{"id":9473,"date":"2024-12-25T21:36:22","date_gmt":"2024-12-25T20:36:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=9473"},"modified":"2024-12-25T21:40:05","modified_gmt":"2024-12-25T20:40:05","slug":"z-dejin-ceskoslovenske-vojenske-meteorologicke-sluzby","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/z-dejin-ceskoslovenske-vojenske-meteorologicke-sluzby\/","title":{"rendered":"Z D\u011aJIN \u010cESKOSLOVENSK\u00c9 VOJENSK\u00c9 METEOROLOGICK\u00c9 SLU\u017dBY"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"9473\" class=\"elementor elementor-9473\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bf7c3bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bf7c3bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d63f949\" data-id=\"d63f949\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40305b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40305b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">I kdy\u017e v uplynul\u00e9m roce jsme v Meteorologick\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v\u00e1ch ukon\u010dili po sedmi letech seri\u00e1l Kapitoly z d\u011bjin meteorologie v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch a na Slovensku, z\u016fstala v n\u011bm do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry stranou pozornosti historie vojensk\u00e9 meteorologie. D\u016fvodem bylo, \u017ee auto\u0159i nem\u011bli v dob\u011b zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dostatek v\u011bcn\u00fdch podklad\u016f, proto\u017ee faktografick\u00e9 informace se z t\u00e9to oblasti obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bji shroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00ed. P\u0159esto se v\u0161ak poda\u0159ilo v pom\u011brn\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 dob\u011b tato b\u00edl\u00e1 m\u00edsta odstranit, a proto m\u016f\u017eeme v tomto \u010d\u00edsle za\u010d\u00edt otiskovat mal\u00fd seri\u00e1l nazvan\u00fd Z d\u011bjin \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby. Prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st je v\u011bnov\u00e1na historii v p\u0159edv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m \u010ceskoslovensku a za v\u00e1lky, dal\u0161\u00ed pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed pak budou v\u011bnov\u00e1na v\u00fdvoji po 2. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce. Obsahov\u00fdm pojet\u00edm i formou zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed jde v\u0161ak o odli\u0161n\u00e9 texty, proto\u017ee auto\u0159i (Karel Kr\u0161ka &#8211; 1. \u010d\u00e1st, Zden\u011bk Mrkvica, Miroslav Zeman &#8211; 2. \u010d\u00e1st) pracovali nez\u00e1visle na sob\u011b a pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 historie byla pops\u00e1na d\u0159\u00edve. Ke zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed dostala redakce kritick\u00e1 stanoviska od b\u00fdval\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch meteorolog\u016f, kter\u00fdm rukopis poskytla. I p\u0159es tyto v\u00fdhrady, spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v konstatov\u00e1n\u00ed nevyv\u00e1\u017eenosti \u010dl\u00e1nku, pokl\u00e1d\u00e1me zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00ed za prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 toto t\u00e9ma nepova\u017eujeme za uzav\u0159en\u00e9 &#8211; v Meteorologick\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v\u00e1ch je mo\u017en\u00e9 publikovat p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky, kter\u00e9 dopln\u00ed faktografii tohoto \u00faseku meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky v\u011bnovan\u00e9 pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9mu obdob\u00ed obsahuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed jmen a zkratek. Z rozsahov\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f jsou \u00fapln\u00e1 osobn\u00ed jm\u00e9na publikov\u00e1na pouze p\u0159i prv\u00e9m v\u00fdskytu, p\u0159i opakov\u00e1n\u00ed se u rodn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na uv\u00e1d\u00ed jen inici\u00e1la. Seznam zkratek s vysv\u011btlivkami bude uveden na z\u00e1v\u011br seri\u00e1lu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Redakce, MZ 2001\/5, ro\u010dn\u00edk 54, str. 156<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e4c5913 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e4c5913\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5c3fac1\" data-id=\"5c3fac1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7ae96f elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c7ae96f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-divider{--divider-border-style:none;--divider-border-width:1px;--divider-color:#0c0d0e;--divider-icon-size:20px;--divider-element-spacing:10px;--divider-pattern-height:24px;--divider-pattern-size:20px;--divider-pattern-url:none;--divider-pattern-repeat:repeat-x}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider{display:flex}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{font-size:15px;line-height:1;max-width:95%}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__element{margin:0 var(--divider-element-spacing);flex-shrink:0}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-icon{font-size:var(--divider-icon-size)}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider-separator{display:flex;margin:0;direction:ltr}.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator{align-items:center}.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator:before,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator:before{display:block;content:\"\";border-bottom:0;flex-grow:1;border-top:var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color)}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider .elementor-divider-separator>.elementor-divider__svg:first-of-type{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:100}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider-separator:before{content:none}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider__element{margin-left:0}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider .elementor-divider-separator>.elementor-divider__svg:last-of-type{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:100}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider-separator:after{content:none}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider__element{margin-right:0}.elementor-widget-divider:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text):not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon) .elementor-divider-separator{border-top:var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color)}.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern{--divider-border-style:none}.