\u00edm l\u00e9ka\u0159em Rudolfa H, sv\u011bto\u00adzn\u00e1m\u00fdm matematikem, fyzikem a astronomem. Nen\u00ed proto divu, \u017ee m\u011bl i zna\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1sluhy na zaveden\u00ed nov\u00e9ho gregori\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch [10], kter\u00fd byl ofici\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159ijat a\u017e po mnoha st\u0159etech s jeho odp\u016frci v roce 1584 (bl\u00ed\u017ee viz [16]). Na z\u00e1klad\u011b pov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159e Rudolfa II. mohly b\u00fdt v\u0161echny nov\u011b vyti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 kalend\u00e1\u0159e v Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9m od roku 1584 distribuov\u00e1ny teprve po H\u00e1jkov\u011b schv\u00e1len\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">H\u00e1jek, t\u011b\u0161\u00edc\u00ed se c\u00edsa\u0159ov\u011b d\u016fv\u011b\u0159e, mu s\u00e1m demonstroval n\u011b\u00adkter\u00e9 jevy a procesy, obracel panovn\u00edkovu pozornost k mno\u00adha z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdm probl\u00e9m\u016fm, kriticky vyb\u00edral badatele a staral se i o dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed dvorsk\u00e9 slu\u017eby tak\u00e9 odborn\u00edky z jin\u00fdch obor\u016f [13]. Z jeho podn\u011btu p\u0159ijel v \u00fanoru 1599 do Prahy Tycho Brahe a 1. ledna 1600 ze \u0160t\u00fdrsk\u00e9ho Hradce i Johannes Kepler. Bohu\u017eel, ne\u017e se sta\u010dila pln\u011b rozvinout v\u011bdeck\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce t\u011bchto t\u0159i osobnost\u00ed, H\u00e1jek 1. z\u00e1\u0159i roku 1600 n\u00e1hle um\u00edr\u00e1. O dva dny pozd\u011bji byl H\u00e1jek, jedna z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch osobnost\u00ed, kterou daly \u010desk\u00e9 zem\u011b sv\u011btu, pochov\u00e1n v Betl\u00e9m\u00adsk\u00e9 kapli. O jeho renom\u00e9 sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed fakt, \u017ee byl velmi ct\u011bn i tako\u00advou osobnost\u00ed, jakou byl Galileo Galilei. Po H\u00e1jkovi byl tak\u00e9 pojmenov\u00e1n jeden z kr\u00e1ter\u016f na M\u011bs\u00edci.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>3. PRA\u017dSK\u00dd EXEMPL\u00c1\u0158 CARELLIHO EFEMERID A METEOROLOGICK\u00c1 POZOROV\u00c1N\u00cd TADE\u00c1\u0160E H\u00c1JKA Z H\u00c1JKU<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">H\u00e1jek zapisoval sv\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed do astronomic\u00adk\u00fdch tabulek v ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 knize efemerid na l\u00e9ta 1557-1575 od italsk\u00e9ho astronoma J. B. Carelliho [7] (obr. 2). O t\u011bchto z\u00e1pi\u00adsech se zm\u00ednil v podrobn\u00e9 studii ji\u017e Ko\u0159\u00e1n [17] a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 doslovn\u011b z n\u00ed \u010derpal Munzar [23]. Proto\u017ee Ko\u0159\u00e1n [17] velmi ob\u0161\u00edrn\u011b charakterizoval tisk a z obsahov\u00e9ho hlediska i H\u00e1jkovy pozn\u00e1mky, zab\u00fdv\u00e1me se spisem jen ve stru\u010dnosti a dopl\u0148ujeme n\u011bkter\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti, vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z vlastn\u00edho stu\u00addia pra\u017esk\u00e9ho exempl\u00e1\u0159e Carelliho Ephemerides.