{"id":9508,"date":"2024-12-25T22:06:58","date_gmt":"2024-12-25T21:06:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=9508"},"modified":"2024-12-25T22:08:19","modified_gmt":"2024-12-25T21:08:19","slug":"nekolik-poznamek-k-nejstarsim-dennim-pozorovanim-pocasi-na-uzemi-ceske-republiky-v-letech-1533-1545","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/nekolik-poznamek-k-nejstarsim-dennim-pozorovanim-pocasi-na-uzemi-ceske-republiky-v-letech-1533-1545\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u011aKOLIK POZN\u00c1MEK K NEJSTARS\u00cdM DENN\u00cdM POZOROV\u00c1N\u00cdM PO\u010cAS\u00cd NA \u00daZEM\u00cd \u010cESK\u00c9 REPUBLIKY V LETECH 1533-1545"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"9508\" class=\"elementor elementor-9508\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-af46f48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"af46f48\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-27fd143\" data-id=\"27fd143\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a4dcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48a4dcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Denn\u00ed z\u00e1znamy o po\u010das\u00ed jsou jedn\u00edm z nej v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zdroj\u016f informac\u00ed pro rekonstrukci klimatu v obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed za\u010d\u00e1tkem p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed. V mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech v\u00fdznamn\u011b dopl\u0148uj\u00ed a zp\u0159es\u0148uj\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy o po\u010das\u00ed z narativn\u00edch pramen\u016f. Nejinak je tomu i p\u0159i rekonstrukci kli\u00admatu v \u010cesk\u00fdch zem\u00edch, kde denn\u00ed z\u00e1znamy po\u010das\u00ed Jana z Kunovic z let 1533-1545, o nich\u017e referuje Munzar [6] na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch tohoto \u010dasopisu, jsou unik\u00e1tn\u00edm materi\u00e1lem.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Citovan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce p\u0159edstavuje dopln\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159edchoz\u00ed pr\u00e1ce [5], na rozd\u00edl od n\u00ed autor opravuje zejm\u00e9na n\u011bkter\u00e9 diskutabiln\u00ed skute\u010dnosti t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se historie tohoto materi\u00e1lu. V t\u00e9to sou\u00advislosti je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba upozornit na n\u011bkter\u00e9 nep\u0159esnosti, pop\u0159. jinou interpretaci uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch skute\u010dnost\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podle na\u0161ich v\u00fdzkum\u016f [1] zkratka na p\u0159eds\u00e1dce Stoeflerov\u00fdch efemerid [8] \u201eF: A. Z. Zierotain: baro&#8221; znamen\u00e1 Fridrich altus (star\u0161\u00ed) ze \u017derot\u00edna, p\u00e1n. Analogick\u00fdmi zkrat\u00adkami byly toti\u017e ozna\u010dov\u00e1ny knihy v knihovn\u011b, jej\u00edm\u017e vlastn\u00ed\u00adkem byl Karel star\u0161\u00ed ze \u017derot\u00edna [2]. Ten z\u00edskal efemeridy patrn\u011b od sv\u00e9ho str\u00fdce Fridricha ze \u017derot\u00edna spolu s p\u0159erov\u00adsk\u00fdm panstv\u00edm a knihovnou. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u00edsma na p\u0159eds\u00e1dce s rukopisy Karla star\u0161\u00edho ze \u017derot\u00edna [9] ukazuje toti\u017e na stej\u00adnou ruku.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Od Fridricha ze \u017derot\u00edna vede cesta k jeho matce Eli\u0161ce z Kunovic (star\u0161\u00ed p\u0159eklad slova Elisabeth tak\u00e9 Al\u017eb\u011bta), pro\u00advdan\u00e9 roku 1535 za Pavla ze \u017derot\u00edna, jim\u017e se Fridrich 23. srpna 1538 narodil (viz z\u00e1pisky in [8]). Eli\u0161ka z Kunovic jako dcera Jana z Kunovic z\u00edskala efemeridy se z\u00e1pisky patr\u00adn\u011b po otcov\u011b smrti po 9. dubnu 1545.