{"id":9454,"date":"2024-12-25T21:09:36","date_gmt":"2024-12-25T20:09:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=9454"},"modified":"2024-12-25T21:11:46","modified_gmt":"2024-12-25T20:11:46","slug":"jak-meteorologie-kracela-dejinami-zvlaste-ceskymi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/jak-meteorologie-kracela-dejinami-zvlaste-ceskymi\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak meteorologie kr\u00e1\u010dela d\u011bjinami, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b \u010desk\u00fdmi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"9454\" class=\"elementor elementor-9454\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2fe9058 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2fe9058\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ace3e09\" data-id=\"ace3e09\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-106c25d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"106c25d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tento text je p\u0159episem zahajovac\u00edho projevu na semin\u00e1\u0159i k 70. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed \u010dasopisu a je dokladem specifick\u00e9ho humoru autora.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><a id=\"bookmark15\" style=\"color: #003366;\" name=\"bookmark15\"><\/a>1. \u00daVOD<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Je moc dob\u0159e, \u017ee slav\u00edme jen kulat\u00e1 meteorologick\u00e1 v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed kon\u010d\u00edc\u00ed nulou, jako nap\u0159. 70 let Meteorologick\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v. Kdybychom si p\u0159ipom\u00ednali i v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed mimo des\u00edtky, letos nap\u0159. 374. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed vyn\u00e1lezu tlakom\u011bru, nebo 57. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed prvn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 dru\u017eice TIROS I, to by byly sam\u00e9 konference, semin\u00e1\u0159e, chlastoplesy a opi\u00e1\u0161e, jak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1val zv\u011b\u010dn\u011bl\u00fd n\u00e1m\u011bstek \u0159editele \u010cHM\u00da dr. Mari\u00e1n Wolek, a k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 po\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci bychom se nedostali. V\u00a0meteorologii se toho toti\u017e za posledn\u00edch v\u00edce ne\u017e dv\u011b tis\u00edcilet\u00ed hodn\u011b ud\u00e1lo.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na za\u010d\u00e1tku mi dovolte stru\u010dn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, pro\u010d z minulosti nep\u0159ejdu a\u017e do sou\u010dasnosti. Neuvedu nap\u0159\u00edklad, \u017ee (pros\u00edm bez titul\u016f) Radmila Bro\u017ekov\u00e1, rozen\u00e1 Bro\u017ekov\u00e1, se zaslou\u017eila o v\u00fdvoj meteorologick\u00e9ho progn\u00f3zn\u00edho modelu nebo \u017ee Daniela \u0158ez\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, rozen\u00e1 Lakom\u00e1, a\u017e p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 hluboko pronikla do bou\u0159kov\u00e9ho oblaku nebo \u017ee Petr Havr\u00e1nek, rozen\u00fd Havr\u00e1nek, se p\u0159i\u010dinil o vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 radioloka\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b. Toho v\u0161eho jsem byl sv\u011bdkem a sou\u010dasn\u00edkem, tak\u017ee kdybych p\u0159ipustil, \u017ee to pat\u0159\u00ed do minulosti, p\u0159ipadal bych si moc star\u00fd. Poj\u010fme k v\u011bci.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mluv\u010d\u00ed zdej\u0161\u00ed pozoruhodn\u00e9 instituce (\u010cHM\u00da) p\u0159ed \u010dasem \u0159ekl novin\u00e1\u0159\u016fm, \u017ee u\u017e pra\u010dlov\u011bk m\u011bl starosti, jestli bude p\u0159i lovu mamuta pr\u0161et, nebo jestli zapadne sn\u011bhem, nebo jestli mu v ko\u017ee\u0161in\u011b nebude moc horko. Nev\u00edm, odkud to pan dr. Petr Dvo\u0159\u00e1k tak p\u0159esn\u011b v\u00ed, ale v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b to je\u0161t\u011b nebyla meteorologie.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><a id=\"bookmark16\" style=\"color: #003366;\" name=\"bookmark16\"><\/a>2. NA PO\u010c\u00c1TKU METEOROLOGIE BYLO SLOVO<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">To slovo bylo \u201emeteora\u201c. P\u0159i\u0161el na n\u011bj \u0159eck\u00fd filozof, pedagog a matematik Plat\u00f3n (427 a\u017e 347), p\u016fvodn\u00edm jm\u00e9nem Aristokl\u00e9s, n\u011bkdy ve 4. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. Kr. (Je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee podobnou pot\u0159ebu vymyslit nov\u00e9 slovo m\u011bl o hodn\u011b pozd\u011bji Josef \u010capek, a vytvo\u0159il slovo robot. Ale to sem nepat\u0159\u00ed.) Plat\u00f3n meteory rozum\u011bl v\u0161echny \u010d\u00e1stice a jevy nadzemsk\u00e9, tedy krom\u011b meteor\u016f v dne\u0161n\u00edm slova smyslu tak\u00e9 nebesk\u00e1 t\u011blesa, l\u00e9tavice, draky, kozy sk\u00e1kav\u00e9 a jin\u00e9 potvory ve vzduchu, mo\u017en\u00e1 i pov\u011btrn\u00e9 \u017eeny, co\u017e v\u0161ak nen\u00ed dolo\u017eeno, proto\u017ee se o nich v\u00fdslovn\u011b nezm\u00ednil. Plat\u00f3n je tak\u00e9 autorem zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho v\u00fdroku, kter\u00fd se ov\u0161em t\u00fdkal jen star\u00e9ho \u0158ecka: Nakonec v\u00e1m budou vl\u00e1dnout ti nejneschopn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z v\u00e1s, a to v\u00e1m bude trestem za neochotu pod\u00edlet se na politice.