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Efemeridy J. B. Carelliho, vyti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 v Ben\u00e1tk\u00e1ch roku 1557, s H\u00e1jkov\u00fdmi pozn\u00e1mkami, jsou deponov\u00e1ny v N\u00e1rodn\u00ed knihovn\u011b Praha (sign. 14 C 26). H\u00e1jkovo vlastnictv\u00ed knihy prokazuj\u00ed inici\u00e1ly T H na ko\u017een\u00e9 vazb\u011b a rovn\u011b\u017e jemu adre\u00adsovan\u00e9 vlo\u017een\u00e9 listy i jeho vlastnoru\u010dn\u00ed pozn\u00e1mky [17]. Poz\u00adn\u00e1mky jsou ps\u00e1ny tmav\u0161\u00edm inkoustem novogotickou polo-kurz\u00edvou s v\u00fdrazn\u00fdmi prvky novogotick\u00e9 kurz\u00edvy. Pro \u00faspor\u00adnost m\u00edsta H\u00e1jek \u010dasto latinsk\u00e9 vpisky zkracoval, co\u017e znesnad\u0148uje jejich \u010dten\u00ed. Pou\u017eit\u00fdm jazykem je v\u011bt\u0161inou lati\u00adna, \u010de\u0161tina se objevuje jen sporadicky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/sites\/default\/files\/%C3%BAvodn%C3%AD%20strana.JPG\" alt=\"\" \/>Charakter z\u00e1pis\u016f je rozd\u00edln\u00fd. V \u00favodu spisu s Carelliho astronomick\u00fdm v\u00fdkladem jsou H\u00e1jkem p\u0159e\u0161krt\u00e1ny \u010di zatr\u017ee\u00adny cel\u00e9 pas\u00e1\u017ee a opat\u0159eny jeho v\u00fdkladem astronomick\u00fdch jev\u016f. Text je po stran\u00e1ch, patrn\u011b pro p\u0159ehlednost, odd\u011blen H\u00e1jkov\u00fdmi margin\u00e1liemi. Ve vlastn\u00edch astronomick\u00fdch tabul\u00adk\u00e1ch jsou H\u00e1jkovou rukou vpisov\u00e1ny pozn\u00e1mky t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 na v\u0161echna voln\u00e1 m\u00edsta, podobn\u011b i z\u00e1znamy letopiseck\u00e9 povahy na stran\u00e1ch, uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch v\u017edy rok. Prvn\u00ed z\u00e1pis byl u\u010din\u011bn<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">26. \u00fanora 1557 (o z\u00e1snub\u00e1ch) a posledn\u00ed 15. srpna 1570 (o zatm\u011bn\u00ed M\u011bs\u00edce) (data podle juli\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e). Jeho pozn\u00e1mky lze podle charakteru rozd\u011blit na astronomick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, z\u00e1znamy o rodinn\u00fdch ud\u00e1lostech, o jeho one\u00admocn\u011bn\u00edch, o semin\u00e1\u0159\u00edch, o po\u010das\u00ed a na zpr\u00e1vy letopiseck\u00e9ho charakteru.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">H\u00e1jkovo denn\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed je vesm\u011bs p\u0159ipisov\u00e1no ke dn\u016fm v efemerid\u00e1ch, a to na okraji prav\u00e9 str\u00e1nkov\u00e9 f\u00f3lie (obr. 3). Pokud byl z\u00e1pis del\u0161\u00ed, tak jej H\u00e1jek vpisoval i na vol\u00adn\u00e9 m\u00edsto v \u0159\u00e1dku se dnem. Prvn\u00ed takov\u00fdto z\u00e1pis u\u010dinil 31. \u010der\u00advence 1557 a denn\u00ed z\u00e1znamy dovedl a\u017e do 10. \u00fanora 1558, kdy se objevuje prvn\u00ed \u010desk\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka o po\u010das\u00ed &#8211; \u201esn\u00edh a meteli\u00adce&#8221;. Po 10. \u00fanoru 1558 nach\u00e1z\u00edme ji\u017e jen \u010dty\u0159i z\u00e1pisy o po\u010da\u00ads\u00ed, z toho dva o mrazech (ps\u00e1ny latinsky) a dva o bou\u0159k\u00e1ch (\u010desky) (viz \u010d\u00e1st 4).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">H\u00e1jkovy pozn\u00e1mky se z\u0159ejm\u011b vesm\u011bs t\u00fdkaj\u00ed Prahy. Autor je p\u0159\u00edmo nelokalizuje, ov\u0161em n\u00e1\u0161 p\u0159edpoklad vych\u00e1z\u00ed ze z\u00e1pi\u00ads\u016f, kter\u00e9 dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed jeho pra\u017eskou p\u0159\u00edtomnost (semin\u00e1\u0159e na Vysok\u00e9m u\u010den\u00ed, rodinn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti, letopiseck\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tade\u00e1\u0161 H\u00e1jek z H\u00e1jku pou\u017eil pro vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed 29 ter\u00adm\u00edn\u016f, v\u011bt\u0161inou latinsk\u00fdch. Jeho popis po\u010das\u00ed charakterizuje: teplotn\u00ed pom\u011bry (slova \u201efrigus, frigidus [zima, chladno]; gelus [mr\u00e1z] &#8211; magnus [siln\u00fd, velk\u00fd], paucus [skrovn\u00fd, mal\u00fd], adus-set [sp\u00e1lil]; tepidus [vla\u017eno, teplo], remissio [obleva]&#8221;); sr\u00e1\u017e\u00adky (\u201epluit [pr\u0161\u00ed] &#8211; super [nad m\u00edru], valde [siln\u011b, mohutn\u011b], parvem [drobn\u011b], tonuit [slab\u011b, povoln\u011b]; nix, sn\u00edh &#8211; resolut-que [rozt\u00e1val], pauca [mal\u00fd, skrovn\u00fd]&#8221;); obla\u010dnost (\u201eserenus [jasno]; nubilo [mra\u010dna]&#8221;); meteory (\u201eUirbidus [chmurno, kal-no]; metelice; h\u0159\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed velik\u00e9; hrom ude\u0159il&#8221;); v\u00edtr (\u201eventus [v\u00edtr] &#8211; magnus [siln\u00fd, velk\u00fd], duravit [vytrval\u00fd], flatus [v\u00e1l]&#8221;).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">D\u00e1le autor u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 term\u00edn \u201einconstans&#8221; pro nest\u00e1l\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed a \u201esimilis&#8221; pro po\u010das\u00ed obdobn\u00e9 p\u0159edchoz\u00edmu dni.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159eklad n\u011bkter\u00fdch latinsk\u00fdch slov kol\u00eds\u00e1. Nap\u0159. \u201efrigus&#8221; znamen\u00e1 chladno \u010di zimu, ale tak\u00e9 mr\u00e1z [31]. Proto\u017ee ale H\u00e1jek u\u017eil pro mr\u00e1z p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed term\u00edn \u201egelus&#8221;, je mo\u017en\u00e9 se p\u0159i p\u0159ekladu slova \u201efrigus&#8221; p\u0159iklonit ke chladnu \u010di zim\u011b. H\u00e1jkem pou\u017eit\u00e1 terminologie je proti uveden\u00fdm denn\u00edm z\u00e1znam\u016fm ze 16. stolet\u00ed [4,6,11] velmi skromn\u00e1 na v\u00fdrazy. Vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 to patr\u00adn\u011b z H\u00e1jkova exaktn\u00edho zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, sna\u017e\u00edc\u00edho se pojmenovat stru\u010dn\u011b a p\u0159esn\u011b charakter po\u010das\u00ed. Snad ho k tomu nutilo i m\u00e1lo m\u00edsta na pozn\u00e1mky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>4. VERIFIKACE A INTERPRETACE H\u00c1JKOV\u00ddCH METEOROLOGICK\u00ddCH Z\u00c1ZNAM\u016e<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">H\u00e1jkovy denn\u00ed z\u00e1znamy po\u010das\u00ed pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed v p\u0159epo\u010dtu na sou\u010dasn\u00fd gregori\u00e1nsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159 (k datu podle juli\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e se p\u0159ipo\u010dte 10 dn\u016f) obdob\u00ed srpna 1557 a\u017e \u00fanora 1558. Nejfrekventovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou z\u00e1znamy v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1557, kdy se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed 86,7 % dn\u016f v m\u011bs\u00edci, nej sporadi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou v \u00fanoru 1558, kdy pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed jen 24,1 % dn\u016f. Meteorologick\u00e1 inter\u00adpretace H\u00e1jkov\u00fdch denn\u00edch z\u00e1znam\u016f po\u010das\u00ed je schematicky zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna na obr. 4.