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Fridrich ze \u017derot\u00edna tedy nen\u00ed ani pisatelem \u00favodn\u00ed sen\u00adtence na p\u0159eds\u00e1dce, ani man\u017eelem Eli\u0161ky, dcery Jana z Ku\u00adnovic, jak se uv\u00e1d\u00ed v [6]. Podle [7] byl \u017eenat t\u0159ikr\u00e1t, Eli\u0161ka z Kunovic v\u0161ak mezi man\u017eelkami nefiguruje a z v\u00fd\u0161e uvede\u00adn\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f ani figurovat nem\u016f\u017ee.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z hlediska lokalizace pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed se klon\u00edme k Uhersk\u00e9mu Ostrohu nebo Uhersk\u00e9mu Brodu, kter\u00fd spolu s hradem z\u00edskal Jan z Kunovic roku 1506 od \u010desk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Vladislava U. Jagellonsk\u00e9ho. Hrad ale opustil a v letech 1512-1520 si nechal ve m\u011bst\u011b vystav\u011bt v bl\u00edzkosti dominik\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kl\u00e1\u0161tera honos\u00adn\u00fd d\u016fm [3]. Zd\u00e1nliv\u00e9 rozpory v m\u00edstopisn\u00fdch informac\u00edch, kdy se autor n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t vydal do Brodu a n\u00e1sledn\u011b se vr\u00e1til \u201edom\u016f&#8221; [6], p\u0159i\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me sp\u00ed\u0161e zjevn\u00e9 nesystemati\u010dnosti z\u00e1znam\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V pr\u00e1ci [6] se objevuje n\u011bkolik dal\u0161\u00edch drobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ne\u00adp\u0159esnost\u00ed. Posledn\u00ed z\u00e1pis Jana z Kunovic je z 9. dubna 1545 (nikoli 10. dubna). Zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed z ledna 1541 se v p\u0159epo\u010dtu na gregori\u00e1nsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159 net\u00fdkaj\u00ed 13. ledna a\u017e 14. \u00fanora, ale 11. ledna &#8211; 10. \u00fanora. Po\u010det dn\u016f n, kter\u00fd je t\u0159e\u00adba p\u0159ipo\u010d\u00edtat k dat\u016fm podle juli\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e pro p\u0159evod na gregori\u00e1nsk\u00fd, se toti\u017e vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 podle vztahu [4]:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">n = c-(c, \/4)-2,<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/sites\/default\/files\/tabulka.JPG\" alt=\"\" \/>kde c je po\u010det cel\u00fdch stolet\u00ed od za\u010d\u00e1tku letopo\u010dtu a c, je nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edchoz\u00ed cel\u00e9 stoleti d\u011bliteln\u00e9 beze zbytku \u010dty\u0159mi. Pro 16. stolet\u00ed je tedy po dosazen\u00ed c = 15 a c, = 12 do uvede\u00adn\u00e9ho vzorce n rovno 10 dn\u016fm. S ohledem na probl\u00e9my se \u010dte\u00adn\u00edm rukopisn\u00fdch z\u00e1znam\u016f se od [6] li\u0161\u00edme pro 6. \u00fanor 1539 (teplo, jasno, v noci v\u00edtr nikoli t\u00e1n\u00ed).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Proto\u017ee obdob\u00ed 1533-1545 je v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch pokryto p\u00edsemn\u00fdmi narativn\u00edmi prameny nedostate\u010dn\u011b, a to je\u0161t\u011b sp\u00ed\u0161e v letn\u00edm p\u016flroce, jsou pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed Jana z Kunovic d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm materi\u00e1lem pro charakterizov\u00e1n\u00ed teplotn\u00edho a sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9ho cha\u00adrakteru m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f, k nim\u017e se vztahuj\u00ed jeho pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed (tab. 1). Tato interpretace dopl\u0148uje kr\u00e1tkou charakteristiku pov\u011btrnost\u00adn\u00edch podm\u00ednek n\u011bkolika del\u0161\u00edch obdob\u00ed uvedenou v [6].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Tab. 1 Interpretace teplotn\u00ed a sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 extremity m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f podle denn\u00edch z\u00e1znam\u016f po\u010das\u00ed Jana z Kunovic na jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Morav\u011b v obdob\u00ed 1533-1545. Vysv\u011btlivky: teplotn\u00ed extremita m\u011bs\u00edce: T\u2014 tepl\u00fd, P &#8211; pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd, C &#8211; chladn\u00fd, D &#8211; drsn\u00fd; sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 extremita m\u011bs\u00edce: V &#8211; vlhk\u00fd, A &#8211; pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd, S &#8211; such\u00fd; x &#8211; ne\u00fapln\u00e9 denn\u00ed z\u00e1znamy neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed interpretaci extremity dan\u00e9ho m\u011bs\u00edce. Datace podle gregori\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e.