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern.elementor-widget-divider--view-line .elementor-divider-separator,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:before,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not([class*=elementor-widget-divider--view]) .elementor-divider-separator{width:100%;min-height:var(--divider-pattern-height);-webkit-mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;-webkit-mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);background-color:var(--divider-color);-webkit-mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url);mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url)}.elementor-widget-divider--no-spacing{--divider-pattern-size:auto}.elementor-widget-divider--bg-round{--divider-pattern-repeat:round}.rtl .elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{direction:rtl}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-divider,.e-con>.elementor-widget-divider{width:var(--container-widget-width,100%);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1c119e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1c119e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d40757a\" data-id=\"d40757a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b21efe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b21efe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>I. VOJENSK\u00c1 POV\u011aTRNOSTN\u00cd SLU\u017dBA DO ROKU 1945<\/strong><\/span><\/h2><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>1. \u00daVOD<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Po\u010das\u00ed a podneb\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b zasahuj\u00ed do mnoh\u00fdch lidsk\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky \u010detn\u00fdch bitev a v\u00e1lek byly v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovlivn\u011bny pov\u011btrnostn\u00edmi podm\u00ednkami, kter\u00e9 napomohly k v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed jedn\u00e9 bojuj\u00edc\u00ed stran\u011b a p\u0159isp\u011bly k por\u00e1\u017ece druh\u00e9 strany. Rozhodovaly o zvolen\u00e9 taktice boje, o nasazen\u00ed lid\u00ed a techniky, d\u00e9lce v\u00e1lky i o v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch \u00fatrap\u00e1ch a ztr\u00e1t\u00e1ch. V bitv\u011b t\u0159\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159\u016f u Slavkova v roce 1805 Napoleon k p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed protivn\u00edka obratn\u011b vyu\u017eil mlhy. Hitlerova vojska v ta\u017een\u00ed na v\u00fdchod se pot\u00fdkala s krut\u00fdmi zimami a Spojenci s otev\u0159en\u00edm druh\u00e9 fronty \u010dekali na hodinu H, stanovenou meteorology. Jakmile byly do v\u00fdzbroje arm\u00e1d zavedeny zbran\u011b hromadn\u00e9ho ni\u010den\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na jadern\u00e9, v\u00fdznam po\u010das\u00ed a jeho p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b vzrostl. Arm\u00e1dy jsou si v\u011bdomy t\u011bchto skute\u010dnost\u00ed, a proto prohlubuj\u00ed znalosti o po\u010das\u00ed a podneb\u00ed, zkoumaj\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky meteorologick\u00fdch vliv\u016f na jednotliv\u00e9 druhy zbran\u00ed a pln\u011bn\u00ed bojov\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f vojsk a provozuj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eby.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vojensk\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby se za\u010daly utv\u00e1\u0159et t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 sou\u010dasn\u011b se st\u00e1tn\u00edmi meteorologick\u00fdmi slu\u017ebami, tedy od poloviny 19. stolet\u00ed. Za ud\u00e1lost, kter\u00e1 byla rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm podn\u011btem k jejich urychlen\u00e9mu organizov\u00e1n\u00ed, se pova\u017euje tzv. balaklavsk\u00e1 katastrofa anglofrancouzsk\u00fdch vojsk za krymsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v roce 1854, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e vich\u0159ice spojenc\u016fm potopila nebo po\u0161kodila v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 lod\u011b v \u010cern\u00e9m mo\u0159i a zni\u010dila i pozemn\u00ed t\u00e1bor. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee vzhledem k dlouh\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze postupu zk\u00e1zonosn\u00e9ho jevu a p\u0159i vyu\u017eit\u00ed telegrafu bylo mo\u017eno lo\u010fstvo s dostate\u010dn\u00fdm p\u0159edstihem varovat [11].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>2. P\u0158ED VZNIKEM \u010cESKOSLOVENSKA<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00fdznamn\u00fdm mezn\u00edkem v meteorologii se stala tak\u00e9 1. sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka. N\u011bmecko je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed jej\u00edm vypuknut\u00edm jako prvn\u00ed st\u00e1t na sv\u011bt\u011b z\u0159\u00eddilo leteckou meteorologickou slu\u017ebu (1911), kter\u00e1 m\u011bla zaji\u0161\u0165ovat p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm lety vzducholod\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pozd\u011bji byly pou\u017eity i k v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm (97 vzducholod\u00ed). V\u00e1lka p\u0159eru\u0161ila ji\u017e prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bnu pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch zpr\u00e1v, aby ob\u011b strany konfliktu vz\u00e1jemn\u011b nemohly vyu\u017e\u00edvat z n\u00ed plynouc\u00ed v\u00fdhody, nap\u0159. N\u011bmci pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 informace pro lety zeppelin\u016f, nebo pro vlnov\u00e9 plynov\u00e9 \u00fatoky. Ka\u017ed\u00fd st\u00e1t se sna\u017eil pro \u010dinnost sv\u00fdch vojsk z\u00edskat co nejv\u00edce podklad\u016f vlastn\u00edmi prost\u0159edky. Pot\u0159eba meteorologick\u00e9ho zabezpe\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch operac\u00ed se prok\u00e1zala v pln\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e, a to nejen u d\u011blost\u0159electva, n\u00fdbr\u017e i u nov\u00fdch druh\u016f zbran\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b chemick\u00e9 vojsko, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 tehdy \u201eplynov\u00e1 slu\u017eba\u201c, vy\u017eadovalo st\u00e1l\u00e9, p\u0159esn\u00e9 a podrobn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy o sm\u011bru, rychlosti a dal\u0161\u00edch charakteristik\u00e1ch v\u011btru, jeho p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f, i znalost celkov\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed situace, aby mohlo s \u00fasp\u011bchem prov\u00e1d\u011bt plynov\u00e9 \u00fatoky, anebo naopak se v\u010das zajistit p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdm napaden\u00edm nep\u0159\u00edtelem. Krom\u011b p\u011bchoty se o po\u010das\u00ed a jeho jednotliv\u00e9 prvky zaj\u00edmalo tak\u00e9 d\u011blost\u0159electvo (kv\u016fli nast\u0159elov\u00e1n\u00ed pot\u0159ebovalo zpr\u00e1vy o teplot\u011b a tlaku vzduchu, o sm\u011bru a rychlosti v\u011btru v r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch) a nejmlad\u0161\u00ed z vojensk\u00fdch zbran\u00ed, letectvo, vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00ed hlavn\u011b \u00fadaje o v\u011btru v r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch nad zem\u00ed a znalost pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed situace a jej\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 zm\u011bny. Proto v\u00e1l\u010d\u00edc\u00ed st\u00e1ty urychlen\u011b budovaly vojensk\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby, kter\u00e9 ke konci v\u00e1lky byly ji\u017e v\u00fdborn\u011b organizov\u00e1ny a op\u00edraly se o hustou s\u00ed\u0165 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed. P\u016fvodn\u011b byla pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eba p\u0159i\u010dlen\u011bna k leteck\u00fdm \u00fatvar\u016fm, pozd\u011bji, proto\u017ee ji pot\u0159ebovaly i jin\u00e9 zbran\u011b, byla postavena na \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1klad a osamostatn\u011bna.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Rakousk\u00e1 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eba byla organizov\u00e1na podle n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho vzoru. U jednotliv\u00fdch arm\u00e1dn\u00edch velitelstv\u00ed byly z\u0159izov\u00e1ny \u201epoln\u00ed pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed centr\u00e1ly\u201c, ve stanovi\u0161t\u00edch vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch velitelstv\u00ed (diviz\u00ed) a u leteck\u00fdch a balonov\u00fdch formac\u00ed \u201epoln\u00ed pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice\u201c a v bl\u00edzkosti z\u00e1kop\u016f a v z\u00e1kopech \u201ez\u00e1kopov\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed pozorovac\u00ed stanice\u201c a \u201ez\u00e1kopov\u00e9 pozorovac\u00ed hl\u00eddky\u201c.