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Za zakladatele meteorologie i hydrologie pova\u017eujeme Plat\u00f3nova \u017e\u00e1ka, a mimo jin\u00e9 vychovatele Alexandra Makedonsk\u00e9ho, Aristotela ze Stageiry (384-322), kter\u00fd napsal slavn\u00e9 d\u00edlo \u201eMeteorologika (\u010cty\u0159i knihy o jevech meteorick\u00fdch)\u201c. V nich shrnul a uspo\u0159\u00e1dal ve\u0161ker\u00e9 tehdej\u0161\u00ed znalosti o fyzickogeografick\u00e9 sf\u00e9\u0159e, a na mnoho v\u011bc\u00ed ur\u010dit\u011b p\u0159i\u0161el tak\u00e9 s\u00e1m. Z celkov\u00e9ho rozsahu knih zab\u00edr\u00e1 v\u00fdklad o po\u010das\u00ed a podneb\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e jednu t\u0159etinu. A tak se stalo, \u017ee meteorologie jako v\u011bda byla na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Proces pozn\u00e1n\u00ed nem\u00e1 konce, tak\u017ee i Aristotel\u00e9s n\u011bco v\u011bd\u011bl spr\u00e1vn\u011b, dob\u0159e, a v lec\u010dems se m\u00fdlil, a k\u00e1ru v\u011bdy nechal t\u00e1hnout n\u00e1sledovn\u00edk\u016fm. Nap\u0159\u00edklad z\u00a0nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f p\u0159ipisoval v p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch d\u011bj\u00edch nesmysln\u00fd v\u00fdznam tzv. such\u00e9mu vypa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Such\u00e9 p\u00e1ry podle n\u011bho byly p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou v\u011btru, blesk\u016f a hromu, ork\u00e1nu i zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed. Byl to v\u0161ak starov\u011bk, a ten by n\u00e1s ani nemusel moc tr\u00e1pit. Jen\u017ee!<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Aristotel\u00e9s jako nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed filozofick\u00e1 a v\u011bdeck\u00e1 autorita antick\u00e9ho sv\u011bta p\u0159e\u017e\u00edval m\u00edsty v Evrop\u011b a\u017e hluboko do novov\u011bku; je\u0161t\u011b v 18. stolet\u00ed se na latinsk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch om\u00edlaly jeho p\u0159edstavy a n\u00e1zory a tak\u00e9 na univerzit\u00e1ch v Praze a Olomouci se neust\u00e1le \u010detly pas\u00e1\u017ee z jeho Quattuor libri. Kdo se neop\u00edral o Aristotela, jako by nebyl. P\u0159\u00edkladem \u00famorn\u00e9ho aristotelismu budi\u017e rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd polemick\u00fd spis profesora olomouck\u00e9 univerzity Tade\u00e1\u0161e Polansk\u00e9ho (1713-1770) z roku 1747 pojedn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed o bou\u0159k\u00e1ch (obr. 1). Jmenuje se v \u010desk\u00e9m p\u0159ekladu \u201eExperiment\u00e1ln\u011b fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed rozprava podle z\u00e1sad Aristotelov\u00fdch a peripatetick\u00e9 \u0161koly O hromu a blesku, \u010dili zablesknut\u00ed a o \u00faderu blesku, proti n\u00e1zor\u016fm a domn\u011bnk\u00e1m antiperipatetik\u016f\u201c (Polansk\u00fd 1747).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/sites\/default\/files\/2017_06_173.JPG\" alt=\"\" \/>V uveden\u00e9 knize s barokn\u011b ko\u0161at\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem v\u011bnovan\u00e9 bou\u0159k\u00e1m ani jednou nenajdeme slovo elekt\u0159ina, kter\u00e9 dal sv\u011btu ji\u017e roku 1600 Angli\u010dan Gilbert. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou bou\u0159ek jsou podle Polansk\u00e9ho op\u011bt ho\u0159lav\u00e9 sirn\u00e9 a sodn\u00e9 v\u00fdpary zemsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 v mraku. Spolu s Aristotelem a Senecou tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee blesk je exhalace za\u017eehnut\u00e1 uvnit\u0159 dutiny mraku, kter\u00e1 se v\u0161ak kv\u016fli \u0159\u00eddkosti l\u00e1tky pouze zableskne uvnit\u0159 mraku, proto\u017ee nem\u00e1 s\u00edlu k roztr\u017een\u00ed jeho hust\u00fdch bok\u016f. Za pov\u0161imnut\u00ed stoj\u00ed tak\u00e9 v\u00fdklad, \u017ee orla nezas\u00e1hne \u00fader blesku pouze proto, \u017ee v dob\u011b, kdy se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed bou\u0159e, velice prudce vyl\u00e9tne nad mraky, anebo rychle odlet\u00ed do jin\u00e9ho kraje, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed bou\u0159\u00ed zasa\u017een (Kr\u0161ka 1990). V polovin\u011b 18. stolet\u00ed jsme byli v \u010cech\u00e1ch tam, kde bylo \u0158ecko p\u0159ed 21 stolet\u00edmi.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Moudr\u00fd \u010desk\u00fd historik geografie F. X. Vilhum (1906-1964) napsal, \u017ee fyzika byla sv\u00edr\u00e1na t\u011bsn\u00fdm objet\u00edm aristotelsk\u00e9 spekulace a autority, z n\u00ed\u017e ji s velk\u00fdm rizikem vymanili slavn\u00ed Galilei, Kopern\u00edk, Kepler a jin\u00ed (Vilhum 1946). Skute\u010dn\u011b z\u00e1sluhou Galilea a jeho \u017e\u00e1k\u016f se rozvinula experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed fyzika a tak\u00e9 za\u010dala pravideln\u00e1 meteorologick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed ve smyslu z\u00e1sady: m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echno, co je m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 a nem\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 u\u010di\u0148 m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdm. V roce 1657 vznikla ve Florencii slavn\u00e1 Accademia del Cimento (Akademie pokusu).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Rakousko ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 v\u00e1lky zcela vy\u010derpaly, zaost\u00e1valo ve v\u0161ech sm\u011brech, v zemi panovaly neut\u011b\u0161en\u00e9 pom\u011bry hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 i politick\u00e9, vysok\u00e9 \u0161koly, m\u00edsto aby p\u0159ipravovaly absolventy pro praktick\u00fd \u017eivot a technick\u00fd rozvoj, se ut\u00e1p\u011bly ve scholastice. Vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed Marie Terezie (obr. 2) to nelib\u011b pozorovala, a\u017e kone\u010dn\u011b jednoho dne se fakt po\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b na\u0161tvala a na\u0159\u00eddila, \u017ee od te\u010f se na univerzit\u00e1ch v jej\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161i za\u010dnou p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed v\u011bdy u\u010dit jinak, modern\u011b, a technick\u00e9 obory budou postaveny na experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed newtonovsk\u00e9 fyzice. Od t\u00e9 chv\u00edle to vypadalo nad\u011bjn\u011b i pro meteorologii. Za terezi\u00e1nsk\u00fdch reforem se v monarchii l\u00e1mal chl\u00e9b. Jenom\u017ee profesor\u016fm na\u0161ich univerzit se do novot moc necht\u011blo, ani to neum\u011bli, a tak se sna\u017eili panovnici o\u0161idit t\u0159eba t\u00edm, \u017ee k n\u00e1zv\u016fm sv\u00fdch p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek a publikac\u00ed p\u0159ipojovali slova \u201eexperiment\u00e1ln\u011b fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c a u\u010dili postaru, jak jsme vid\u011bli u T. Polansk\u00e9ho (1747). Na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed takov\u00ed nebyli v\u0161ichni.