<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Literatura<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[1]\u00a0\u00a0 Br\u00e1zdil, R. &#8211; Kotyza, O.: Denn\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed Jana z Kunovic na jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Morav\u011b v letech 1533-1545. Rukopis. Brno 1995.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[2]\u00a0\u00a0 Dud\u00edk, B.: Karfs von \u017derot\u00edn bohmische Bibliothek in Breslau. Prag, Verlag der k. k. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 1877. 60 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[3] Hos\u00e1k, L. &#8211; Zemek, M., eds.: Hrady, z\u00e1mky a tvrze v \u010ce\u00adch\u00e1ch, na Morav\u011b a ve Slezsku I. Ji\u017en\u00ed Morava. Praha, Svoboda 1981.367 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[4] Chrenov, L. S. &#8211; Golub, I. J.: Vremja i kalend\u00e1\u0159. Moskva, Nauka 1989. 125 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[5] Munzar, J,: The discovery of daily weather records in Moravia from 1533-1545 (An attempt of their authorization and localization). In: Br\u00e1zdil, R., Kol\u00e1\u0159, M., eds.: Contemporary Climatology. Brno, 1994. s. 409-413.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[6] Munzar, J.: Prvn\u00ed systematick\u00e1 denn\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky z let 1533-1545. Meteorol. Zpr., 48, 1995, \u010d. 4, s. 105-108.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[7] Slav\u00edk, J.: Heslo \u201eze \u017derot\u00edna&#8221;. In: Ott\u016f v slovn\u00edk nau\u010dn\u00fd. 27. d\u00edl. Praha, J. Otto 1908. s. 814-823.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[8] Stoefler, J.: Ephemeridum opus Ioannis Stoefleri Iustin-gensis mathematici a capite anni redemptoris Christi M.D.XXXII. in alios XX. proxime subsequentes, ad veterum imitationem accuratissimo calculo, elabor\u00e1t\u016fm. Cum gratia et privilegio Caesareo. Tubingae per Huldenrichum, 1531. Morhart Ann. XXXI. Kal. Sept. Bibliotheka Universytecka, Wroclaw, nov\u00e1 sign. 394569 (star\u00e1 sign. 4.M.620).<\/span><\/p><\/div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[9] Urb\u00e1nkov\u00e1-Hrub\u00e1, L.: Kancel\u00e1\u0159 Karla star\u0161\u00edho z \u017derot\u00edna (Diplomatick\u00e1 studie). Sbor. archivn\u00edch prac\u00ed, IV, 1954, s. 29-98.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Poznatky prezentovan\u00e9 v tomto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed grantu 205\/95\/0509 finan\u010dn\u011b podporovan\u00e9ho GA \u010cR.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Rudolf Br\u00e1zdil &#8211; Old\u0159ich Kotyza, MZ 1996\/3, ro\u010dn\u00edk 49, str. 90-91<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Denn\u00ed z\u00e1znamy o po\u010das\u00ed jsou jedn\u00edm z nej v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zdroj\u016f informac\u00ed pro rekonstrukci klimatu v obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed za\u010d\u00e1tkem p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed. V mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech v\u00fdznamn\u011b dopl\u0148uj\u00ed a zp\u0159es\u0148uj\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy o [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9508","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9508","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9508"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9508\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9512,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9508\/revisions\/9512"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9508"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}