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V \u010desk\u00fdch narativn\u00edch pramenech se zpr\u00e1vy o po\u010das\u00ed k tomuto obdob\u00ed neobjevuj\u00ed. Pouze V\u00e1clav B\u0159e\u017ean [26] uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee kolem 4. ledna 1558 se objevili v ji\u017en\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch vlci, kte\u00ad\u0159\u00ed d\u00e1vili zv\u011b\u0159 a dobytek. To by mohlo ukazovat na p\u0159edchoz\u00ed chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed, kter\u00e9 podle H\u00e1jkov\u00fdch z\u00e1znam\u016f je prok\u00e1\u00adz\u00e1no pro 4.-5., 15., 17.-22. prosince a 31. prosince &#8211; 6. led\u00adna, ov\u0161em pro polovinu dn\u016f prosince roku 1557 denn\u00ed z\u00e1pisy chyb\u00ed. Interpretace tohoto prosince jako chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho m\u011bs\u00edce se shoduje s jeho hodnocen\u00edm v N\u011bmecku a ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku [12, 30]. V lednu 1558 p\u0159i chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch z\u00e1znamech v sedmi dnech je mr\u00e1z d\u00e1le ud\u00e1v\u00e1n jen pro 11. a siln\u00fd mr\u00e1z pro 19. a 20. ledna. Polovinu dn\u016f v m\u011bs\u00edci v\u0161ak H\u00e1jek popisuje jako dny s oteplen\u00edm nebo tepl\u00e9, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee ukazovat na pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd teplotn\u00ed charakter m\u011bs\u00edce stejn\u011b jako ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku [30], pop\u0159. snad i na sp\u00ed\u0161e teplej\u0161\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edc, jak byl ur\u010den jeho charakter v interpretaci pro N\u011bmecko [12]. Z\u00e1znamy z \u00fanora 1558 pak ukazuj\u00ed na chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed mezi 13.-20. \u00fanorem, z \u010deho\u017e ale nelze usuzovat na charakter cel\u00e9ho m\u011bs\u00edce, nav\u00edc proti\u00adch\u016fdn\u011b interpretovan\u00e9ho pro \u0160v\u00fdcarsko jako chladn\u00fd [30] a pro N\u011bmecko jako tepl\u00fd [12].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pokud jde o extremitu zbyl\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f roku 1557 s H\u00e1j\u00adkov\u00fdmi z\u00e1znamy, jev\u00ed se srpen jako de\u0161tiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (11 dn\u016f se sr\u00e1\u017e\u00adkami v 19 dnech s pozorov\u00e1n\u00edmi). Pon\u011bkud problematick\u00e9 jsou z\u00e1pisy z prvn\u00ed poloviny z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, kde H\u00e1jek uv\u00e1d\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u011b jasno (serenum) a d\u00e9\u0161\u0165 (pluit). Proto je po\u010das\u00ed v t\u011bchto dnech interpretov\u00e1no jako polojasn\u00e9 s p\u0159eh\u00e1\u0148kami. P\u0159eva\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1\u00adznamy v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a v \u0159\u00edjnu o jasn\u00e9m po\u010das\u00ed (19.-22. \u0159\u00edjna nav\u00edc uv\u00e1d\u011bny tepl\u00e9 dny) ukazuj\u00ed na jejich tepl\u00fd a such\u00fd r\u00e1z. Tato teplotn\u00ed interpretace je v souladu s Glaserem [12] pro N\u011b\u00admecko, zat\u00edmco Pfister [30] charakterizuje oba m\u011bs\u00edce ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku jako pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9. V listopadu 1557 se H\u00e1jkovy z\u00e1z\u00adnamy vztahuj\u00ed ke \u010dtvrtin\u011b jeho dn\u016f, co\u017e neumo\u017e\u0148uje interpre\u00adtaci charakteru m\u011bs\u00edce, kter\u00fd byl v obou porovn\u00e1van\u00fdch zem\u00edch charakterizov\u00e1n jako teplotn\u011b pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd [12, 30].