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00dakolem poln\u00edch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch centr\u00e1l, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly vybaven\u00ed jako meteorologick\u00e9 observato\u0159e, bylo shroma\u017e\u010fovat pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch poln\u00edch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch stanic a na z\u00e1klad\u011b jejich hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, vlastn\u00edch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a zpr\u00e1v z \u00fast\u0159ed\u00ed v z\u00e1pol\u00ed vyd\u00e1vat podle mo\u017enosti t\u0159ikr\u00e1t denn\u011b, nejm\u00e9n\u011b v\u0161ak r\u00e1no a ve\u010der, p\u0159edpov\u011bdi po\u010das\u00ed a urychlen\u011b je telefonicky p\u0159ed\u00e1vat pov\u011btrnostn\u00edm stanic\u00edm pro pot\u0159ebu v\u0161ech zainteresovan\u00fdch zbran\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Poln\u00ed pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice, vybaven\u00e9 jako meteorologick\u00e9 stanice I. \u0159\u00e1du, krom\u011b prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed vlastn\u00edho pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a pilot\u00e1\u017ee shroma\u017e\u010fovaly hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1kopov\u00fdch stanic a na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1van\u00fdch z centr\u00e1l vyd\u00e1valy pro okruh sv\u00e9 p\u016fsobnosti podrobn\u00e9 p\u0159edpov\u011bdi po\u010das\u00ed up\u0159es\u0148ovan\u00e9 podle m\u00edstn\u00edch pom\u011br\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1kopov\u00e9 pozorovac\u00ed stanice odes\u00edlaly jen hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed o v\u011btru, obla\u010dnosti a sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch a stejn\u011b jako z\u00e1kopov\u00e9 pozorovac\u00ed hl\u00eddky byly vybaveny jen p\u0159\u00edstroji a pom\u016fckami k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed charakteristik v\u011btru. O tom, jak velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam voj\u00e1ci p\u0159isuzovali v\u011btru, sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed i to, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 pilotovac\u00ed centr\u00e1la m\u011bla ve v\u00fdstroji krom\u011b obla\u010dn\u00e9ho zrc\u00e1tka kompletn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro pilotov\u00e1n\u00ed, a \u017ee v z\u00e1zem\u00ed b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky p\u0159ib\u00fdvalo \u201edrakov\u00fdch stanic\u201c, kter\u00e9 na dr\u00e1t\u011bn\u00fdch lanech vypou\u0161t\u011bly meteorologick\u00e9 draky, nesouc\u00ed registra\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje [1].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Je jist\u00e9, \u017ee v arm\u00e1dn\u00ed pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eb\u011b Rakousko- Uherska slou\u017eili mnoz\u00ed voj\u00e1ci i z \u00fazem\u00ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edho \u010ceskoslovenska a \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z nich se meteorologi\u00ed, nap\u0159. jako pozorovatel\u00e9, zab\u00fdvali i v nov\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b. Doposud v\u0161ak o nich nem\u00e1me zpr\u00e1vy. Naopak je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed \u010ce\u0161i a Slov\u00e1ci p\u016fsobili v zahrani\u010dn\u00edch arm\u00e1d\u00e1ch jako legion\u00e1\u0159i na stran\u011b v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00e9 Dohody. Vytvo\u0159ili pro \u010deskoslovenskou arm\u00e1du a jej\u00ed pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slo\u017eku vzor a tradici.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f legi\u00ed je nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Milan Rastislav \u0160tef\u00e1nik (1880-1919), slovensk\u00fd astronom, politik a diplomat, gener\u00e1l francouzsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy a ministr vojenstv\u00ed v prvn\u00ed vl\u00e1d\u011b \u010cSR. Je\u0161t\u011b v m\u00edrov\u00e9m obdob\u00ed (v letech 1910-1911) ve Francouzsk\u00e9 Polyn\u00e9sii, kam byl vysl\u00e1n institucemi Bureau des Longitudes a Bureau Central M\u00e9t\u00e9orologique, zorganizoval jednotnou meteorologickou slu\u017ebu a vybudoval meteorologick\u00e9 stanice, z nich\u017e hlavn\u00ed byla v Papeete na Tahiti, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm ostrov\u011b francouzsk\u00fdch Spole\u010densk\u00fdch ostrov\u016f. Jako pilot v roce 1915 z\u0159\u00eddil ve Francii u leteck\u00e9ho \u00fatvaru meteorologickou stanici, kter\u00e1 se stala z\u00e1rodkem meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby ve francouzsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b. Jeden \u010das s\u00e1m prov\u00e1d\u011bl meteorologick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a zpr\u00e1vy a p\u0159edpov\u011bdi po\u010das\u00ed odes\u00edlal do \u0161t\u00e1bu gener\u00e1la Ferdinanda Foche (1851-1929). Pozd\u011bji se v\u011bnoval jin\u00fdm \u010dinnostem [16].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z dal\u0161\u00edch vojensk\u00fdch letc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se zaslou\u017eili o meteorologii, p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me pra\u017esk\u00e9ho rod\u00e1ka pplk. dr. Bohdana Viplera (1886-1924), absolventa P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e9 fakulty pra\u017esk\u00e9 univerzity. Za v\u00e1lky slou\u017eil jako jednoro\u010dn\u00ed dobrovoln\u00edk u p\u011b\u0161\u00edho pluku \u010d\u00edslo 28. Na rusk\u00e9 front\u011b byl v kv\u011btnu 1915 u Kolomeje zajat a do \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch vojsk vstoupil v srpnu 1917 v Borispolu. V Rusku byl meteorologem leteck\u00e9ho odd\u00edlu a jeho historikem. Z\u00fa\u010dastnil se mnoha boj\u016f a rozv\u011bdek proti nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u016fm osvobozeneck\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed. Byl vyznamen\u00e1n \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdm v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem a jin\u00fdmi ocen\u011bn\u00edmi. Pod\u00edlel se na budov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 meteorologie a odborn\u00e9 znalosti uplat\u0148oval tak\u00e9 v z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 komisi poradn\u00edho sboru Vojensk\u00e9ho leteck\u00e9ho \u00fastavu studijn\u00edho, jeho\u017e byl v\u011bdeck\u00fdm pracovn\u00edkem. Zem\u0159el velmi mlad\u00fd n\u00e1sledkem z\u00e1ke\u0159n\u00e9 choroby [17].