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><a id=\"bookmark17\" style=\"color: #003366;\" name=\"bookmark17\"><\/a>2. D\u00cdKY KLEMENTINU V PRAZE SV\u00cdT\u00c1<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nap\u0159. Josefu Steplingovi (1716-1778), profesoru Karlo- Ferdinandovy univerzity a \u0159editeli pra\u017esk\u00e9 klementinsk\u00e9 hv\u011bzd\u00e1rny a p\u0159\u00edvr\u017eenci pokus\u016f, kter\u00e9mu aristotelismus v p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch v\u011bd\u00e1ch lezl krkem, p\u0159i\u0161lo na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed panovnice velmi vhod, a jakmile byl jmenov\u00e1n \u0159editelem matematick\u00fdch a fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch studi\u00ed, za\u010dal je d\u016fsledn\u011b uplat\u0148ovat. Za jeho veden\u00ed byla v Klementinu v roce 1752 zah\u00e1jena pravideln\u00e1 meteorologick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, na kter\u00e1 se dosud komo\u0159an\u0161t\u00ed meteorologov\u00e9 v televizi odvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed, kdy\u017e se po\u010das\u00ed v\u00edce odch\u00fdl\u00ed od norm\u00e1lu. Profesor Franti\u0161ek Augustin (1846-1908) m\u011bl jist\u011b na mysli Klementinum, kdy\u017e napsal:V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o vzduchu povstala vlastn\u011b teprve vynalezen\u00edm nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f pozorovac\u00edch koncem 17. stolet\u00ed a pravideln\u00fdm jejich u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm, co\u017e se d\u011blo nejd\u0159\u00edve p\u0159i hv\u011bzd\u00e1rn\u00e1ch &#8230; V meteorologii maj\u00ed cenu jenom pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, je\u017e byla vykon\u00e1na s p\u0159\u00edstroji dokonal\u00fdmi, odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edmi pokro\u010dil\u00e9mu stanovisku nyn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed techniky (Augustin 1885).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/sites\/default\/files\/2017_06_174.JPG\" alt=\"\" \/>Za Steplingov\u00fdch pokra\u010dovatel\u016f Anton\u00edna Strnada (1746-1799) a Martina Aloise Davida (1757-1836) Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 pra\u017esk\u00e1 hv\u011bzd\u00e1rna pro\u017e\u00edvala zlat\u00fd v\u011bk. Zkvalitnila se meteorologick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a v \u010cech\u00e1ch vznikla s\u00ed\u0165 meteorologick\u00fdch stanic veden\u00e1 hv\u011bzd\u00e1rnou, kter\u00e1 umo\u017enila klimatologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum. Byly tak\u00e9 polo\u017eeny z\u00e1klady \u010desk\u00e9 agrometeorologie a fenologie (Kr\u0161ka, \u0160amaj 2001).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">A nav\u00edc: klementinsk\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vstoupila na sv\u011btovou sc\u00e9nu, kdy\u017e observato\u0159 byla zapojena do celosv\u011btov\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 Falckou meteorologickou spole\u010dnost\u00ed zn\u00e1mou pod n\u00e1zvem \u201eSocietas Meteorologica Palatina\u201c. Tato s\u00ed\u0165 zalo\u017een\u00e1 na jednotn\u00e9m zp\u016fsobu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, jednotn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00e9 technice a stejn\u00fdch pozorovac\u00edch term\u00ednech 7, 14 a 21 hodin m\u00edstn\u00edho \u010dasu byla p\u0159edch\u016fdkyn\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9 Sv\u011btov\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 organizace. Fungovala v letech 1780 a\u017e 1789. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee hlavn\u00ed nebo podstatn\u00fd rozd\u00edl mezi Societas Meteorologica Palatina a World Meteorological Organization spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee prvn\u00ed uveden\u00e1 s\u00eddlila v Mannheimu a druh\u00e1 se usadila v \u017denev\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kdy\u017e u\u017e jsem se zm\u00ednil o kr\u00e1lovn\u011b, nespr\u00e1vn\u011b c\u00edsa\u0159ovn\u011b, Marii Terezii, zaslou\u017eil\u00e9 matce (16 d\u011bt\u00ed) a \u010cech\u016fm mace\u0161e, je vhodn\u00e9 dodat, \u017ee s velk\u00fdm z\u00e1jmem ve sv\u00e9m v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9m s\u00eddle sledovala pokusy s elekt\u0159inou, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ed jej\u00edmi zraky p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bl n\u00e1\u0161 rod\u00e1k Prokop Divi\u0161, p\u016fvodn\u011b Div\u00ed\u0161ek (1698-1765). Ta koukala! Meteorologov\u00e9 znaj\u00ed Divi\u0161e hlavn\u011b jako konstrukt\u00e9ra \u201epov\u011btrnostn\u00ed ma\u0161iny\u201c, jej\u00ed\u017e 400 h\u0159eb\u00edk\u016f \u0161picemi orientovanmi k nebi m\u011blo z oblak\u016f vys\u00e1vat elekt\u0159inu tich\u00fdm v\u00fdbojem, a t\u00edm zabra\u0148ovat vzniku bou\u0159ky. Divi\u0161ovo hromosvodn\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se hodn\u011b li\u0161ilo od dne\u0161n\u00edch ty\u010dov\u00fdch hromosvod\u016f, sou\u010dasn\u00e9 jsou podobn\u00e9 hromosvodu Franklinovu, av\u0161ak Divi\u0161ovi pat\u0159\u00ed v objevu hromosvodu sv\u011btov\u00e9 prvenstv\u00ed v tom, \u017ee jeho stroj byl uzemn\u011bn. \u0158et\u011bzy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><a id=\"bookmark18\" style=\"color: #003366;\" name=\"bookmark18\"><\/a>3. JAK PRAHA DOPLATILA NA V\u00cdDE\u0147<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Klementinsk\u00e1 hv\u011bzd\u00e1rna m\u011bla celkem \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed na dobr\u00e9 \u0159editele, a jak n\u00e1s u\u010dil soudruh Stalin: k\u00e1dry rozhoduj\u00ed v\u0161e. T\u00edm nej\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00edm k\u00e1drem byl Karl Kreil, profesor astronomie na pra\u017esk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b a stoupenec zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed technick\u00e9ho pokroku v meteorologii. Jeho nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm \u010dinem byl n\u00e1vrh na z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jednotn\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b meteorologick\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v cel\u00e9m rakousk\u00e9m mocn\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed instituce. A na n\u011bj sly\u0161el c\u00edsa\u0159 Franti\u0161ek Josef I. My si mocn\u00e1\u0159e z\u00e1sluhou mnoh\u00fdch, hlavn\u011b Jaroslava Ha\u0161ka a Josefa Lady, co\u017e v\u0161ak nebyli meteorologov\u00e9, p\u0159edstavujeme jako star\u00e9ho, pon\u011bkud seniln\u00edho p\u00e1na s b\u00edl\u00fdmi licousy, jako star\u00e9ho Proch\u00e1zku na most\u011b, kter\u00fd p\u0159i n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b Prahy \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: to m\u011b \u010c\u00e9\u0161i, \u017ee jste t\u00e9\u0161i, apod.