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dal\u0161\u00ed H\u00e1jkovy vpisky do Carelliho efemerid se vztahuj\u00ed a\u017e k roku 1559. K 17. dubnu a 6. kv\u011btnu uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee mr\u00e1z sp\u00e1lil vinnou r\u00e9vu. Ze z\u00e1pisu ze 6. kv\u011btna, \u017ee \u201egelu mane adusset vites et altere die&#8221; (tj. r\u00e1no mr\u00e1z sp\u00e1lil vinnou r\u00e9vu i druh\u00fd den), plyne stejn\u00fd mr\u00e1z tak\u00e9 7. kv\u011btna. H\u00e1jkovy z\u00e1znamy jsou v souladu se zpr\u00e1vami z Prost\u011bjova [8], kde byly v dubnu a za\u010d\u00e1tkem kv\u011btna jasn\u00e9 a tepl\u00e9 dny jako v l\u00e9t\u011b a rozkvetly stromy. Velk\u00fdm mrazem datovan\u00fdm k11. kv\u011btnu pak pomrzly stromy a vinice. \u0160kody mrazem na vinic\u00edch a ovocn\u00fdch stromech zmi\u0148uje na ja\u0159e tak\u00e9 Marek Byd\u017eovsk\u00fd [15].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">25. \u010dervence 1559 uv\u00e1d\u00ed H\u00e1jek bou\u0159ku p\u0159i z\u00e1padu slunce, kdy uhodilo na pra\u017esk\u00e9m Nov\u00e9m M\u011bst\u011b do radnice a vznikl po\u017e\u00e1r. Tuto ud\u00e1lost zmi\u0148uje tak\u00e9 Marek Byd\u017eovsk\u00fd [15], kte\u00adr\u00fd hovo\u0159\u00ed o lij\u00e1ku. Dal\u0161\u00ed H\u00e1jkova zpr\u00e1va o bou\u0159ce je z 20. \u010der\u00advence 1562, kdy uhodil blesk do Daliborky a je\u0161t\u011b na dv\u011b dal\u00ad\u0161\u00ed m\u00edsta na Pra\u017esk\u00e9m hradu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>5. Z\u00c1V\u011aR<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Denn\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed Tade\u00e1\u0161e H\u00e1jka z H\u00e1jku z obdo\u00adb\u00ed srpna 1557 a\u017e \u00fanora 1558 se \u0159ad\u00ed k dal\u0161\u00edm denn\u00edm z\u00e1zna\u00adm\u016fm po\u010das\u00ed z \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k charakterizo\u00adv\u00e1n\u00ed pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch pom\u011br\u016f 16. stolet\u00ed. I kdy\u017e v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s dal\u0161\u00edmi z\u00e1znamy [4, 6,11, 28] postihuj\u00ed jen krat\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed, pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek, v n\u011bm\u017e jin\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy o po\u010das\u00ed z \u010desk\u00fdch narativn\u00edch pramen\u016f chyb\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b. Jsou dobr\u00fdm z\u00e1kladem pro interpretaci teplotn\u00ed a sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 extre\u00admity tohoto obdob\u00ed, kter\u00e1 je v dobr\u00e9m souladu s \u00fadaji pro N\u011bmecko [12], pop\u0159. \u0160v\u00fdcarsko [30].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/em> Poznatky prezentovan\u00e9 v tomto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku byly z\u00eds\u00adk\u00e1ny p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed grantu 205\/95\/0509 finan\u010dn\u011b podporovan\u00e9ho GA \u010cR. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm d\u00edkem jsme zav\u00e1z\u00e1ni dr. Kamilu Boldanovi z N\u00e1rodn\u00ed knihovny v Praze za poskytnut\u00edxerokopi\u00ed Carelliho efe\u00admerid a cenn\u00e9 rady i p\u0159ipom\u00ednky. Uveden\u00e9 instituci pat\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed za zhotoven\u00ed fotografick\u00fdch p\u0159edloh pro obr. 2-4.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Literatura<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[1]\u00a0\u00a0 Bou\u0161ka, J., ed.: Tade\u00e1\u0161 H\u00e1jek z H\u00e1jku (1525-1600). Praha, Univerzita Karlova 1976. 