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>3. VOJENSK\u00c1 METEOROLOGIE ZA 1. A 2. REPUBLIKY<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Po\u010d\u00e1tky \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 meteorologie jsou spojeny s organizov\u00e1n\u00edm civiln\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby a s observato\u0159\u00ed v Klementinu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V den p\u0159evratu 28. \u0159\u00edjna 1918 existovaly na \u00fazem\u00ed nov\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu jen dv\u011b vojensk\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice, a to pilotovac\u00ed stanice p\u0159i Pra\u017esk\u00e9 hv\u011bzd\u00e1rn\u011b v Klementinu, na n\u00ed\u017e byl vojensk\u00fd person\u00e1l, a vojensk\u00e1 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice \u010d. 43 v Hranic\u00edch na Morav\u011b. Byly z\u0159\u00edzeny vojenskou pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017ebou, organizovanou za v\u00e1lky \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm \u00fastavem pro meteorologii a geodynamiku ve V\u00eddni. Klementinsk\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 pilotovac\u00ed stanice, kterou po p\u0159evratu p\u0159evzalo \u010ds. vojsko, byla p\u0159i z\u0159izov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010ds. vojensk\u00e9ho leteck\u00e9ho sboru v Praze k n\u011bmu organiza\u010dn\u011b p\u0159i\u010dlen\u011bna a dostala ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1zev \u201ePov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice leteck\u00e9ho sboru v Praze (p\u0159i hv\u011bzd\u00e1rn\u011b)\u201c. Stala se kol\u00e9bkou vojensk\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby \u010cSR. M\u011bla za povinnost soust\u0159e\u010fovat \u0161ifrovan\u00e1 hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed ze v\u0161ech meteorologick\u00fdch stanic le\u017e\u00edc\u00edch na \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed, tedy i ze stanic civiln\u00edch, jejich\u017e zpr\u00e1vy byly p\u0159ed p\u0159evratem telegraficky odes\u00edl\u00e1ny \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm meteorologick\u00fdm \u00fastav\u016fm ve V\u00eddni a Budape\u0161ti [3]. Velitelem stanice byl prapor\u010d\u00edk ing. Jan Urban, p\u016fvodn\u00edm vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00edm zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fd in\u017een\u00fdr [14]. Rozkazem velitelstv\u00ed leteck\u00e9ho sboru byla ji\u017e v listopadu 1918 vojensk\u00e1 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice v Hranic\u00edch p\u0159elo\u017eena do \u010cesk\u00e9 T\u0159ebov\u00e9 kv\u016fli zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159elet\u016f p\u0159es \u010ceskomoravskou vyso\u010dinu, na n\u00ed\u017e zejm\u00e9na hust\u00e9 mlhy na podzim a tak\u00e9 n\u00e1razovit\u00fd v\u00edtr \u010dinily letc\u016fm pot\u00ed\u017ee.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mlad\u00e1 \u010deskoslovensk\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 meteorologie nar\u00e1\u017eela na person\u00e1ln\u00ed i materi\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u011b\u017ekosti. Nap\u0159. n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed pozorovatel\u00e9 n\u011bmeck\u00e9 a ma\u010farsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodnosti po vzniku republiky zachov\u00e1vali pasivn\u00ed rezistenci nebo zpr\u00e1vy o po\u010das\u00ed m\u00edsto do Prahy zas\u00edlali jako d\u0159\u00edve v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9mu nebo budape\u0161\u0165sk\u00e9mu \u00fast\u0159ed\u00ed, nebo\u0165 st\u00e1topr\u00e1vn\u00ed zm\u011bny necht\u011bli br\u00e1t na v\u011bdom\u00ed. Proto nezbylo, ne\u017e meteorologicky velmi d\u016fle\u017eitou stanici v Chebu, le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed v nejz\u00e1padn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u010cSR, v b\u0159eznu 1919 obsadit vojensk\u00fdm person\u00e1lem. V t\u00e9\u017ee dob\u011b se podob\u011b stalo na \u017e\u00e1dost vojensk\u00e9ho poradce Ministerstva pro Slovensko a z rozkazu Ministerstva n\u00e1rodn\u00ed obrany i ve Star\u00e9 \u010eale (nyn\u00ed Hurbanovo), kde byla vojensky obsazena astrofyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed a magnetick\u00e1 observato\u0159. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed t\u011b\u017ekosti p\u0159i obsazov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto stanic spo\u010d\u00edvaly v tom, \u017ee bylo velmi m\u00e1lo meteorologicky zacvi\u010den\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho person\u00e1lu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Rychlej\u0161\u00edmu rozvoji vojensk\u00e9 meteorologie br\u00e1nil tak\u00e9 naprost\u00fd nedostatek meteorologick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f, k pilotov\u00e1n\u00ed sch\u00e1zely balony, vod\u00edkov\u00e9 l\u00e1hve i vod\u00edk. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku roku 1919 se vojensk\u00e1 meteorologick\u00e1 slu\u017eba musela omezit jen na meteorologick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vojensk\u00fdch a civiln\u00edch stanic z \u010ds. \u00fazem\u00ed. Jakmile v\u0161ak vojensk\u00e1 radiov\u00e1 stanice na Pet\u0159\u00edn\u011b za\u010dala pravideln\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edmat tzv. Meteory (\u0161ifrovan\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy z Francie, Anglie a dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed), bylo mo\u017eno kreslit synoptick\u00e9 mapy (od b\u0159ezna 1919). Pet\u0159\u00ednsk\u00e1 radiostanice vys\u00edlala do mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bny zpr\u00e1vy \u010ds. vojensk\u00fdch stanic Praha, Cheb, \u010cesk\u00e1 T\u0159ebov\u00e1 a Star\u00e1 \u010eala. Vojensk\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 \u00fatvary dost\u00e1valy denn\u011b pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy a p\u0159ehledy s leteckou p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Materi\u00e1ln\u00ed situace vojensk\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby se zlep\u0161ila pot\u00e9, co dostala pod\u00edl z likvidace b\u00fdval\u00e9 rakousk\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eby (listopad 1919), kter\u00fd tvo\u0159ily meteorologick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje a vybaven\u00ed pro pilot\u00e1\u017e.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Popsan\u00fd v\u00fdvoj vojensk\u00e9 meteorologie se ud\u00e1l je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e zah\u00e1jil \u010dinnost \u010ceskoslovensk\u00fd st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fastav meteorologick\u00fd (S\u00daM), jeho\u017e stanovy Ministerstvo \u0161kolstv\u00ed a n\u00e1rodn\u00ed osv\u011bty schv\u00e1lilo 14. ledna 1920. Meziministersk\u00e9 porady o z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed takov\u00e9 instituce se konaly od dubna 1919. Ve stanov\u00e1ch se uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee \u201ep\u0159i meteorologick\u00e9m \u00fastav\u011b bude odbor vojensk\u00fd, kter\u00fd bude pe\u010dovati o v\u00fdcvik vojensk\u00fdch el\u00e9v\u016f v meteorologii, o u\u017eit\u00ed meteorologie pro \u00fa\u010dely \u010dist\u011b vojensk\u00e9, pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zprost\u0159edkuje styk zahrani\u010dn\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby s na\u0161\u00ed meteorologickou slu\u017ebou, t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se z\u00e1jm\u016f \u010dist\u011b vojensk\u00fdch\u201c [14]. Kompeten\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed se t\u00fdk\u00e1 odstavec: \u201eZpr\u00e1vy adresovan\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9mu odboru odevzd\u00e1vaj\u00ed se p\u0159\u00edmo tomuto odboru, kter\u00fd pod\u00e1v\u00e1 o do\u0161l\u00fdch spisech denn\u011b zpr\u00e1vu \u0159editeli. Podobn\u011b \u010dist\u011b vojensk\u00e9 v\u011bci (nap\u0159. styky s vojensk\u00fdmi formacemi) m\u016f\u017ee samostatn\u011b vy\u0159izovati \u0161\u00e9f vojensk\u00e9ho odboru, jest v\u0161ak povinen v\u010das podati o tom zpr\u00e1vu \u0159editeli \u00fastavu. Vojensk\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159ad\u016fm odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u0161\u00e9f vojensk\u00e9ho odboru\u201c. Z\u00e1stupci arm\u00e1dy byli \u010dleny poradn\u00edho komit\u00e9tu tvo\u0159en\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupci ministerstev, do jejich pod\u0159\u00edzenosti p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161ely \u00fastavy zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se meteorologick\u00fdm pozorov\u00e1n\u00edm. Komit\u00e9t m\u011bl \u0159e\u0161it jejich sou\u010dinnost a sm\u011bry v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed S\u00daM. \u201eP\u0159i vojensk\u00e9m odboru z\u0159\u00edd\u00ed se \u0161kola pro v\u00fdcvik voj\u00e1k\u016f ve slu\u017eb\u011b meteorologick\u00e9. Pro ni i pro vojensk\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed vypracuje osnovu v r\u00e1mci tohoto pl\u00e1nu Ministerstvo n\u00e1rodn\u00ed obrany\u201c [14].