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/sites\/default\/files\/2017_06_175.JPG\" alt=\"\" \/>Ale ka\u017ed\u00fd star\u00fd byl jednou mlad\u00fd. Kdy\u017e Franti\u0161ek Josef (asi \u010dasn\u011b r\u00e1no, on vst\u00e1val brzy) podepisoval 23. \u010dervence 1851 ost\u0159e za\u0159\u00edznut\u00fdm perem v\u00fdnos z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edho \u00fastavu pro meteorologick\u00e1 a magnetick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed (Zentralanstalt f\u00fcr meteorologische und magnetische Beobachtungen) se s\u00eddlem ve V\u00eddni, byl to mlad\u00fd jinoch a fe\u0161\u00e1k (nar. 18. 8. 1830): 26 dn\u00ed mu chyb\u011blo do 21. roku jeho \u017eivota (obr. 3). V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 je, \u017ee \u00fastav, kter\u00fd za\u010dal fungovat o rok pozd\u011bji, p\u0159edstavoval prvn\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed meteorologickou slu\u017ebu na sv\u011bt\u011b, teprve pak se po Rakousku za\u010dali opi\u010dit Angli\u010dan\u00e9, Belgi\u010dan\u00e9, Francouzi a jin\u00e9 n\u00e1rody.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">A zase jen\u017ee. S\u00a0Kreilem ode\u0161li z Prahy do V\u00eddn\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed odborn\u00edci a Klementinum v \u010cech\u00e1ch p\u0159estalo \u0159\u00eddit s\u00ed\u0165 meteorologick\u00fdch stanic, kter\u00e1 do t\u00e9 doby byla nejhust\u0161\u00ed v cel\u00e9m Rakousku. \u00dapadek byl zp\u016fsoben t\u00edm, \u017ee v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00fd \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed \u00fastav za\u010dal z\u0159izovat stanice v zem\u00edch, kde dosud \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 nebyly, nap\u0159. v Dalm\u00e1cii nebo Bukovin\u011b, a v \u010cech\u00e1ch je likvidoval, proto\u017ee jich bylo relativn\u011b moc. P\u0159\u00edpad hodn\u011b p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 fungov\u00e1n\u00ed Rady vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 pomoci (RVHP), kdy jsme m\u011bli p\u0159ibrzdit, dokud n\u00e1s nedo\u017eene Mongolsko a Vietnam.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Po rakousko-uhersk\u00e9m vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed v roce 1867, kdy se dosud jednotn\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e rozd\u011blila na P\u0159edlitavsko (Rakousko) a Zalitavsko (Uhersko), si Uh\u0159i v Budape\u0161ti v roce 1870 z\u0159\u00eddili vlastn\u00ed Zemsk\u00fd \u00fastav pro meteorologii a zemsk\u00fd magnetismus (Orsz\u00e1gos Meteorol\u00f3giai \u00e9s Foldm\u00e1gness\u00e9gi Int\u00e9zet). Podle stejn\u00e9ho modelu se po vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 federace v roce 1968 celost\u00e1tn\u00ed Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav rozd\u011blil od 1. ledna 1969 na dva n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hydrometeorologick\u00e9 \u00fastavy, \u010desk\u00fd a slovensk\u00fd.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><a id=\"bookmark19\" style=\"color: #003366;\" name=\"bookmark19\"><\/a>4. KOHO KDY P\u0158IJDE \u010cAS<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/sites\/default\/files\/2017_06_176.JPG\" alt=\"\" \/>V roce 1865 byla ve V\u00eddni zalo\u017eena Rakousk\u00e1 meteorologick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost, proto\u017ee z\u00e1jemc\u016f o po\u010das\u00ed u\u017e bylo tolik, \u017ee st\u00e1lo zato utvo\u0159it vlastn\u00ed organizaci (\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 meteorologick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost p\u0159i \u010cSAV vznikla v Praze o 93 rok\u016f pozd\u011bji, v roce 1958). A jedn\u00edm ze zakladatel\u016f rakousk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti byl Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884), kter\u00fd je dnes ve sv\u011bt\u011b cen\u011bn jako geni\u00e1ln\u00ed biolog, zat\u00edmco za sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota byl v Rakousku uzn\u00e1v\u00e1n hlavn\u011b jako meteorolog (obr. 4). Jeho p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ky a publikace o k\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hrachu, jest\u0159\u00e1bn\u00edku a v\u010del i j\u00edm zformulovan\u00e9 t\u0159i z\u00e1kony d\u011bdi\u010dnosti se toti\u017e v jeho dob\u011b nesetkaly s \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm ohlasem. Zato jeho pr\u00e1ce sv\u011bdomit\u00e9ho meteorologick\u00e9ho pozorovatele a zpracovatele z\u00edskan\u00fdch dat, a zejm\u00e9na v\u00fdte\u010dn\u00e1 pr\u016fkopnick\u00e1 studie o tromb\u011b nad Brnem v roce 1870 (Mendel 1871 a znovu 1910) vyvol\u00e1valy zaslou\u017eenou pozornost (z 13 jeho publikovan\u00fdch prac\u00ed se 9 t\u00fdk\u00e1 meteorologie!). Jeho m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed klimatologick\u00e9 v\u00fdkazy z pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 konal v kl\u00e1\u0161te\u0159e ve Star\u00e9m Brn\u011b, pat\u0159\u00ed bezesporu k\u00a0nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm archivn\u00edm dokument\u016fm \u010cHM\u00da, kter\u00e9 jsou ulo\u017eeny na pobo\u010dce \u010cHM\u00da v Brn\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mendel si byl dob\u0159e v\u011bdom toho, \u017ee v\u00a0genetice p\u0159ede\u0161el svou dobu. Proto nedlouho p\u0159ed svou smrt\u00ed v roce 1884 napsal Meine Zeit wird kommen \u2013 m\u016fj \u010das p\u0159ijde (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, \u017dalud, Kr\u0161ka 1998). Jeho n\u00e1zor v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017eeme vzt\u00e1hnout i na meteorologii: kolik m\u00e1 jen u n\u00e1s n\u00e1sledovn\u00edk\u016f v pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed a studiu torn\u00e1d, o americk\u00fdch lovc\u00edch ani nemluv\u011b. Ale kdo jin\u00fd ne\u017e Mendel tak podrobn\u011b a v\u011bdecky spr\u00e1vn\u011b popsal pr\u016fb\u011bh tohoto jevu z vlastn\u00edho pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed v dob\u011b bez radarov\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f? Z\u00e1jemci neznaj\u00edc\u00ed n\u011bm\u010dinu se o tom mohou p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit z anglick\u00e9 studie J. Munzara (Munzar 1998).