39 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[2]\u00a0\u00a0 Br\u00e1zdil, R. &#8211; Dobrovoln\u00fd, P. &#8211; Kotyzja, O.: Climate fluctuations in the Czech Lands during the 16th century in the Central European context. In: Climate Dynamics and the Global Change Perspective. [V tisku.]<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[3]\u00a0\u00a0 Br\u00e1zdil, R. &#8211; Kotyza, O.: History of weather and climate in the Czech Lands I (Period 1000-1500). Zurcher Geographische Schriften, 62, Zurich 1995. 260 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[4]\u00a0\u00a0 Br\u00e1zdil, R. &#8211; Kotyza, O.: Daily meteorological observations of Charles Senior of \u017derot\u00edn in the years 1588-1591. Scripta Fac. Sci. Nat. Univ. Masaryk. Brun., 25, Geographia, 1995 Brno, s. 7-39.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[5] Br\u00e1zdil, R. &#8211; Kotyza, O.: Nejstar\u0161\u00ed denn\u00ed z\u00e1znamy po\u011bas\u00ed v \u010cech\u00e1ch. Meteorol. Zpr., 48, 1995, \u010d. 6, s. 184-186.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[6] Br\u00e1zdil, R. &#8211; Kotyza, O.: Denn\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed Jana z Kunovic na jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Morav\u011b v letech 1533-1545. [Rukopis].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[7] Carelli, J. B.: Ephemerides Io. Baptistae Carelli Placentini ad anno MDLVII. usque ad annum MDLXXV. Meridiano inclinatae urbis Venetiarum diligentissime supputatae. Canones eiusdem mira facilitate omnia Ephemeridibus opportuna declarantes; una cum isagogico tractatu Astro-logiae studiosis valde necessario. Cum Pont. Max. ae Ilustriis. Senatus Veneti, Gratia et Privilegio. Venetiis, Ex Officina Erasmiana, Vincentii Valgrisii, MDLVII, passim. N\u00e1rodn\u00ed knihovna Praha, sign. 14 C 26.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[8] D&#8217;Elvert, C, ed.: Pam\u011bti M\u011bsta Prost\u011bgova. Denkw\u00fardig-keiten der Stadt Prossnitz (Aus der Orginal-Handschrift im Chaos Pessinianum). Quellen-Schriften zur Geschichte Mahrens und \u00d3sterr.-Schlesiens. Mahrische und schlesi-sche Chroniken. 1. Theil. Br\u00fann, 1861, s. 345-352.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[9] Dvorsk\u00fd, E: Tady\u00e1\u0161 H\u00e1jek z H\u00e1jku. Cas. Mus. Kr\u00e1l. \u010ces., 65,1891, s. 229-247.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[10] Dvorsk\u00fd, E: Dobr\u00e9 zd\u00e1n\u00ed Tady\u00e1\u0161e H\u00e1jka z H\u00e1jku o oprav\u011b a zaveden\u00ed nov\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e pape\u017eem \u0158eho\u0159em. \u010cas. Mus. Kr\u00e1l. \u010ces., 76,1902, s. 473-484.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[11] Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, M., ed.: Dva den\u00edky dra. Mati\u00e1\u0161e Borbonia z Bor\u00adbenheimu. Historick\u00fd archiv \u010d. 9. Praha, N\u00e1kladem \u010cesk\u00e9 akademie c\u00edsa\u0159e Franti\u0161ka Josefa pro v\u011bdy, slovesnost a um\u011bn\u00ed 1896. 166 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[12] Glaser, R.: Thermal indices for Germany in the 16th centu\u00adry. [Rukopis].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[13] Jan\u00e1\u010dek, J.: Rudolf II. a jeho doba. Praha, Svoboda 1987. 574 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[14] Ka\u0161par, O.: Uvod do novov\u011bk\u00e9 paleografie se zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm z\u0159etelem k \u010desk\u00fdm zem\u00edm. 1. svazek &#8211; Textov\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st. Praha, SPN 1975. 