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V roce 1920 byl p\u0159i leteck\u00e9m odd\u011blen\u00ed Ministerstva n\u00e1rodn\u00ed obrany z\u0159\u00edzen zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed meteorologick\u00fd refer\u00e1t, jemu\u017e jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed instanci podl\u00e9hala po odborn\u00e9 str\u00e1nce vojensk\u00e1 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eba v \u010cSR. Refer\u00e1tu bylo vyhrazeno dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 v\u00fdstroje, objedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f, z\u0159izov\u00e1n\u00ed a obsazov\u00e1n\u00ed stanic a celkov\u00e1 organizace slu\u017eby.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kdy\u017e v kv\u011btnu 1920 S\u00daM p\u0159es\u00eddlil z Pra\u017esk\u00e9 hv\u011bzd\u00e1rny do budovy matematicko-p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f Univerzity Karlovy v Praze II, U Karlova 3, p\u0159est\u011bhoval se s n\u00edm i vojensk\u00fd odbor. Prvn\u00ed vojensk\u00fd kurs pro \u201ev\u00fdcvik vojensk\u00fdch pozorovatel\u016f na meteorologick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u00edch\u201c prob\u011bhl v srpnu 1920 v mal\u00fdch prostor\u00e1ch odboru, pro dal\u0161\u00ed kursy ji\u017e \u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho person\u00e1lu vojensk\u00e1 spr\u00e1va p\u0159id\u011blila v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed prostory v r\u016fzn\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch ubikac\u00edch, od b\u0159ezna 1922 v nov\u011b postaven\u00fdch pavilonech v Praze-Karl\u00edn\u011b. N\u00e1pln\u00ed v\u00fdcviku bylo meteorologick\u00e9 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, pilotov\u00e1n\u00ed, kreslen\u00ed synoptick\u00fdch map, telefonick\u00e9 a radiotelegrafick\u00e9 p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed a odes\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed meteorologick\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v. Praktick\u00fd v\u00fdcvik prob\u00edhal na meteorologick\u00e9 observato\u0159i Praha-Karlov.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na z\u00e1klad\u011b usnesen\u00ed z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 komise Poradn\u00edho sboru pro v\u00fdzkumy atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9, ustanoven\u00e9 v dubnu 1923, a po dohod\u011b zainteresovan\u00fdch ministerstev byla ve\u0161ker\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 meteorologick\u00e1 slu\u017eba soust\u0159ed\u011bna ve Vojensk\u00e9m leteck\u00e9m \u00fastavu studijn\u00edm (VL\u00daS), d\u0159\u00edve naz\u00fdvan\u00fdm Vojensk\u00fd vzduchoplaveck\u00fd studijn\u00ed \u00fastav (VVS\u00da). Dne 1. srpna 1923 byla z\u0159\u00edzena \u201eMeteorologick\u00e1 sekce Vojensk\u00e9ho leteck\u00e9ho \u00fastavu studijn\u00ed- ho\u201c, kter\u00e1 ve vojensk\u00fdch v\u011bcech byla pod\u0159\u00edzena velitelstv\u00ed \u00fastavu, ve v\u011bcech odborn\u00fdch leteck\u00e9mu odboru Ministerstva n\u00e1rodn\u00ed obrany (meteorologick\u00e9mu referentu). V\u00fdkonn\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 meteorologick\u00e1 slu\u017eba, je\u017e p\u016fsobila v r\u00e1mci Meteorologick\u00e9 sekce, z\u016fstala v m\u00edstnostech S\u00daM.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Meteorologick\u00e1 sekce VL\u00daS, kter\u00e1 fungovala z\u00e1rove\u0148 jako velitelstv\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eby, m\u011bla tyto \u00fakoly:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">a) vycvi\u010dit pomocn\u00fd meteorologick\u00fd person\u00e1l pro vojenskou slu\u017ebu;<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">b) prov\u00e1d\u011bt meteorologick\u00e1 a aerologick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 pro vojensk\u00e9 letectvo;<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">c) zpracov\u00e1vat meteorologick\u00fd materi\u00e1l z leteck\u00fdch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch stanic pro \u00fa\u010dely vojensk\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eby;<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">d) v\u00e9st evidenci v\u0161eho vojensk\u00e9ho meteorologick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu a p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f;<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">e) dopl\u0148ovat leteck\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice meteorologick\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edstroji, starat se o jejich v\u00fdm\u011bnu a p\u0159ezkou\u0161en\u00ed;<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">f) zajistit v\u0161echny vojensk\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice spot\u0159ebn\u00edm materi\u00e1lem nutn\u00fdm pro jejich plynulou \u010dinnost.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jedn\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 komise Poradn\u00edho sboru VL\u00daS pro atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy se z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148ovali mimo jin\u00e9 Rudolf Schneider (1881-1955), \u0159editel S\u00daM, Gustav Swoboda (1893-1956), vedouc\u00ed v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 a leteck\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eby S\u00daM, Stanislav Hanzl\u00edk (1878-1956), profesor Univerzity Karlovy, ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd B. Vipler a kpt. in\u017e. Karel Jav\u016frek, z\u00e1stupce vojensk\u00e9ho odboru S\u00daM, pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ednosta Meteorologick\u00e9 sekce VL\u00daS. V tomto \u00fastavu pracoval tak\u00e9 meteorolog PhDr. Emanuel Hof (1896-1934), kter\u00fd se v leteck\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu soust\u0159edil na ot\u00e1zky aerodynamiky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Od roku 1921 byly postupn\u011b z\u0159izov\u00e1ny nov\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice, a to na vojensk\u00fdch leti\u0161t\u00edch ve Kbel\u00edch, Olomouci a Ko\u0161ic\u00edch. Stanice z \u010cesk\u00e9 T\u0159ebov\u00e9 byla p\u0159est\u011bhov\u00e1na do \u00dast\u00ed nad Orlic\u00ed. Meteorologick\u00e1 observato\u0159 ve Star\u00e9 \u010eale byla odevzd\u00e1na civiln\u00ed spr\u00e1v\u011b a jej\u00ed vojensk\u00fd person\u00e1l p\u0159es\u00eddlil do Nitry, kde u 3. leteck\u00e9ho pluku byla z\u0159\u00edzena hlavn\u00ed leteck\u00e1 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice. V roce 1922 zah\u00e1jily \u010dinnost vojensk\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice v Milovic\u00edch, N\u00e1chod\u011b, ve Vajnorech u Bratislavy a U\u017ehorod\u011b a v roce 1923 byly zalo\u017eeny leteck\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice v N\u011bmeck\u00e9m (nyn\u00ed Havl\u00ed\u010dkov\u011b) Brod\u011b a v Uhersk\u00e9m Brod\u011b [3].