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V 60. letech 19. stolet\u00ed vy\u0161ly v Praze prvn\u00ed \u010desky psan\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edru\u010dky, a to kn\u00ed\u017eka Jana Ka\u0161para Palac- k\u00e9ho (1830-1908, obr. 5), syna historika Franti\u0161ka Palack\u00e9ho (Palack\u00fd 1863) a o rok pozd\u011bji (Studni\u010dka 1864) spis Franti\u0161ka Josefa Studni\u010dky (1836-1903). Vznikly nez\u00e1visle na sob\u011b, auto\u0159i od sebe neopisovali a ob\u011b zda\u0159il\u00e1 d\u00edlka ur\u010dili rolnick\u00e9mu lidu. Komu tak\u00e9 jin\u00e9mu, m\u011b\u0161\u0165an\u016fm na po\u010das\u00ed nikdy p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nez\u00e1le\u017eelo, m\u011bli sv\u00e9 de\u0161tn\u00edky a dro\u017eky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V Palack\u00e9ho pojedn\u00e1n\u00ed se nap\u0159. dozv\u00edme, \u017ee: mha nen\u00ed nic ne\u017e zhoustnut\u00ed vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry, \u017ee mhy, mra\u010dna zastavuj\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, a proto jsou mra\u010dn\u00e9 noci m\u00e9n\u011b studen\u00e9 ne\u017eli jasn\u00e9. A tak\u00e9, \u017ee: i podneb\u00ed je \u010d\u00e1stka n\u00e1rodn\u00edho bohatstv\u00ed a blahobytu. Studni\u010dka byl p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den, \u017ee tehdej\u0161\u00ed znalost atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f nesta\u010d\u00ed k vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011bdi po\u010das\u00ed ani na p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed den, a tak\u00e9 v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ci se o prognostic\u00edch a novin\u00e1\u0159\u00edch, kte\u0159\u00ed jejich p\u0159edpov\u011bdi roz\u0161i\u0159ovali, vyjad\u0159oval podobn\u011b neuctiv\u011b jako prezident Milo\u0161 Zeman: Hloup\u00e9 tlachaniny, p\u00ed\u0161e Studni\u010dka, jak\u00fdmi tak zvan\u00ed prorokov\u00e9 pov\u011btrnosti v n\u011bkter\u00fdch novin\u00e1ch a kalend\u00e1\u0159\u00edch \u010das od \u010dasu obveseluj\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e na d\u016fkaz, \u017ee pitomost dosud nevym\u0159ela a dosud \u010d\u00edt\u00e1 dosti nerozv\u00e1\u017en\u00fdch ctitel\u016fv (Studni\u010dka 1872).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><a id=\"bookmark20\" style=\"color: #003366;\" name=\"bookmark20\"><\/a>5. O \u010cEM KOR\u00dd\u0160 NEM\u011aL TU\u0160EN\u00cd<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Od konce 19. stolet\u00ed jsme m\u011bli prvn\u00edho profesora meteorologie a klimatologie na \u010desk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b v Praze Franti\u0161ka Augustina, kter\u00fd vybudoval prvn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9 pracovi\u0161t\u011b, z\u0159\u00eddil meteorologickou stanici na pet\u0159\u00ednsk\u00e9 rozhledn\u011b a v\u011bdecky i publika\u010dn\u011b se uplatnil v meteorologii i hydrologii. Jeho \u017e\u00e1k a n\u00e1stupce profesor Stanislav Hanzl\u00edk (1878-1956) v letech 1908-1912 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il znalosti norsk\u00e9 \u0161koly o poznatky o prostorov\u00e9 stavb\u011b cyklon a anticyklon, za co\u017e b\u00fdv\u00e1 pova\u017eov\u00e1n za nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho \u010desk\u00e9ho meteorologa. Hanzl\u00edkovy objevy profesor Alois Gregor (1892-1972) ocenil slovy: Splnil v\u011b\u0161teck\u00e1 slova vyloven\u00e1 Mend\u011blejevem, kter\u00fd p\u0159irovnal d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob v\u00fdzkumu anticyklon a cyklon, konan\u00fd jen podle p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00edch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, k marn\u00e9 n\u00e1maze kraba, kter\u00fd se nem\u016f\u017ee odpoutat od mo\u0159sk\u00e9ho dna a nem\u016f\u017ee se tedy dov\u011bd\u011bt, jak to vypad\u00e1 nad n\u00edm v oce\u00e1nu (obr. 6). Profesor Hanzl\u00edk prvn\u00ed p\u0159ekonal tuto v\u011bdeckou krizi ve v\u00fdzkumu barometrick\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f (A. Gregor 1957).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/sites\/default\/files\/2017_06_177.JPG\" alt=\"\" \/>Po ukon\u010den\u00ed 1. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky na trosk\u00e1ch Rakouska-Uherska vznik\u00e1 \u010ceskoslovensko a z trosek st\u00e1tn\u00edch meteorologick\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f ve V\u00eddni a Budape\u0161ti se na rozhran\u00ed let 1919 a 1920 utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed \u010ceskoslovensk\u00fd st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fastav meteorologick\u00fd. Z v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9ho \u00fastavu se do Prahy vrac\u00ed dr. Rudolf Schneider (1881-1955), kter\u00fd se st\u00e1v\u00e1 \u0159editelem nov\u00e9ho \u00fastavu, jeho\u017e cel\u00fd tehdej\u0161\u00ed person\u00e1l tvo\u0159\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b nedostudovan\u00fd Alois Gregor, dr. Emanuel Hof a dr. Gustav Swoboda. Pomalu p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1 spolupracovn\u00edk\u016f, Mikul\u00e1\u0161 Kon\u010dek, Ferdinand Kocourek, V\u00e1clav, Hlav\u00e1\u010d, Emil Vesel\u00fd, Vladim\u00edr Miklenda a dal\u0161\u00ed (Kr\u0161ka, \u0160amaj 2001). \u00da\u0159edn\u00edci jako tzv. st\u00e1tn\u00ed hladi slou\u017e\u00ed poctiv\u011b vlasti za n\u00edzk\u00e9 platy a nikomu nevyhro\u017euj\u00ed na zp\u016fsob \u201eodejdeme, pom\u0159ete\u201c, jak to ned\u00e1vno u\u010dinili na\u0161i l\u00e9ka\u0159i.