283 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[15] Kol\u00e1r, J.: Marek Byd\u017eovsk\u00fd z Florentina, Sv\u011bt za tri \u010des\u00adk\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f. V\u00fdbor z kronik\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch z\u00e1pis\u016f o letech 1526-1596. Praha, Svoboda 1987. 296 s.<\/span><\/p><\/div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[16] Kollmann, J.: Zaveden\u00ed Gregori\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e v \u010des\u00adk\u00fdch zem\u00edch. In: Sbor. archivn\u00edch prac\u00ed, 24, 1974, s. 3-41.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[17] Ko\u0159\u00e1n, l: Kniha efemerid z bibliot\u00e9ky Tade\u00e1\u0161e H\u00e1jka z H\u00e1jku. Sbor. pro d\u011bjiny p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch v\u011bd a techniky, 6,1961, s. 221-228.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[18] L\u00e1ska, V: Heslo \u201eH\u00e1jek z H\u00e1jku&#8221;. In: Ott\u016fv slovn\u00edk nau\u010d\u00adn\u00fd. Des\u00e1t\u00fd d\u00edl Praha, J. Otto 1896, s. 754-755.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[19] Lawrence, E.N.: The earliest known journal of the weather. Weath., 27, 1972, \u010d. 12, s. 494-501.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[20] Long, C: The oldest European weather diary? Weath., 29, 1974, \u010d. 6, s. 233-237.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[21] Macek, J.: V\u011bk Jagellonsk\u00fd v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch (1471 -1526). D\u00edl I. Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 z\u00e1kladna a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 moc. Praha, Aca\u00addemia 1992. 342 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[22] Munzar, J.: The discovery of daily weather records in Mo-ravia from 1533-1545 (An attempt of their authorization and localization). In: Br\u00e1zdil, R., Kol\u00e1\u0159, M., eds.: Contem-porary Climatology. Brno 1994, 409-413.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[23] Munzar, J.: Po\u010d\u00e1tky systematick\u00fdch vizu\u00e1ln\u00edch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed. In: Kapitoly z d\u011bjin meteorologie v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch a na Slovensku. Meteorol. Zpr. &#8211; P\u0159\u00edloha, 47, 1994, \u010d. 6, s. 27-28.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[24] Munzar, J.: Prvn\u00ed systematick\u00e1 denn\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky z let 1533-1545. Meteorol. Zpr., 48, 1995, \u010d. 4, s. 105-108.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[25] Palack\u00fd, E: O pranostik\u00e1ch a kalend\u00e1\u0159\u00edch \u010desk\u00fdch zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v XVI. stolet\u00ed. \u010cas. Mus. Kr\u00e1l. \u010ces., 3, 1829, s. 33-64.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[26] P\u00e1nek, \/; ed.: V\u00e1clav B\u0159e\u017ean, \u017divoty posledn\u00edch Ro\u017ember\u00adk\u016f. Praha, Svoboda 1985.912 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[27] Pejml, K.: Pozn\u00e1mky k v\u00fdvoji \u011besk\u00e9 meteorologie od nej-star\u0161\u00edch dob do roku 1919. D\u011bjiny v\u011bdy a techniky, 18, 1985, s. 234-248.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[28] Pejml, J. &#8211; Munzar, J.: Maty\u00e1\u0161 Borbonius z Borbenheimu a jeho meteorologick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed z let 1596-1598, 1622. Meteorol. Zpr., 21, 1968, \u010d. 3, s. 93-95.