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00fdvoj v pozorovac\u00ed s\u00edti lze sledovat i v Ro\u010denk\u00e1ch pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed pozorovac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b St\u00e1tn\u00edho meteorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu. V roce 1920 poprv\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed vojenskou pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanici Cheb, v roce 1922 se u\u017e v nich objevuj\u00ed Kbely, \u00dast\u00ed nad Orlic\u00ed, Olomouc II, Nitra, Vajnory a Ko\u0161ice, 1923 Milovice a U\u017ehorod, 1924 N\u00e1chod, N\u011bmeck\u00fd Brod a Uhersk\u00fd Brod, 1926 Prost\u011bjov, 1928 Poli\u010dka, Uhersk\u00e9 Hradi\u0161t\u011b (m\u00edsto Uhersk\u00e9ho Brodu) a Pie\u0161\u0165any. Od roku 1932 se tyto stanice v seznamu u\u017e neuv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed jako vojensk\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice (asi z d\u016fvod\u016f utajen\u00ed), ale uvedena jsou jen jm\u00e9na jejich spr\u00e1vc\u016f. Do rozbit\u00ed \u010cSR u\u017e k v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m ve vojensk\u00e9 pozorovac\u00ed s\u00edti nedo\u0161lo.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z v\u00fd\u010dtu stanic je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee byly z\u0159izov\u00e1ny jednak na v\u0161ech vojensk\u00fdch leti\u0161t\u00edch, jednak v m\u00edstech pro vojensk\u00e9 letectvo zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch. Podle stavu v roce 1924 se rozli\u0161ovaly:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">a) hlavn\u00ed leteck\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice u jednotliv\u00fdch leteck\u00fdch pluk\u016f (Praha-Kbely, Olomouc, Nitra);<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">b) leteck\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice (\u00dast\u00ed nad Orlic\u00ed, Vajnory, Ko\u0161ice, U\u017ehorod, Milovice, N\u00e1chod, Uhersk\u00fd Brod, N\u011bmeck\u00fd Brod);<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">c) leteck\u00e1 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice leteck\u00e9ho u\u010dili\u0161t\u011b v Chebu. Organizaci a odbornou pod\u0159\u00edzenost vojensk\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eby v roce 1924 zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje obr. 1.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/sites\/default\/files\/voj%C3%A1ci.JPG\" alt=\"\" \/>Vybaven\u00ed stanic odpov\u00eddalo jejich \u00fa\u010delu. Hlavn\u00ed leteck\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice byly krom\u011b kompletn\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f a registra\u010dn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f vystrojeny pro pilotov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bly od 7 do 21 hodin, pilotov\u00e1n\u00ed se konalo dvakr\u00e1t denn\u011b. T\u0159ikr\u00e1t denn\u011b odes\u00edlaly k\u00f3dovan\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy o po\u010das\u00ed, vyd\u00e1valy pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed p\u0159ehledy a p\u0159edpov\u011bdi, sestavovaly m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed a ro\u010dn\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 v\u00fdkazy a kontrolovaly \u010dinnost pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch stanic. Leteck\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice m\u011bly v\u0161echny p\u0159\u00edstroje pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f, kter\u00e9 konaly pravideln\u011b jako hlavn\u00ed stanice, a pilotovaly jednou denn\u011b. Tak\u00e9 t\u0159ikr\u00e1t denn\u011b odes\u00edlaly k\u00f3dovan\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy o po\u010das\u00ed a sestavovaly klimatick\u00e9 v\u00fdkazy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vojensk\u00fdch stanic se d\u011blo v souladu s \u010dinnost\u00ed S\u00daM. Slou\u017eilo i civiln\u00ed pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eb\u011b, ve\u0161ker\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 doprav\u011b a zpravodajstv\u00ed bylo vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no i v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku [3].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vojensk\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed situace jako jedin\u00e9 stanice v \u010cSR prov\u00e1d\u011bly denn\u011b pilotovac\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. O m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a jeho v\u00fdsledc\u00edch v roce 1925 podal zpr\u00e1vu K. Jav\u016frek [2]. K m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9ho v\u011btru se pou\u017e\u00edvaly tzv. pap\u00edrov\u00e9 zkou\u0161ec\u00ed balonky napln\u011bn\u00e9 vod\u00edkem. M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed se prov\u00e1d\u011blo, pokud spodn\u00ed z\u00e1kladna oblak\u016f nebyla ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 500 m, a to ji\u017e v \u010dasn\u00fdch rann\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch, aby \u00fadaje byly co nejd\u0159\u00edve k dispozici l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edmu person\u00e1lu. V\u00fdsledky sond\u00e1\u017ee z\u00edsk\u00e1valy krom\u011b arm\u00e1dy jak S\u00daM, tak civiln\u00ed leteck\u00e1 doprava.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u0161echny stanice v roce 1925 provedly celkem 4 904 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9ho v\u011btru, tedy v pr\u016fm\u011bru asi 13 denn\u011b. V\u00fd\u0161ky nejm\u00e9n\u011b 1000 m dos\u00e1hlo 93 % balonk\u016f, a z nich v\u00fd\u0161ky 2 000 m dos\u00e1hlo 70 % balonk\u016f, 3 000 m 43 %, 4 000 m 25 %, 5 000 m 13 % a 6 000 m 4 % balonk\u016f. Proto\u017ee v\u0161echny pilotovac\u00ed stanice m\u011bly malou nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161ku, vyvstala pot\u0159eba z\u0159\u00eddit jednu nebo dv\u011b stanice ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch, aby bylo mo\u017eno vypou\u0161t\u011bt balonky i ve dnech, kdy v ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch byla mlha anebo n\u00edzk\u00e1 obla\u010dnost a m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed se proto neuskute\u010d\u0148ovalo.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro zabezpe\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed vojensk\u00e9ho i civiln\u00edho l\u00e9t\u00e1n\u00ed hlavn\u011b na severn\u00edm a v\u00fdchodn\u00edm Slovensku byly navr\u017eeno z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed n\u011bkolika leteck\u00fdch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch stanic, nap\u0159. na Kr\u00e1lov\u011b holi [7], v Matliarech ve Vysok\u00fdch Tatr\u00e1ch [8] a Popradu [9]. Probl\u00e9mem zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed let\u016f horsk\u00fdmi \u00fadol\u00edmi pod N\u00edzk\u00fdmi a Vysok\u00fdmi Tatrami se zab\u00fdval Vojensk\u00fd leteck\u00fd \u00fastav studijn\u00ed, a to za pomoci pilotovac\u00edch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed i ter\u00e9nn\u00edho pr\u016fzkumu, nap\u0159. sledov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00ed lesa siln\u00fdm v\u011btrem. Projekty ke z\u0159izov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch stanic pro VL\u00daS vypracov\u00e1val Josef Mrkos (1882-1974).