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dnes si podm\u00ednky jejich pr\u00e1ce \u2013 mysl\u00edm meteorolog\u016f &#8211; t\u011b\u017eko dovedeme p\u0159edstavit, jak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me my latin\u00edci odkojen\u00ed azbukou \u201eOmne simile claudicat\u201c, \u010desky Ka\u017ed\u00e9 p\u0159irovn\u00e1n\u00ed kulh\u00e1. Co to jen dalo n\u00e1mahy, ne\u017e se poda\u0159ilo z\u00edskat z V\u00eddn\u011b a Budape\u0161ti v\u00fdkazy pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed z klimatologick\u00fdch stanic na \u00fazem\u00ed mlad\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. Ma\u010fa\u0159i je p\u0159edali a\u017e za n\u011bkolik let, proto\u017ee se domn\u00edvali, \u017ee \u010ceskoslovensko vzniklo jak\u00fdmsi omylem a \u017ee nem\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt dlouh\u00e9ho trv\u00e1n\u00ed. Aby se knihy a pap\u00edry zbyte\u010dn\u011b nest\u011bhovaly k n\u00e1m a zase zp\u011bt.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nebo si p\u0159edstavte inspek\u010dn\u00ed cesty na p\u0159evzat\u00e9 vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 stanice, bez slu\u017eebn\u00edch automobil\u016f, po\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edho spojen\u00ed a \u017elut\u00fdch autobus\u016f Student Agency. Z Prahy t\u0159eba na Slovensko nebo Podkarpatskou Rus. O jedn\u00e9 cest\u011b v\u00edm, \u017ee dopadla velmi dob\u0159e. To, kdy\u017e Mikul\u00e1\u0161 Kon\u010dek (1900-1980) se p\u0159i cest\u011b na st\u0159edn\u00ed Slovensko sezn\u00e1mil se sle\u010dnou Jolanou Zolnayvou, pojal ji za \u017eenu a p\u0159ivezl si ji do Prahy. Pozor: toto nebyla zbyte\u010dn\u00e1 informace. Uveden\u00e1 d\u00e1ma po celou dobu man\u017eelstv\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148ovala nejen man\u017eela, ale i v\u00fdvoj slovensk\u00e9 meteorologie. Jsem p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den, \u017ee k dobr\u00e9mu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">St\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fastav meteorologick\u00fd (S\u00daM) nem\u011bl vlastn\u00ed prostory, z mal\u00e9 kancel\u00e1\u0159e v Klementinu jej vzal do podn\u00e1jmu prof. Hanzl\u00edk na \u00dastav meteorologie a klimatologie Filozofick\u00e9 fakulty Karlovy univerzity. Zd\u00e1lo se, \u017ee tomu tak bude na v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 \u010dasy a nikdy jinak. Provizorium v\u0161ak trvalo jen 21 rok\u016f a skon\u010dilo za v\u00e1lky v roce 1940, kdy byla tehdej\u0161\u00edmu \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edmu meteorologick\u00e9mu \u00fastavu pro \u010cechy a Moravu p\u0159id\u011blena budova po\u0161tovn\u00ed spo\u0159itelny na Sm\u00edchov\u011b v\u00a0Hole\u010dkov\u011b ulici. Po\u010d\u00e1tkem 60. let se pra\u017esk\u00e9mu \u00fastavu poda\u0159ilo z\u00edskat \u010d\u00e1st objekt\u016f z\u00e1mku v Komo\u0159anech.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V S\u00daM vyrostlo n\u011bkolik velk\u00fdch osobnost\u00ed \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 v\u011bdy, jako nap\u0159. pra\u017esk\u00fd N\u011bmec, absolvent N\u011bmeck\u00e9 univerzity v Praze, a p\u0159itom antifa\u0161ista Gustav Swoboda (1893 a\u017e 1956), zakladatel \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed slu\u017eby a autor prvn\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 knihy o leteck\u00e9 meteorologii (Swoboda 1937). V\u00fdznamn\u011b se zaslou\u017eil o vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed Sv\u011btov\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 organizace, jej\u00edm\u017e prvn\u00edm gener\u00e1ln\u00edm sekret\u00e1\u0159em se stal v roce 1951. (Z na\u0161ich meteorolog\u016f ud\u011blal nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kari\u00e9ru, ani\u017e byl ve stran\u011b.) Konvenci Sv\u011btov\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 organizace podepsal za \u010ceskoslovensko z pov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed prezidenta dr. Edvarda Bene\u0161e ve Washingtonu A. Gregor hned v roce 1947.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Meteorologie a klimatologie se v\u0161ak rozv\u00edjela i mimo S\u00daM. Na N\u011bmeck\u00e9 univerzit\u011b v Praze p\u016fsobili profeso\u0159i Rudolf Spitaler a Leo Wenzel Pollak, v Geografick\u00e9m \u00fastavu Masarykovy univerzity v Brn\u011b profeso\u0159i Franti\u0161ek Kol\u00e1\u010dek a Franti\u0161ek Vit\u00e1sek, docent Bohumil Hrudi\u010dka, na Vysok\u00e9 \u0161kole zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 v Brn\u011b rostla agrometeorologie z\u00e1sluhou profesora V\u00e1clava Nov\u00e1ka a podobn\u011b i ve V\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch \u00fastavech zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jsou v\u011bdeck\u00e9 \u00fasp\u011bchy Anton\u00edna Be\u010dv\u00e1\u0159e a dal\u0161\u00edch odborn\u00edk\u016f p\u0159i v\u00fdzkumu Tater.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159ipome\u0148me dv\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 aktivity n\u011bmeck\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed za 2. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, kter\u00e9 u\u017e vypadly z na\u0161\u00ed pam\u011bti, pokud v n\u00ed v\u016fbec byly. Na prv\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b \u010dinnost v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 skupiny n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho fyzika a vysok\u00e9ho funkcion\u00e1\u0159e SS docenta Waltera Findeisena (1909-1945), kter\u00e1 se v Praze v laborato\u0159\u00edch \u0158\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9ho \u00fastavu pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eby zab\u00fdvala procesy vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed mlh a sr\u00e1\u017eek (zn\u00e1m\u00e1 je Bergeronova a Findeisenova teorie vzniku sr\u00e1\u017eek). P\u0159i v\u00fdzkumu vyu\u017e\u00edvala i vojensk\u00e9ho letectva. Na uvedenou experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1ci v oboru fyziky oblak\u016f a sr\u00e1\u017eek v pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m obdob\u00ed nav\u00e1zal \u00dastav fyziky atmosf\u00e9ry \u010cSAV, z\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd v roce 1954.