{"id":9197,"date":"2024-12-23T21:47:07","date_gmt":"2024-12-23T20:47:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=9197"},"modified":"2024-12-23T23:11:55","modified_gmt":"2024-12-23T22:11:55","slug":"zmena-klimatu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/zmena-klimatu\/","title":{"rendered":"Zm\u011bna klimatu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"9197\" class=\"elementor elementor-9197\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-77babc9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"77babc9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5bb5df6\" data-id=\"5bb5df6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1b4c72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1b4c72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Publikovan\u00e9 historick\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky s touto problematikou<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8f7b24c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8f7b24c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2bfce86\" data-id=\"2bfce86\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f206544 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f206544\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e1t\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va IPCC<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-666ed56 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"666ed56\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b99236\" data-id=\"5b99236\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0699c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d0699c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mezivl\u00e1dn\u00ed panel pro klimatickou zm\u011bnu (IPCC) vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 v letech 2013 a 2014 svou ji\u017e p\u00e1tou hodnot\u00edc\u00ed zpr\u00e1vu (tzv. AR5). Zpr\u00e1va bude m\u00edt celkem \u010dty\u0159i \u010d\u00e1sti, kter\u00e9 stovky autor\u016f p\u0159ipravuj\u00ed, tis\u00edce expert\u016f p\u0159ipom\u00ednkuj\u00ed a z\u00e1stupci st\u00e1t\u016f postupn\u011b schvaluj\u00ed stru\u010dn\u00e1 shrnut\u00ed, tzv. Summary for Policymakers.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Od 23. do 27. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2013 byla ve \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00e9m Stockholmu schv\u00e1lena prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st p\u00e1t\u00e9 hodnot\u00edc\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy. \u010c\u00e1st, kterou lze pova\u017eovat za nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. \u010c\u00e1st, kter\u00e1 je z\u00e1kladem pro dal\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy: \u201eThe Physical Science Basis\u201c \u2013 souhrn fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch z\u00e1klad\u016f glob\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny klimatu. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 shrnut\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy IPCC trp\u00ed nutnou generalizac\u00ed, proto\u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o shrnut\u00ed tzv. \u201eFull reportu\u201c, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 1 922 stran bez p\u0159\u00edloh, do cca 20 stran. Jedn\u00e1 se o zkr\u00e1cen\u00fd text, ale opravdu o shrnut\u00ed jen toho nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edho.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V t\u00fddnu od 24. do 30. b\u0159ezna 2014 se se\u0161la v\u00a0japonsk\u00e9 Jokoham\u011b druh\u00e1 pracovn\u00ed skupina, aby schv\u00e1lila text druh\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti AR5, kter\u00e1 je zam\u011b\u0159ena na dopady, adaptaci a zranitelnost (Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability). Najedn\u00e1n\u00ed bylo posouzeno celkem 2 350 p\u0159ipom\u00ednek z tzv. Governmental review. V\u011btu po v\u011bt\u011b, odstavec za odstavcem hledali \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci shodu mezi n\u00e1zorem autor\u016f a n\u00e1vrhy vl\u00e1d. Experti a z\u00e1stupci vl\u00e1d \u010dasto hledali tuto shodu t\u011b\u017ece, ale v\u017edy ji na\u0161li. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s p\u0159edchoz\u00edmi zpr\u00e1vami druh\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed skupiny jsou p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00e9 informace zalo\u017eeny na podstatn\u011b \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9, technick\u00e9 a socioekonomick\u00e9 literatu\u0159e (cca 12 000 bibliografick\u00fdch odkaz\u016f).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">A kone\u010dn\u011b od 7. do 12. dubna 2014 se se\u0161la v n\u011bmeck\u00e9m Berl\u00edn\u011b t\u0159et\u00ed pracovn\u00ed skupina, aby schv\u00e1lila t\u0159et\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st AR5, kter\u00e1 je zam\u011b\u0159ena na sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vlivu \u010dlov\u011bka na klima (Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Shrnut\u00ed pro politiky (SPM) bylo na jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v Berl\u00edn\u011b d\u016fkladn\u011b prodiskutov\u00e1no. T\u0159et\u00ed pracovn\u00ed skupina zpracovala zna\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9, technick\u00e9 a socioekonomick\u00e9 literatury (t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 10 000 bibliografick\u00fdch odkaz\u016f).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zpr\u00e1vy obsahuj\u00ed neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed informac\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch citac\u00ed recenzovan\u00e9 literatury, kter\u00e1 byla publikov\u00e1na hlavn\u011b v posledn\u00edch 10 letech. Po vyd\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dtvrt\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy IPCC v roce 2007 ve\u0159ejnost sledovala, \u017ee se n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed auto\u0159i nechovali p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 v\u011bdecky, citovali i nerecenzovanou literaturu a p\u0159es \u0161irok\u00e9 p\u0159ipom\u00ednkov\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed z\u016fstaly ve zpr\u00e1v\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 chyby. Panel IPCC proto zp\u0159\u00edsnil sv\u00e1 pravidla pro p\u0159\u00edpravu zpr\u00e1v a do\u0161lo i k radik\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b autor\u016f ve v\u0161ech \u010d\u00e1stech AR5. Zpr\u00e1va je v\u00fdborn\u00fdm rozcestn\u00edkem p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed kvalitn\u00edch informac\u00ed o zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu. Jednotliv\u00e1 Shrnut\u00ed AR5 jsou \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm k dispozici na webu \u010cHM\u00da v \u010d\u00e1sti Historick\u00e1 data&gt;&gt;Po\u010das\u00ed&gt;&gt;Zm\u011bna klimatu&gt;&gt;Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed podklady. Ministerstvo \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed zaji\u0161\u0165uje p\u0159eklady Shrnut\u00ed do \u010desk\u00e9ho jazyka, aby alespo\u0148 v t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti nebyli \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i omezov\u00e1n\u00ed angli\u010dtinou. Pro studium kompletn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy je v\u0161ak znalost n\u011bkter\u00e9ho ze sv\u011btov\u00fdch jazyk\u016f podm\u00ednkou.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">IPCC vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 zpr\u00e1vy v angli\u010dtin\u011b, francouz\u0161tin\u011b, ru\u0161tin\u011b, \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tin\u011b, arab\u0161tin\u011b a \u010d\u00edn\u0161tin\u011b. Shrnout z\u00e1v\u011bry t\u0159\u00ed zpr\u00e1v do n\u011bkolika v\u011bt nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9. P\u0159esto je mo\u017en\u00e9 pova\u017eovat za nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tato konstatov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Od roku 1950 pozorujeme zm\u011bny klimatick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00e9 jsou neobvykl\u00e9 a v m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku desetilet\u00ed a\u017e tis\u00edcilet\u00ed nemaj\u00ed obdoby (oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry a oce\u00e1nu, sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed rozsahu a objemu sn\u011bhu a ledu a r\u016fst hladiny oce\u00e1nu).<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Posledn\u00ed t\u0159i dek\u00e1dy byly ka\u017ed\u00e1 glob\u00e1ln\u011b teplej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e dek\u00e1dy od roku 1850. Prvn\u00ed dek\u00e1da 21. stolet\u00ed je od roku 1850 nejteplej\u0161\u00ed. Na severn\u00ed polokouli je t\u0159icetilet\u00ed 1983\u20132012 nejteplej\u0161\u00ed za posledn\u00edch 1 400 let.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed teplota podl\u00e9h\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 meziro\u010dn\u00ed a mezidek\u00e1dn\u00ed variabilit\u011b. Kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 trendy jsou citliv\u00e9 na volbu obdob\u00ed a neodr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 trendy.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">O extr\u00e9mn\u00edm po\u010das\u00ed zpr\u00e1va \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee se glob\u00e1ln\u011b sni\u017euje po\u010det chladn\u00fdch dn\u00ed a noc\u00ed a roste po\u010det tepl\u00fdch dn\u00ed a noc\u00ed. V\u00fdskyt hork\u00fdch vln roste v Evrop\u011b, Asii a Austr\u00e1lii.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V severn\u00ed Americe a v Evrop\u011b roste po\u010det a intenzita siln\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Energie akumulovan\u00e1 v klimatick\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu za obdob\u00ed 1971\u20132010 byla z 90 % ulo\u017eena do oce\u00e1nu. Povrchov\u00e1 vrstva oce\u00e1nu (do 75 m) se oteplovala o 0,11 \u00b0C za deset let.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u00ed ztr\u00e1ta ledu z ledovc\u016f byla v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 1971\u20132009 226 Gt za rok. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u00ed ztr\u00e1ta ledu z Gr\u00f3nsk\u00e9ho ledovce se mezi obdob\u00edmi 1992\u20132001 a 2002\u20132011 zv\u00fd\u0161ila z 34 na 215 Gt za rok.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Za obdob\u00ed 1901\u20132010 se zv\u00fd\u0161ila hladina sv\u011btov\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu o 19 cm. Postupn\u011b roste rychlost zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed hladiny sv\u011btov\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu od 1,7 (1901\u20132010) p\u0159es 2,0 (1911\u20132010:) a\u017e po 3,2 (1993\u20132010) mm\/rok. Z toho je za posledn\u00ed obdob\u00ed 1993\u20132010 nap\u0159. teplotn\u00ed expanzi p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no 1,1 mm za rok nebo 0,33 mm za rok t\u00e1ni Gr\u00f3nsk\u00e9ho ledovce.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00edce ne\u017e polovina pozorovan\u00e9ho vzestupu glob\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed teploty v obdob\u00ed 1951\u20132010 je zp\u016fsobena antropogenn\u00edm zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm koncentrac\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f a antropogenn\u00edmi zm\u011bnami dal\u0161\u00edch faktor\u016f.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Modelov\u00e9 projekce pou\u017eit\u00e9 ve zpr\u00e1v\u011b IPCC ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee do konce 21. stolet\u00ed se pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed teplota v intervalu o 1 \u00b0C a\u017e 4 \u00b0C v z\u00e1vislosti na v\u00fdvoji emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Rozsah mo\u0159sk\u00e9ho ledu v Arktid\u011b bude na konci 21. stolet\u00ed v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017een a\u017e o 94 % a v \u00fanoru a\u017e o 34 % ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s pr\u016fm\u011brem 1986\u20132005. Pesimistick\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 letn\u00ed Arktidu (m\u011bs\u00edc z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed) bez ledu p\u0159ed polovinou 21. stolet\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">O\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fd vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed obsah CO<sub>2<\/sub> v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e znamen\u00e1 rovn\u011b\u017e jeho zv\u00fd\u0161enou absorpci oce\u00e1nem a zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed tak jeho kyselosti.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e9 ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed klimatick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu s c\u00edlem omezen\u00ed zm\u011bnu klimatu (tzv. geoin\u017een\u00fdrink) m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 limity a zna\u010dn\u00e9 nejistoty v dopadech, v\u010detn\u011b neo\u010dek\u00e1vateln\u00fdch vedlej\u0161\u00edch efekt\u016f.