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Cenn\u00fdm dokumentem o \u010ds. vojensk\u00e9 meteorologii z doby 1. republiky je vyti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd soubor p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek kpt. Eduarda Podhr\u00e1zsk\u00e9ho [13], kter\u00fd vydalo u\u010dili\u0161t\u011b pro d\u011blost\u0159electvo v Olomouci, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e fungovala hlavn\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e1 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice (instruk\u010dn\u00ed). Obsahuje krom\u011b l\u00e1tky z obecn\u00e9 meteorologie kapitoly o organizaci arm\u00e1dn\u00ed pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eby, o meteorologick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch boje otravn\u00fdmi plyny, meteorologick\u00e9m zabezpe\u010den\u00ed \u010dinnosti d\u011blost\u0159electva apod. Z textu vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho konfliktu by pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed zabezpe\u010den\u00ed \u010ds. chemick\u00e9ho vojska bylo organizov\u00e1no podobn\u011b jako v rakousk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b za 1. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve 2. republice, ofici\u00e1ln\u011b zvan\u00e9 \u010cesko-Slovensko, kter\u00e1 existovala na okle\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed, se zmen\u0161ila \u00fazemn\u00ed p\u016fsobnost i vojensk\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby. Na odstoupen\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed z\u016fstala pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice Cheb, je\u017e p\u0159ipadla N\u011bmecku, zat\u00edmco Ko\u0161ice a U\u017ehorod zabrali Ma\u010fa\u0159i. Kr\u00e1tce p\u0159ed 2. sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou vojenskou leteckou meteorologickou slu\u017ebu vedl Anton\u00edn Veseck\u00fd (1908-1978), kter\u00fd k n\u00ed nastoupil v roce 1937, kdy byla nov\u011b organizov\u00e1na na leti\u0161ti ve Kbel\u00edch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>4. VOJENSK\u00c1 METEOROLOGIE ZA 2. SV\u011aTOV\u00c9 V\u00c1LKY<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edm samostatnosti Slovenska dne 14. 3. 1939 zanikla druh\u00e1 republika a dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj na \u00fazem\u00ed rozbit\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu ji\u017e prob\u00edhal odli\u0161n\u011b v protektor\u00e1tu \u010cechy a Morava a ve Slovensk\u00e9 republice.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V protektor\u00e1tu byla \u010ds. arm\u00e1da rozpu\u0161t\u011bna, a t\u00edm byla zlikvidov\u00e1na i \u010ds. vojensk\u00e1 meteorologick\u00e1 slu\u017eba. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci, nap\u0159. A. Veseck\u00fd, V\u00e1clav \u010cejka a Josef J\u00edlek (1908-1978), p\u0159e\u0161li do nov\u011b z\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edho meteorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu pro \u010cechy a Moravu (\u00daM\u00da), v n\u011bm\u017e byly soust\u0159ed\u011bny v\u0161echny slo\u017eky meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby z\u00a0\u00fastav\u016f<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">r\u016fzn\u00fdch rezort\u016f. P\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed slu\u017eba v\u0161ak zcela p\u0159e\u0161la do n\u011bmeck\u00fdch rukou. V \u00dcM\u00dc byla \u010dinnost p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed slu\u017eby zastavena a\u017e do konce v\u00e1lky, i kdy\u017e zpo\u010d\u00e1tku je\u0161t\u011b form\u00e1ln\u011b existovalo odd\u011blen\u00ed synoptick\u00e9 meteorologie, kter\u00e9 vedl Eduard Jarkovsk\u00fd (1907-1988), kter\u00fd p\u0159i vyh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed \u010cech\u016f ze Slovenska ode\u0161el z Bratislavy. Odd\u011blen\u00ed se v\u0161ak zab\u00fdvalo v\u011bt\u0161inou jen klimatologi\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z \u010desk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f-meteorolog\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se v cizin\u011b proslavili v protifa\u0161istick\u00e9m boji a kter\u00e9 pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 \u010ds. vojensk\u00e1 meteorologie z politick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f opom\u00edjela, p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me dv\u011b velk\u00e9 osobnosti, K. Janou\u0161ka a F. Ondr\u016fje. Karel Janou\u0161ek (1893-1971), brig\u00e1dn\u00ed gener\u00e1l a v exilu gener\u00e1ln\u00ed inspektor \u010ds. letectva ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii, ukon\u010dil studium meteorologie na Univerzit\u011b Karlov\u011b a\u017e za okupace \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed v roce 1939. Byl nejen prvn\u00edm voj\u00e1kem z povol\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fd z\u00edskal na t\u00e9to \u0161kole doktor\u00e1t z meteorologie, ale i prvn\u00edm voj\u00e1kem, kter\u00fd promoval na t\u00e9to \u0161kole. Za v\u00e1lky se v\u0161ak meteorologii nev\u011bnoval. K v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016fm zahrani\u010dn\u00edho odboje rovn\u011b\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed Franti\u0161ek Ondr\u016fj (nar. 1897), b\u00fdval\u00fd zam\u011bstnanec S\u00dcM a pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hlavn\u00ed meteorolog 311. perut\u011b \u010ds. letc\u016f v Brit\u00e1nii [4].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na Slovensku, kter\u00e9 bylo form\u00e1ln\u011b samostatn\u00fdm st\u00e1tem a za v\u00e1lky st\u00e1lo na stran\u011b N\u011bmecka, byly ustaveny jako n\u00e1rodn\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 letectvo Slovensk\u00e9 vzdu\u0161n\u00e9 zbran\u011b. Do\u0161lo k redislokaci leti\u0161\u0165 a budov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch stanic. Vzhledem k pl\u00e1novan\u00e9mu p\u0159epaden\u00ed Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu nabyl slovensk\u00fd prostor velk\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 fa\u0161istick\u00e1 arm\u00e1da (Wehrmacht) si vynutila na slovensk\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b v z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti st\u00e1tu tzv. ochranou z\u00f3nu (Schutzzone), do kter\u00e9 pat\u0159ila i leti\u0161t\u011b v \u017dilin\u011b a leteck\u00e1 st\u0159elnice v Malack\u00e1ch &#8211; Nov\u00e9m Dvo\u0159e. Slovensk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 letectvo bylo soust\u0159ed\u011bno na leti\u0161ti v Pie\u0161\u0165anech, kde byla v \u010dinnosti tak\u00e9 leteck\u00e1 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V Bratislav\u011b p\u016fsobil nov\u011b zalo\u017een\u00fd \u0160t\u00e1tny hydrologick\u00fd a meteorologick\u00fd \u00fastav (1939) s vlastn\u00ed pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017ebou na leti\u0161ti Vajnory, av\u0161ak brzy progn\u00f3zn\u00ed slu\u017ebu vykon\u00e1vali p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci n\u011bmeck\u00fdch leteck\u00fdch sil (Luftwaffe). Po p\u0159\u00edchodu n\u011bmeck\u00e9 mise do Vajnor (podle \u0160. Petrovi\u010de) p\u0159estali pracovn\u00edci \u0160HaM\u00da kreslit pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed mapy a od roku 1941 na leti\u0161ti pracovali pouze technici pov\u011b\u0159eni soust\u0159e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00edm a p\u0159edzpracov\u00e1n\u00edm meteorologick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f [12]. Pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eba zabezpe\u010dovala jak lety Luftwaffe, tak Slovensk\u00fdch vzdu\u0161n\u00fdch zbran\u00ed (sloven\u0161t\u00ed vojen\u0161t\u00ed piloti jen na podzim 1941 uskute\u010dnili v\u00edce ne\u017e 3 000 opera\u010dn\u00edch let\u016f a absolvovali asi 60 vzdu\u0161n\u00fdch souboj\u016f). Zejm\u00e9na lety na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed frontu vedly v roce 1942 ke z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vojensk\u00fdch