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na druh\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed tzv. vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 stanice Zlat\u00e9 n\u00e1vr\u0161\u00ed v Krkono\u0161\u00edch. \u0160lo o v\u00fdcvikov\u00e9 st\u0159edisko, je\u017e p\u0159ipravovalo arktick\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed jednotky, kter\u00e9 byly vysazov\u00e1ny v pol\u00e1rn\u00ed oblasti a severn\u00edm Atlantiku za \u00fa\u010delem meteorologick\u00e9ho zabezpe\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed Luftwaffe, kter\u00e1 \u00fato\u010dila hlavn\u011b na americk\u00e9 konvoje s n\u00e1kladem zbran\u00ed a potravin pro Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz. Pol\u00e1rn\u00ed zku\u0161ebn\u00ed stanice Zlat\u00e9 n\u00e1vr\u0161\u00ed, jak zn\u011bl n\u00e1zev, byla p\u016fvodn\u011b z\u0159\u00edzena pro aklimatizaci b\u00edl\u00e9ho sokola, kter\u00fd podle nacistick\u00fdch ideolog\u016f byl symbolem state\u010dnosti a \u0161lechetnosti, tak\u017ee se m\u011bl usadit v N\u011bmecku, a\u010dkoliv byl zvykl\u00fd na podneb\u00ed Gr\u00f3nska (Flaj\u0161man 2012). I tak dok\u00e1zali N\u011bmci blbnout.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><a id=\"bookmark21\" style=\"color: #003366;\" name=\"bookmark21\"><\/a>6. Z\u00c1V\u011aR<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1v\u011br je o tom, jak meteorologie rostla do \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky, v\u00fd\u0161ky i hloubky po 2. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, kdy nastal dosud neb\u00fdval\u00fd rozvoj meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby i v\u011bdy ve sv\u011bt\u011b. Pokra\u010duje dosud a nem\u016f\u017ee vynechat \u010cesko. V pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m, d\u00e1 se \u0159\u00edci v rann\u00e9m pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m obdob\u00ed v na\u0161\u00ed meteorologii prob\u011bhly \u010detn\u00e9 organiza\u010dn\u00ed zm\u011bny, uv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 i p\u0159ekotn\u00e9, jednou ze z\u00e1sadn\u00edch a rozumn\u00fdch bylo z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu, kter\u00fd vznikl 1. ledna 1954 slou\u010den\u00edm dosavadn\u00edho St\u00e1tn\u00edho meteorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu s hydrologickou a hydrografickou slu\u017ebou vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch rozvojov\u00fdch st\u0159edisek a znovu za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00edm pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed slu\u017eby do kompetence HM\u00da.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/sites\/default\/files\/2017_06_177_1.JPG\" alt=\"\" \/>Uskute\u010dnila se rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 investi\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdstavba, skokov\u011b se vyv\u00edjely meteorologick\u00e9 telekomunikace. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily se pozorovac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b o nov\u00e9 stanice a observato\u0159e. Vznikly nov\u00e9 obory meteorologie jako aerologie, radioloka\u010dn\u00ed a dru\u017eicov\u00e1 meteorologie, k meteorologii se p\u0159idru\u017eila problematika ochrany \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, a to k vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9mu prosp\u011bchu (obr. 7). V letech 1958-1969 Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav vypravil do sv\u011bta t\u0159\u00edd\u00edln\u00e9 kolos\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u00edlo \u201eAtlas podneb\u00ed \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 republiky\u201c s p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi \u201eTabulkami\u201c a p\u0159idru\u017eenou \u201eSoubornou studi\u00ed\u201c, ze slovensk\u00fdch spoluautor\u016f nelze opomenout zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b \u0160tefana Petrovi\u010de (1906-2000).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro \u00fastav v\u0161ak nesm\u00edme nevid\u011bt dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 a v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 instituce a rezortn\u00ed \u00fastavy, kter\u00e9 byly a jsou nositelem meteorologick\u00e9ho pokroku, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd \u00dastav fyziky atmosf\u00e9ry \u010cSAV, \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9 pracovi\u0161t\u011b \u0161irok\u00e9ho v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Velice se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il aplikovan\u00fd v\u00fdzkum, uk\u00e1zalo se, v kolika oblastech n\u00e1rodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed i b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho \u017eivota m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt meteorologie s klimatologi\u00ed u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1. Pos\u00edlila vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e1 pracovi\u0161t\u011b, z nich\u017e uvedu alespo\u0148 Meteorologick\u00fd \u00fastav Karlovy univerzity, kde pod veden\u00edm profesora Stanislava Brandejse (1918-1975) vznikla \u0161kola numerick\u00fdch (objektivn\u00edch) p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed. Na Slovensku roz\u0161i\u0159oval v\u00fduku profesor Mikul\u00e1\u0161 Kon\u010dek. Rozsahem v\u00fduky i person\u00e1ln\u011b si meteorologie pomohla jak na p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00fdch fakult\u00e1ch, tak na vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch, z\u010d\u00e1sti i na technik\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V roce 1953 byla na Vojensk\u00e9 technick\u00e9 akademii Anton\u00edna Z\u00e1potock\u00e9ho v Brn\u011b (n\u00e1zev \u0161koly se n\u00e1sledn\u011b m\u011bnil) zavedena specializace vojensk\u00e1 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eba. Ta a\u017e doposud vychovala v\u00edce odborn\u00edk\u016f pro pr\u00e1ci v meteorologii ne\u017e v\u0161echny na\u0161e civiln\u00ed \u0161koly dohromady, a jej\u00ed absolventi se dob\u0159e uplatnili jak u vojsk, tak v civiln\u00edm zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed. Zeptejte se t\u0159eba Ameri\u010dan\u016f, jak\u00e9 slu\u017eby jim prokazuj\u00ed \u010de\u0161t\u00ed vojen\u0161t\u00ed meteorologov\u00e9 na leti\u0161ti v K\u00e1bulu!