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pozorovan\u00e9 dopady zm\u011bny klimatu jsou v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch a antropogenn\u00edch syst\u00e9mech roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 na v\u0161ech kontinentech a oce\u00e1nech.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zm\u011bny v re\u017eimu sr\u00e1\u017eek a t\u00e1n\u00ed ledovc\u016f ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed hydrologickou bilanci, dostupnost a kvalitu pitn\u00e9 vody v dot\u010den\u00fdch oblastech.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Negativn\u00ed vliv zm\u011bny klimatu na zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed je roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pozitivn\u00ed dopady patrn\u00e9 v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159ek.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zvy\u0161uje se \u00famrtnost z horka a sni\u017euje \u00famrtnost z chladu.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Extr\u00e9my (sucha, povodn\u011b, hork\u00e9 vlny, cyklony, po\u017e\u00e1ry) ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my i \u010dlov\u011bka (\u017eivoty a zdrav\u00ed, majetkov\u00e9 \u0161kody, \u00farodu).<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zmen\u0161en\u00ed zdroj\u016f sladk\u00e9 vody ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b aridn\u00edch subtropick\u00fdch oblast\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed soupe\u0159en\u00ed o vodu mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi sektory. Naproti tomu se zlep\u0161\u00ed dostupnost sladk\u00e9 vody ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159k\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sni\u017eovat se bude mno\u017estv\u00ed energie pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, zvy\u0161ovat mno\u017estv\u00ed energie pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro chlazen\u00ed v obydlen\u00fdch a obchodn\u00edch prostor\u00e1ch. Energetick\u00e9 zdroje a technologie budou ovlivn\u011bny v z\u00e1vislosti na typu (v\u00fdroba energie z vody, v\u011btru, slunce), extr\u00e9mn\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed v\u0161ak ovlivn\u00ed v\u0161echny zdroje.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Extr\u00e9mn\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed variabilita klimatu bude vyvol\u00e1vat migraci, kterou lze pova\u017eovat za jedno z\u00a0mo\u017en\u00fdch adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zpr\u00e1va p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee efektivn\u00ed adaptace mohou pomoci budovat bohat\u00fd a odoln\u00fd sv\u011bt ji\u017e v bl\u00edzk\u00e9 budoucnosti.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mezi z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy p\u0159\u00edpravy a realizace adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed pat\u0159i mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce, spolupr\u00e1ce ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho a soukrom\u00e9ho sektoru p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b a aplikaci finan\u010dn\u00edch mechanism\u016f a spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 ocen\u011bn\u00ed zdroj\u016f. Odhad n\u00e1klad\u016f na adaptace v rozvojov\u00fdch zem\u00edch m\u00e1 n\u00edzkou spolehlivost a pohybuje se od 4 do 109 mld. USD ro\u010dn\u011b v obdob\u00ed 2010\u20132050.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zpr\u00e1va popisuje velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fdch adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed, ze kter\u00fdch vyb\u00edr\u00e1m: zlep\u0161en\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edpravy technick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed ve vodn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pitn\u00e9 vody, ochrana p\u0159irozen\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f, ochrana mili\u00f3n\u016f obyvatel na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edbojov\u00fdmi povodn\u011bmi, dostupnost hygieny a kvalitn\u00edho zdravotnictv\u00ed pro d\u011bti i dosp\u011bl\u00e9, v\u010detn\u011b o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed, zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed reakc\u00ed na p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed katastrofy a zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed jejich n\u00e1sledk\u016f, d\u016fraz na potravinovou bezpe\u010dnost ve v\u0161ech oblastech, pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdstavby s ohledem na mo\u017en\u00e1 rizika a dal\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ekonomick\u00e9 ohodnocen\u00ed mitigac\u00ed je (mus\u00ed b\u00fdt) jejich nutnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se porovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1klady s budouc\u00edmi p\u0159\u00ednosy (tzv. diskontov\u00e1n\u00ed).<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mitigace i adaptace maj\u00ed mnoho p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch vedlej\u0161\u00edch dopad\u016f \u2013 v oblastech potravinov\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti, zdrav\u00ed lid\u00ed, biodiverzity, kvality \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, energetick\u00e9 dostupnosti a dal\u0161\u00edch.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00edce ne\u017e polovina antropogenn\u00edch emis\u00ed od roku 1750 byla vyprodukov\u00e1na po roce 1970. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl m\u00e1 CO<sub>2 <\/sub>(76 %), n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed CH<sub>4<\/sub> (16 %), N<sub>2<\/sub>O (6 %) a F-plyny (2 %).<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Celkov\u00e9 emise CO<sub>2<\/sub> eq v roce 2010 p\u0159ipadaly z\u00a035 % na energetiku, 24 % na zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a lesnictv\u00ed, 21 % na pr\u016fmysl, 14 % na dopravu a 6 % na stavby.