leteck\u00fdch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch stanic v Telg\u00e1rtu (pozd\u011bji naz\u00fdvan\u00e9m \u0160vermovo) a v Medzilaborc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 byly osazeny slovensk\u00fdmi voj\u00e1ky. Prvn\u00edm velitelem stanice v Telg\u00e1rtu byl jmenov\u00e1n Rudolf Kadlec, b\u00fdval\u00fd pozorovatel leteck\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed stanice v Pie\u0161\u0165anech, v\u00fdb\u011br ostatn\u00edch pracovn\u00edk\u016f vojensk\u00fdch leteck\u00fdch stanic se uskute\u010dnil ze slovensk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edch na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed frontu [6]. Z\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm stanice v Telg\u00e1rt\u011b, v \u00fazk\u00e9 a meteorologicky citliv\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti v\u00fdchodn\u00edho Slovenska, se z\u010d\u00e1sti realizovala Mrkosova p\u0159edstava o nezbytn\u00e9m vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed maj\u00e1kov\u00e9 signaliza\u010dn\u00ed stanice na Kr\u00e1lov\u011b holi, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla usnad\u0148ovat p\u0159elety ve sm\u011bru z\u00e1pad-v\u00fdchod a opa\u010dn\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sloven\u0161t\u00ed meteorologov\u00e9 v\u0161ak neslou\u017eili jen pot\u0159eb\u00e1m v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho Slovenska. Velitel pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slo\u017eky arm\u00e1dy na Slovensku, poru\u010d\u00edk letectva Eudov\u00edt Kukorelli (1914-1944), se brzy zapojil do boje proti fa\u0161ismu a po propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z arm\u00e1dy a v\u011bzn\u011bn\u00ed se za Slovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho povst\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b pod\u00edlel na akc\u00edch partyz\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho svazku \u010capajev; p\u0159i jedn\u00e9 z nich zahynul. Odbojov\u011b \u010dinn\u00fd byl tak\u00e9 R\u00f3bert Intribus (1919-1996), p\u016fvodn\u011b meteorolog na leti\u0161t\u00edch v Pie\u0161\u0165anech a \u017dilin\u011b [15].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Literatura<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[1] Jav\u016frek, K.: Vojensk\u00e1 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eba. Zpr\u00e1vy o letectv\u00ed, 2, 1924, \u010d. 2, s. 21-22.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[2] Jav\u016frek, K.: V\u00fdsledky leteck\u00fdch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch stanic ve v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u011btru v r. 1925. Zpr\u00e1vy o letectv\u00ed pro v\u0161eobecnou informaci, 4, 1926, \u010d. 6-7, s. 74-75.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[3] Jav\u016frek, K.: V\u00fdvoj vojensk\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eby a jej\u00ed nyn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed organisace v \u010cs. republice. Zpr\u00e1vy o letectv\u00ed, 2, 1924, \u010d. 10, s. 135-138<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[4] Kr\u0161ka, K. &#8211; \u0160koda, M.: \u010ce\u0161t\u00ed meteorologov\u00e9 v antifa\u0161istick\u00e9m odboji. Meteorol. Zpr., 48, 1995, \u010d. 5, s. 150-156.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[5] Kr\u0161ka, K.: Z dej\u00edn meteorologick\u00e9ho zabezpe\u010dovania letectva v \u010ceskoslovensku do roku 1945. In: III. konferencia Meteorologick\u00e9 zabezpe\u010dovanie letectva. S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky \u010deskoslovenskej leteckej meteorol\u00f3gie. Pr\u00e1ce a \u0161t\u00fadie 41, Bratislava 1989, s. 28-38.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[6] Makrovsk\u00fd, J. &#8211; Nedelka, M.: Vojensk\u00e1 leteck\u00e1 poveternostn\u00e1 stanica s \u010d\u00edslom 18 (50 rokov od za\u010diatku meteorologick\u00fdch pozorovan\u00ed v Telg\u00e1rte). Bulletin Slovenskej meteorologickej spolo\u010dnosti p\u0159i SAV, 3, 1992, \u010d. 3, s. 34-40.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[7] Mrkos, J.: Projekt leteck\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 signalisa\u010dn\u00ed observato\u0159e na Kr\u00e1lov\u011b Holi (1943) v Mal\u00fdch Tatr\u00e1ch. Vojensk\u00fd leteck\u00fd \u00fastav studijn\u00ed, sv. 1, 1924. 11 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[8] Mrkos, J.: Projekt vojensk\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 stanice p\u0159i pl\u00edcn\u00edm vojensk\u00e9m sanatoriu v Matli\u00e1rech. Zpr\u00e1vy o letectv\u00ed, 2, 1924, \u010d. 3, s. 39.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[9] Mrkos, J.: Vojensk\u00e1 meteorologicko-leteck\u00e1 stanice v Poprad\u011b (Projekt). Zpr\u00e1vy o letectv\u00ed, 2, 1924, \u010d. 6, s. 79.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[10] Mrkos, J.: Zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed leteck\u00fdch linek \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch meteorologickou signalisac\u00ed. Zpr\u00e1vy o letectv\u00ed, 2, 1924, \u010d. 1, s. 6-7.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[11] Nedelka, M.: Balaklavsk\u00e1 v\u00edchrica &#8211; v\u00fdznamn\u00fd podnet k meteorologick\u00fdm v\u00fdstrah\u00e1m. Bulletin Slovenskej meteorologickej spolo\u010dnosti pri SAV, 4, 1993, \u010d. 2, s. 35-38.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[12] Nedelka, M.: Sedemdesiat rokov od prvopo\u010diatkov leteck\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch pozorovan\u00ed v Bratislave. Bratislava, SHM\u00da 1992. 16 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[13] Podhr\u00e1zsk\u00fd, E.: Meteorologie ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch arm\u00e1dy. 2. vyd. Olomouc, U\u010dili\u0161t\u011b pro d\u011blost\u0159electvo v Olomouci 1926. 68 s. + p\u0159\u00edl.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[14] St\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fastav meteorologick\u00fd v prv\u00e9m desetilet\u00ed republiky 1918-1928. Praha, S\u00daM, publ. \u0159. C, sv. 1, 1928. 91 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[15] \u0160amaj, F.: Meteorol\u00f3govia a hydrol\u00f3govia v protifa\u0161istickom odboji na Slovensku. Meteorol. Zpr., 48, 1995, \u010d. 5, s. 157-158.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[16] \u0160amaj, F.: Na prahu dvadsiateho storo\u010dia. In: Kr\u0161ka, K. &#8211; \u0160amaj, F.: Kapitoly z d\u011bjin meteorologie v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch a na Slovensku. Meteorol. Zpr. &#8211; P\u0159\u00edloha, 50, 1997, s. 74-78.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[17] Za podplukovn\u00edkem dr. Viplerem. Zpr\u00e1vy o letectv\u00ed, 2, 1924, \u010d. 8-9, s. 109-110.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Karel Kr\u0161ka, MZ 2001\/5, ro\u010dn\u00edk 54, str. 156-160<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I kdy\u017e v uplynul\u00e9m roce jsme v Meteorologick\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v\u00e1ch ukon\u010dili po sedmi letech seri\u00e1l Kapitoly z d\u011bjin meteorologie v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch a na Slovensku, z\u016fstala v n\u011bm do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9473","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9473","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9473"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9473\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9478,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9473\/revisions\/9478"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9473"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}