<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">A to u\u017e je sou\u010dasnost, tak\u017ee nebudu pokra\u010dovat. Vzpomn\u011bl jsem si na jist\u00e9ho pana profesora (S. Hanzl\u00edk), kter\u00fd v\u0161echny sv\u00e9 p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ky na univerzit\u011b uzav\u00edral slovy \u201e\u010d\u00edm\u017e kon\u010d\u00edm\u201c. \u010c\u00edm\u017e kon\u010d\u00edm tak\u00e9 j\u00e1 a d\u011bkuji V\u00e1m, \u017ee jste do\u010detli a\u017e sem.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Literatura:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">AUGUSTIN, F., 1885. O pot\u0159eb\u011b zorganizovati meteorologick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed v \u010cech\u00e1ch. Praha: Atheneum, n\u00e1kl. spisovatelov\u00fdm. 20 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">FLAJ\u0160MAN, M., 2012. Z historie meteorologick\u00e9 stanice Zlat\u00e9 n\u00e1vr\u0161\u00ed v Krkono\u0161\u00edch, Meteorologick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, ro\u010d. 65, \u010d. 6, s. 184-188. ISSN 0026-1173.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">GREGOR, A., 1957. Vzpom\u00ednka na univ. prof. PhDr. Stanislava Hanzl\u00edka. Meteorologick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, ro\u010d. 10, \u010d. 1, s. 1-2. ISSN 0026-1173.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">HANZ\u00c1K, J., HAL\u00cdK, L., MIKULOV\u00c1, M. Sv\u011btem zv\u00ed\u0159at. V. d\u00edl (1. \u010d\u00e1st) Bezobratl\u00ed. 2. vyd. Praha: Albatros, 327 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, V., \u017dALUD, Z., KR\u0160KA, K., 1998. Johann Gregor Mendel und seine meteorologische T\u00e4tigkeit. Wetter und Leben, Jhrg. 50, H. 1, s. 81-88.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">KR\u0160KA, K., 1990. Peripatetick\u00fd spis Tade\u00e1\u0161e Polansk\u00e9ho o blesc\u00edch a hromech (K d\u011bjin\u00e1m meteorologie na olomouck\u00e9 univerzit\u011b do poloviny 18. stolet\u00ed). Zborn\u00edk dej\u00edn fyziky, zv. 8, Vysok\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 technick\u00e1 \u0161kola v Liptovskom Mikul\u00e1\u0161i, s. 5-24.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">KR\u0160KA, K., \u0160AMAJ, F., 2001. D\u011bjiny meteorologie v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch a na Slovensku. Praha: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, nakl. Karolinum ve spolupr\u00e1ci s \u010cesk\u00fdm hydrometeorologick\u00fdm \u00fastavem. 568 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">MENDEL, (J.), G., 1871, 1910. Die Windhose von 13. Oktober 18870. Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereines in Br\u00fcnn, Bd. 9, s. 229-246, Bd. 49, s. 54-71.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">MUNZAR, J, 1998. Gregor Mendel and the tornado in Brno on 13th October 1870. Moravian geographical reports, No. 1\/1998, Vol. 6, s. 53-60.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">PALACK\u00dd, J., 1863. Vzduchoslov\u00ed, \u010dili pojedn\u00e1n\u00ed o vzduchu, teple a \u00fakazech pov\u011btrnosti, s ohledem na rolnictv\u00ed. Praha, n\u00e1kl. Slovansk\u00e9ho knihkupectv\u00ed (Jos. Nov\u00e1ka a J. R. Vil\u00edmka). 124 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">POLANSK\u00dd, T., 1747. Dissertatio Physico-Experimentalis Juxta Principia Aristotelis, et scholae peripateticae De tonutrio, fulgure, seu coruscatione, ac fulmine, contra sensa, et opiniones Antiperipateticorum. Olomucii, F. A. Hirnle. 156 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">STUDNI\u010cKA, F. J., 1864. Meteorologie \u010dili popis a v\u00fdklad v\u0161ech \u00fakaz\u016f pov\u011btrn\u00fdch. Pro p\u0159\u00e1tele p\u0159\u00edrody v\u016fbec a pro venkovany zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b. \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice: nakl. F. Zdarssy. 91 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">STUDNI\u010cKA, F. J., 1872. O pov\u011btrnosti. Praha: Matice lidu, ro\u010d. 6, \u010d. 6. 168 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">SWOBODA, G., 1937. Leteck\u00e1 meteorologie a pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eba leteck\u00e1. Praha: Vojensk\u00fd \u00fastav v\u011bdeck\u00fd. 256 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">VILHUM, F. X., 1040. Hydrografie na pra\u017esk\u00e9 universit\u011b na po\u010d\u00e1tku 18. stolet\u00ed (Mistersk\u00fd disput P. H. M. Czechury O. Cis.: Mare philosophicum). Praha: V\u011bstn\u00edk Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti nauk, ro\u010d. 1944. 160 s. + p\u0159\u00edl.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Lekto\u0159i (Reviewers): RNDr. Radim Tolasz, Ph.D., RNDr. Vilibald Kakos, CSc.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Karel Kr\u0161ka, MZ 2017\/6, ro\u010d. 70, str. 178-186<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tento text je p\u0159episem zahajovac\u00edho projevu na semin\u00e1\u0159i k 70. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed \u010dasopisu a je dokladem specifick\u00e9ho humoru autora. 1. \u00daVOD Je moc dob\u0159e, \u017ee slav\u00edme jen kulat\u00e1 meteorologick\u00e1 v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed kon\u010d\u00edc\u00ed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9454","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9454","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9454"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9454\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9458,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9454\/revisions\/9458"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9454"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}