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Rozlo\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f je z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na ekonomick\u00e9m rozvoji sv\u011bta. Do roku 1970 bylo maximum v pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch, ekonomicky se rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edch zem\u00edch: nyn\u00ed je maximum v rychle se rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edch oblastech rozvojov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zpr\u00e1va uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1st rostouc\u00edho pod\u00edlu emis\u00ed v\u00a0rozvojov\u00fdch zem\u00edch vznik\u00e1 p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b zbo\u017e\u00ed a slu\u017eeb exportovan\u00fdch pot\u00e9 mimo rozvojov\u00fd sv\u011bt. Odhady emis\u00ed p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00fdch ze zem\u00ed p\u016fvodu do zem\u00ed spot\u0159eby jsou v\u0161ak hodn\u011b nejist\u00e9.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Chov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017eivotn\u00ed styl a kultura \u017eivota maj\u00ed bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed vliv na spot\u0159ebu energie a s t\u00edm spojenou produkci emis\u00ed. Zm\u011bny v t\u011bchto oblastech mohou m\u00edt podstatn\u00fd vliv na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed (spot\u0159eba energi\u00ed v dom\u00e1cnostech, stravov\u00e1n\u00ed, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed potravinov\u00fdch odpad\u016f. apod.).<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jadern\u00e1 energie je n\u00edzkouhl\u00edkovou technologi\u00ed, jej\u00ed pod\u00edl na v\u00fdrob\u011b energie v\u0161ak od roku 1993 kles\u00e1. D\u016fvodem je n\u011bkolik z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek provozn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost, rizikov\u00e1 t\u011b\u017eba uranu, nevy\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s odpadem, postoj obyvatelstva.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Technologie j\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed a ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed uhl\u00edku (Carbon Capture and Storage \u2013 CCS) mohou sn\u00ed\u017eit obsah sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e. Tyto technologie nejsou zat\u00edm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9, k uplatn\u011bn\u00ed by pot\u0159ebovaly vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed cenu uhl\u00edku nebo dotace. Panel upozor\u0148uje na rizika spojen\u00e1 s provozn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed, geologick\u00fdmi mo\u017enostmi a transportem CO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 1,3 mld. obyvatel nem\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edstup k elektrick\u00e9 energii a 3 mld. jsou z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na tradi\u010dn\u00edch tuh\u00fdch palivech pro va\u0159en\u00ed a vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, s nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdmi dopady na jejich zdrav\u00ed a \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Zlep\u0161en\u00ed jejich p\u0159\u00edstupu k modern\u00edm energi\u00edm je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 k zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho rozvoje. Zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed obecn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu k \u010dist\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 energii a palivu pro va\u0159en\u00ed a vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed vy\u017eaduje investice 72\u201395 mld. USD za rok do roku 2030.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed ke sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed koordinuje UNFCCC. Kj\u00f3tsk\u00fd protokol byl prvn\u00edm z\u00e1vazkem, kter\u00fd byl postaven na principech a c\u00edlech UNFCCC, m\u011bl v\u0161ak jen minim\u00e1ln\u00ed dopad na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed emise, proto\u017ee se n\u011bkter\u00e9 zem\u011b nep\u0159ipojily a n\u011bkter\u00e9 nedodr\u017eely sv\u00e9 z\u00e1vazky.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na konci \u0159\u00edjna 2014 bude p\u0159edlo\u017eena spole\u010dn\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed pracovn\u00edch skupin, tzv. Synthesis Report a 5. hodnot\u00edc\u00ed zpr\u00e1va IPCC tak bude \u00fapln\u00e1.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Radim Tolasz, MZ 2014\/3, ro\u010dn\u00edk 68, str. 89\u201390<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dae74fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dae74fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2546d98\" data-id=\"2546d98\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f92859 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"0f92859\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-divider{--divider-border-style:none;--divider-border-width:1px;--divider-color:#0c0d0e;--divider-icon-size:20px;--divider-element-spacing:10px;--divider-pattern-height:24px;--divider-pattern-size:20px;--divider-pattern-url:none;--divider-pattern-repeat:repeat-x}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider{display:flex}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{font-size:15px;line-height:1;max-width:95%}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__element{margin:0 var(--divider-element-spacing);flex-shrink:0}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-icon{font-size:var(--divider-icon-size)}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider-separator{display:flex;margin:0;direction:ltr}.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator{align-items:center}.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator:before,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator:before{display:block;content:\"\";border-bottom:0;flex-grow:1;border-top:var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color)}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider .elementor-divider-separator>.elementor-divider__svg:first-of-type{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:100}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider-separator:before{content:none}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider__element{margin-left:0}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider .elementor-divider-separator>.elementor-divider__svg:last-of-type{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:100}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider-separator:after{content:none}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider__element{margin-right:0}.elementor-widget-divider:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text):not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon) .elementor-divider-separator{border-top:var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color)}.