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[29] Petr\u00e1\u0148, J.: N\u00e1stin d\u011bjin filozofick\u00e9 fakulty Univerzity Karlovy v Praze. Praha, Univerzita Karlova 1983. 406 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[30] Pfister, C: Klimageschichte der Schweiz 1525-1860. Das Klima der Schweiz von 1525-1860 und seine Bedeutung in der Geschichte von Bev\u00f3lkerung und Landwirtschaft. Band l, II. Bern, Stuttgart, Verlag Paul Haupt 1988.184 s. + doda\u00adtek.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[31] Pra\u017e\u00e1k, J. M. &#8211; Novotn\u00fd, F. &#8211; Sedl\u00e1\u010dek, J.: Latinsko-\u010desk\u00fd slovn\u00edk. A-K. Praha, SPN 1955. 743 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[32] Rybi\u010dka, A.: Tade\u00e1\u0161 H\u00e1jek, jinak Nemicus, z H\u00e1jku. \u010cas. Mus. Kr\u00e1l. \u010ces., 61, 1887, s. 275-284.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[33] Sedl\u00e1\u010dek, A.: P\u00fdcha urozenosti a v\u00fdvody u star\u00fdch \u010cech\u016fv a Moravan\u016fv. V\u011bstn\u00edk Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti nauk, t\u0159\u00edda filosoficko &#8211; historicko &#8211; jazykozpytn\u00e1, Praha, 1915. 111 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[34] Smetana, J.: Vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed prameny d\u011bjepisn\u00e9 vznikl\u00e9 v lito\u00adm\u011b\u0159ick\u00e9m kraji do roku 1835. Sbor. archivn\u00edch prac\u00ed, 22, 1972, s. 221-295.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[35] Tomek, V. V: D\u011bjepis m\u011bsta Prahy. D\u00edl XII. Praha, N\u00e1kla\u00addem Mus. Kr\u00e1l. \u010ces. v kommiss\u00ed u Franti\u0161ka \u0158ivn\u00e1\u011be 1901. 473 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[36] Urb\u00e1nkov\u00e1, E. &#8211; Horsk\u00fd, Z: Tade\u00e1\u0161 H\u00e1jek z H\u00e1jku a jeho doba. Praha, \u010cs. astronomick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost p\u0159i \u010cSAV a St\u00e1tn\u00ed knihovna \u010cSR 1975. 63 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[37] Vetter, Q.: Tade\u00e1\u0161 H\u00e1jek z H\u00e1jku (Ke \u011bty\u0159setlet\u00e9mu v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed jeho narozen\u00ed). \u0158\u00ed\u0161e hv\u011bzd, 6, 1925, s. 169-185.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Lektor RNDr. J. Munzar, CSc, rukopis odevzd\u00e1n v lednu 1996.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Rudolf Br\u00e1zdil &#8211; Old\u0159ich Kotyza, MZ 1996\/3,\u00a0 ro\u010dn\u00edk 49, str. 85-89<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. \u00daVOD P\u00edsemn\u00e9 historick\u00e9 prameny o po\u010das\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch jevech pat\u0159\u00ed k d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm zdroj\u016fm informac\u00ed pro rekonstrukci klima\u00adtu na\u0161eho tis\u00edcilet\u00ed. Oproti st\u0159edov\u011bku, kde jsou \u00fadaje o pov\u011b\u00adtrnostn\u00edch jevech sp\u00ed\u0161e sporadick\u00e9 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9516","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9516","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9516"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9516\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9520,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9516\/revisions\/9520"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9516"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}