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern{--divider-border-style:none}.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern.elementor-widget-divider--view-line .elementor-divider-separator,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:before,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not([class*=elementor-widget-divider--view]) .elementor-divider-separator{width:100%;min-height:var(--divider-pattern-height);-webkit-mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;-webkit-mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);background-color:var(--divider-color);-webkit-mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url);mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url)}.elementor-widget-divider--no-spacing{--divider-pattern-size:auto}.elementor-widget-divider--bg-round{--divider-pattern-repeat:round}.rtl .elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{direction:rtl}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-divider,.e-con>.elementor-widget-divider{width:var(--container-widget-width,100%);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bef5937 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bef5937\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3d5b7d6\" data-id=\"3d5b7d6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5effaa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5effaa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">KONFERENCE O D\u016eSLEDC\u00cdCH KLIMATICK\u00c9 ZM\u011aNY PRO VODN\u00cd HOSPOD\u00c1\u0158STV\u00cd (CLIMATE CHANGE-A CHALLANGE OR A THREAT FOR WATER MANAGMENT) V AMSTERODAMU<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5666b30 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5666b30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4792a24\" data-id=\"4792a24\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0360bba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0360bba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Koncem z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed se konala v Amsterodamu v centru RAI konference jej\u00edm\u017e hlavn\u00edm t\u00e9matem byla klimatick\u00e1 zm\u011bna a jej\u00ed dopady na vodn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Konferenci po\u0159\u00e1dala International Water Association (IWA) ve spolupr\u00e1ci s holandskou Netherlands Association on Water (NVA). P\u0159edsedal j\u00ed J. de Jong z domovsk\u00e9 KNMI (Het Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut) z Amsterodamu. Je vcelku symbolick\u00e9, \u017ee konference se odehr\u00e1la v zemi, kter\u00e1 je nucena br\u00e1t pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 d\u016fsledky klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny velmi v\u00e1\u017en\u011b. Nav\u00edc v Holandsku byla prvou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed sv\u00e9ho druhu. M\u011bla se toti\u017e zab\u00fdvat problematikou dopad\u016f klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny z rozli\u010dn\u00fdch pohled\u016f. Se\u0161li se zde z\u00e1stupci jak z obor\u016f ryze technick\u00fdch, tak i z oblasti v\u011bdy. Vedle odborn\u00edk\u016f na stokov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo \u010distotu vody zde byli hydrologov\u00e9, meteorologov\u00e9 nebo odborn\u00edci v klimatologii.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">S podobnou mezioborovost\u00ed se autor setkal nejen v Holandsku, ale i v Praze rok p\u0159edt\u00edm na zd\u00e1nliv\u011b zcela jin\u00e9m odborn\u00e9m poli. Jednalo se o semin\u00e1\u0159 historik\u016f a archeolog\u016f, kter\u00fd na t\u00e9ma \u201ePraha a Voda\u201c po\u0159\u00e1dal Archiv hl. m\u011bsta Prahy. Vedle jmenovan\u00fdch odborn\u00edk\u016f zasedli zde i vodohospod\u00e1\u0159i a technici, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli k dan\u00e9mu t\u00e9matu bl\u00edzko. Ale zp\u011bt ke klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b a konferenci v Amsterodamu. Ta byla rozd\u011blena do \u010dty\u0159 tematick\u00fdch blok\u016f:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u011bdeck\u00e9 d\u016fkazy zm\u011bn v klimatick\u00e9m a hydrologick\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dopad na vodn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159edpov\u011bdi a problematika zranitelnosti spole\u010dnosti.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mo\u017enosti \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed popsan\u00fdch dopad\u016f.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V prv\u00e9m bloku zaujal p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek B. van den Hurka z KNMI t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se hydrologick\u00fdch simulac\u00ed v povod\u00ed R\u00fdna. Za pomoc\u00ed modelu RCM (Regional circulation model) v r\u00e1mci projektu \u201ePRUDENCE\u201c byly interpretov\u00e1ny v\u00fdsledky GCM (Global circulation model). Zna\u010dn\u00fd rozptyl jednotliv\u00fdch v\u00fdsledn\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f bude vy\u017eadovat z\u0159ejm\u011b nov\u00e9 prost\u0159edky jak interpretovat tyto nejistoty nap\u0159. politik\u016fm. V povod\u00ed Mosely (pravostrann\u00fd p\u0159\u00edtok R\u00fdna) prok\u00e1zal L. Pfister z Lucemburska (Public research centre-Gabriel Lippmann) na \u0159ad\u00e1ch z let 1860 a\u017e 2004 statisticky v\u00fdznamnou zm\u011bnu charakteristik zimn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek, kter\u00e1 se projevila na maximech odtok\u016f v tomto povod\u00ed, a to po\u010d\u00ednaje 70. l\u00e9ty 20. stolet\u00ed. Odborn\u00edci z UNESCO-IHE (Institute for Water Education) prok\u00e1zali na z\u00e1klad\u011b rozboru sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dat z obdob\u00ed 1911-2002 z povod\u00ed \u0159eky Maas (Meusa) n\u00e1r\u016fst denn\u00edch \u00fahrn\u016f nad 10 mm, a to zejm\u00e9na v zimn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch, po\u010d\u00ednaje rokem 1980.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Velk\u00e9 povodn\u011b na R\u00fdnu v devades\u00e1t\u00fdch letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011bly v Holandsku k nastartov\u00e1n\u00ed ot\u00e1zek souvisej\u00edc\u00edch se z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00edm pitnou vodou a tedy i s probl\u00e9mem sucha, jakkoliv se toto spojen\u00ed zd\u00e1 p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9. Pracovn\u00edci HKV (konzulta\u010dn\u00ed firma pro hydrologii) a RIZA (Rijksinstituut voor Integraal Zoetwaterbeheer en Afvalwaterbehandeling) prezentovali pou\u017eit\u00ed model\u016f charakterizuj\u00edc\u00edch proud\u011bn\u00ed podzemn\u00ed vody (MOZART, NAGROM) a AGRICOM (zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 aplikace). S jejich pomoc\u00ed byl prok\u00e1z\u00e1n nap\u0159. o\u010dek\u00e1vateln\u00fd pokles zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch v\u00fdnos\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V druh\u00e9m bloku, kde byly \u0159e\u0161eny dopady o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 zm\u011bny, je mo\u017en\u00e9 zm\u00ednit nap\u0159. p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek Instituto Mexicano de tecnologia del Aqua, jeho\u017e pracovn\u00edci prezentovali sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed hladiny vulkanick\u00e9ho jezera Patzuaro v Mexiku. Jedn\u00e1 se podle nich o v\u00fdsledek antropogenn\u00ed \u010dinnosti, ale i klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">T\u0159et\u00ed blok byl v\u011bnov\u00e1n hydrologick\u00fdm a meteorologick\u00fdm p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00edm a tak\u00e9 ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m zranitelnosti spole\u010dnosti. Velmi pozoruhodn\u00fd byl p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek odborn\u00edk\u016f z KNMI dot\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se studia \u201etis\u00edcilet\u00fdch extr\u00e9m\u016f\u201c, zejm\u00e9na pro p\u0159edpov\u011bdi jev\u016f zp\u016fsobuj\u00edc\u00edch probl\u00e9my v delt\u011b R\u00fdna, tedy p\u0159edpov\u011bdi bou\u0159liv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edboj\u016f a povodn\u00ed, a to na z\u00e1klad\u011b pou\u017eit\u00ed archiv\u016f ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). O mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm projektu International flood network a o glob\u00e1ln\u00edm varovn\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu informoval M. Nagai z Japonska. V tomto bloku zazn\u011blo \u00fadern\u00e9 sd\u011blen\u00ed o mo\u017enostech v\u010dasn\u00e9ho varov\u00e1n\u00ed v r\u00e1mci projektu Natural Hazards, ve kter\u00e9m hodnotil A. de Roo dosti st\u0159\u00edzliv\u011b \u00fasp\u011bchy i ne\u00fasp\u011bchy zpracovan\u00fdch p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed (v\u010detn\u011b ud\u00e1lost\u00ed z roku 2002).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V posledn\u00edm bloku, kde byly \u0159e\u0161eny mo\u017enosti \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed dopad\u016f klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny, zazn\u011bly p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky z It\u00e1lie, Argentiny, Holandska, Chile a Japonska. V p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku T. Ikedy zazn\u011bla tak\u00e9 aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed informace o obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u00e9m tajfunu, intenzivn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch a povodn\u00edch v Japonsku v roce 2004 a tak\u00e9 o inovaci japonsk\u00e9ho varovn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. U\u0161\u00edm \u010desk\u00fdch vodohospod\u00e1\u0159\u016f by z\u0159ejm\u011b zn\u011bly dosti neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b pas\u00e1\u017ee z projevu C. Zevenbergena, kde byly prezentov\u00e1ny plovouc\u00ed domy pro z\u00e1stavbu v z\u00e1topov\u00fdch z\u00f3n\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Bylo konstatov\u00e1no, \u017ee o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e1 klimatick\u00e1 zm\u011bna se nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b projev\u00ed zejm\u00e9na v nejzraniteln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch oblastech tzv. rozvojov\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Proto byl krom\u011b \u010dty\u0159 z\u00e1kladn\u00edch tematick\u00fdch blok\u016f za\u0159azen je\u0161t\u011b jeden okruh v\u011bnovan\u00fd \u010dist\u011b povod\u00ed Nilu. Jednotliv\u00fdm sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016fm, kter\u00e9 mohou nastat v tomto povod\u00ed, se v\u011bnoval J. Kwadijk z KNMI. Bezesporu zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvkem byl refer\u00e1t S. Mutisa z Keni, kter\u00fd zmi\u0148oval p\u00edse\u010dn\u00e9 hr\u00e1ze a zp\u016fsob zachycen\u00ed podzemn\u00ed vody v aridn\u00edch oblastech Afriky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Autor \u010dl\u00e1nku p\u0159ihl\u00e1sil v r\u00e1mci posterov\u00e9 sekce dva p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky. Prvn\u00ed \u201eThe 2002 Disastrous Flood in Prague within the Historical Framework\u201c upozor\u0148uje na z\u0159etelnou zm\u011bnu sezonality i \u010detnosti velk\u00fdch pra\u017esk\u00fdch povodn\u00ed v obdob\u00ed posledn\u00edch 1 000 let. Prezentuje i hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny t\u011bchto ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a tak\u00e9 kumulaci katastrofick\u00fdch povodn\u00ed do \u010dasto kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch obdob\u00ed. Byla vyu\u017eita data z ran\u011b instrument\u00e1ln\u00edho a p\u0159edinstrument\u00e1ln\u00edho obdob\u00ed zejm\u00e9na z dokument\u00e1rn\u00edch zdroj\u016f. P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek upozor\u0148uje na ur\u010ditou nebezpe\u010dnost obdob\u00ed \u201epovod\u0148ov\u00e9ho klidu\u201c, kdy \u201eorganismus spole\u010dnosti\u201c p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 po\u010d\u00edtat s velkou povodn\u00ed (t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zapom\u00edn\u00e1 na jej\u00ed existenci). Obdob\u00ed, kdy p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed syst\u00e9m p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed do obdob\u00ed s v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtem povodn\u00ed, znamenalo v\u017edy zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 riziko i z t\u011bchto d\u016fvod\u016f. Pr\u00e1v\u011b o tomto faktu jsme se p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dili v roce 1997 a 2002, tedy ji\u017e v obdob\u00ed p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu konference byla posteru v\u011bnov\u00e1na vcelku velk\u00e1 pozornost. To se projevilo v tajn\u00e9m hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed, po n\u011bm\u017e byl ocen\u011bn prvou cenou. Druh\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek \u201eThe 2002 Prague Flood in Pictures\u201c prezentoval povode\u0148 v Praze v autorov\u00fdch fotografi\u00edch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Odpov\u011b\u010f na ot\u00e1zku, zda klimatick\u00e1 zm\u011bna za\u010dala, byla v Amsterodamu zodpov\u011bzena kladn\u011b. V z\u00e1v\u011bru konference bylo toti\u017e souhrnn\u011b konstatov\u00e1no, \u017ee klimatick\u00e1 zm\u011bna za\u010dala a p\u016fsob\u00ed. Projevuje se nap\u0159. n\u00e1r\u016fstem p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f intenzivn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek v m\u00edrn\u00e9m p\u00e1su, \u010di prohlouben\u00edm probl\u00e9m\u016f se suchem v aridn\u00edch oblastech. Diskutov\u00e1na byla ot\u00e1zka zranitelnosti jednotliv\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a kontinent\u016f. Jako nepochybn\u00fd fakt byla prezentov\u00e1na citlivost zejm\u00e9na rozvojov\u00fdch a nejchud\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed, kde klimatick\u00e1 zm\u011bna vyvol\u00e1 nejv\u00edce probl\u00e9m\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Libor Elleder, MZ 2005\/1, ro\u010dn\u00edk 58, str. 27-28<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c11fc7c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c11fc7c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2706f9f\" data-id=\"2706f9f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8eea654 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8eea654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ecb092 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ecb092\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4b5ba45\" data-id=\"4b5ba45\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0a332d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d0a332d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">XVI. ZASED\u00c1N\u00cd SMLUVN\u00cdCH STRAN MONTREALSK\u00c9HO PROTOKOLU, PRAHA, 22.-26. 11. 2004<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b720ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b720ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-67e36b5\" data-id=\"67e36b5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8b04c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8b04c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve dnech 22.- 26. listopadu 2004 se v Praze konalo 16. zased\u00e1n\u00ed smluvn\u00edch stran Montrealsk\u00e9ho protokolu (MP) o l\u00e1tk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 po\u0161kozuj\u00ed ozonovou vrstvu. Tato akce byla patrn\u011b nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ekologicky zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdm mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm, kter\u00e9 se konalo v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice v jej\u00ed novodob\u00e9 historii. Konference se uskute\u010dnila na z\u00e1klad\u011b dohody mezi vl\u00e1dou \u010cR a Programem OSN pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed (UNEP). Jej\u00ed realizac\u00ed bylo pov\u011b\u0159eno Ministerstvo \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u010cR. M\u00edstn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravu a zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed konference, kter\u00e1 prob\u00edhala v hotelu Hilton, zaji\u0161\u0165oval Organiza\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdbor ustaven\u00fd M\u017dP, jeho\u017e \u010dlenem byl i z\u00e1stupce \u010cHM\u00da. Zased\u00e1n\u00ed se \u00fa\u010dastnilo na 500 deleg\u00e1t\u016f zastupuj\u00edc\u00edch 188 signat\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch stran (zem\u00ed a instituc\u00ed), z toho okolo 50 ministr\u016f \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. P\u0159i t\u00e9to p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti je vhodn\u00e9 shrnout n\u011bkter\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed fakta a nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stav implementace MP.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Montrealsk\u00fd protokol byl zformulov\u00e1n v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1987 a vstoupil v platnost 1. 1. 1989 jako n\u00e1stroj V\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9 \u00famluvy na ochranu ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy z r. 1985. Jedn\u00e1 se o mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed a technick\u00fd dokument, jeho\u017e signat\u00e1\u0159i se zavazuj\u00ed ke sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdroby a u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 po\u0161kozuj\u00ed ozonovou vrstvu Zem\u011b. Tyto l\u00e1tky a zp\u016fsob jejich postupn\u00e9ho vylou\u010den\u00ed z technologick\u00fdch proces\u016f MP p\u0159\u00edmo stanovuje jako kontrolovateln\u00e9 ukazatele pln\u011bn\u00ed smlouvy. P\u016fvodn\u00ed omezuj\u00edc\u00ed krit\u00e9ria MP z r. 1989 se v\u0161ak uk\u00e1zala jako nedostate\u010dn\u00e1. Proto do\u0161lo na z\u00e1klad\u011b rostouc\u00edch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch poznatk\u016f k jejich postupn\u00e9mu roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed formou Dodatk\u016f p\u0159ijat\u00fdch na zased\u00e1n\u00edch smluvn\u00edch stran MP &#8211; Lond\u00fdn 1990, Koda\u0148 1992, Peking 1999. Pr\u00e1v\u011b posledn\u00ed Dodatek se ji\u017e prakticky p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eil k variant\u011b dlouhodob\u00e9ho a celkov\u00e9ho vylou\u010den\u00ed emis\u00ed ozon ni\u010d\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek (ONL), kter\u00fdch je dnes ji\u017e n\u011bkolik stovek &#8211; viz obr. 1. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jeho \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 realizace by v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch cca 50 letech bylo zamezeno dal\u0161\u00edmu po\u0161kozov\u00e1n\u00ed ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy, kter\u00e1 by se p\u0159irozen\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem obnovila do p\u016fvodn\u00edho stavu (obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed 70. lety minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed). Dosavadn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj implementace MP se zat\u00edm ukazuje jako velmi \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd. Je tomu tak p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v d\u016fsledku v\u010dasn\u00e9ho a v\u011bdecky podlo\u017een\u00e9ho rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed hrozby glob\u00e1ln\u00ed ekologick\u00e9 katastrofy ze strany sv\u011btov\u00e9 politick\u00e9 a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 reprezentace. Dal\u0161\u00edmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi \u010diniteli jsou funguj\u00edc\u00ed zp\u016fsob kontroly pln\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ijat\u00fdch z\u00e1vazk\u016f a finan\u010dn\u00ed podpora sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed produkce a spot\u0159eby regulovan\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e1 je zaji\u0161\u0165ovan\u00e1 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm UNEP z Mnohostrann\u00e9ho fondu pro pln\u011bn\u00ed MP a Glob\u00e1ln\u00edho fondu \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. V souvislosti s rostouc\u00edmi v\u011bdeck\u00fdmi poznatky o vlivu ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy na formov\u00e1n\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00edho klimatu se MP st\u00e1le v\u00edce p\u0159ibli\u017euje Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9mu protokolu R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy OSN o zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d9a9cfb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d9a9cfb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-86845ee\" data-id=\"86845ee\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00c0f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c00c0f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"319\" height=\"535\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Montreal.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9199\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Montreal.jpg 319w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Montreal-179x300.jpg 179w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 319px) 100vw, 319px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fa52182\" data-id=\"fa52182\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b0bfd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b0bfd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">S ohledem na v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti se m\u016f\u017ee jevit dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fasil\u00ed spojen\u00e9 s napl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm MP jako p\u0159ekonan\u00fd probl\u00e9m. Ve skute\u010dnosti tomu tak nen\u00ed. Opravdov\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch MP bude mo\u017eno konstatovat a\u017e v obdob\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9 obnovy ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy, jej\u00ed\u017e za\u010d\u00e1tek se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 v nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch letech. Do t\u00e9 doby a je\u0161t\u011b v pr\u016fb\u011bhu n\u011bkolika n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch desetilet\u00ed v\u0161ak MP \u010dek\u00e1 zat\u011b\u017ek\u00e1vac\u00ed zkou\u0161ka v podob\u011b o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9ho r\u016fstu \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b v rozvojov\u00fdch zem\u00edch, kter\u00e9 budou pot\u0159ebovat bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 technologie p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro chlad\u00edrensk\u00e1 a klimatiza\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fd n\u00e1vrat k levn\u00fdm \u201etvrd\u00fdm\u201c freon\u016fm by znamenal v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 ohro\u017een\u00ed kone\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed MP. Dosavadn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj budou proto i nad\u00e1le zaji\u0161\u0165ovat pravideln\u00e1 ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed zased\u00e1n\u00ed smluvn\u00edch stran, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed mimo jin\u00e9 i jako f\u00f3rum pro v\u00fdm\u011bnu n\u00e1zor\u016f a projedn\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1jmov\u00fdch st\u0159et\u016f. P\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt i pra\u017esk\u00e1 konference MP, na kter\u00e9 byly za p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dasti lobbistick\u00fdch skupin z n\u011bkter\u00fdch d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch smluvn\u00edch stran velmi intenzivn\u011b projedn\u00e1van\u00e9 v\u00fdjimky a zm\u011bk\u010den\u00ed omezen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed methylbromidu. Tato l\u00e1tka, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 pades\u00e1tin\u00e1sobn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek na ozon ne\u017e Freon-11, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm prost\u0159edkem zejm\u00e9na pro chemick\u00e9 o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch plodin a p\u016fdy.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-269bcf4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"269bcf4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f2046c7\" data-id=\"f2046c7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f1e3d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f1e3d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jej\u00ed omezen\u00ed m\u00e1 proto negativn\u00ed dopad na vysp\u011bl\u00e9 i rozvojov\u00e9 producenty a v\u00fdvozce, kte\u0159\u00ed vyv\u00edjej\u00ed siln\u00fd tlak na prodlou\u017een\u00ed v\u00fdjimek v\u00fdroby a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. S podrobn\u00fdm vyhodnocen\u00edm odborn\u00fdch technick\u00fdch, technologick\u00fdch a pr\u00e1vn\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f 16. zased\u00e1n\u00ed se mohou z\u00e1jemci sezn\u00e1mit v p\u0159ehledov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1v\u011b: Ji\u0159\u00ed Hlav\u00e1\u010dek, \u201eInformace o pr\u016fb\u011bhu a v\u00fdsledc\u00edch \u0160estn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho zased\u00e1n\u00ed smluvn\u00edch stran Montrealsk\u00e9ho protokolu o l\u00e1tk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 po\u0161kozuj\u00ed ozonovou vrstvu\u201c. Zpravodaj M\u017dP, 1\/2005.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jak ji\u017e bylo uvedeno, dosavadn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed MP v oblasti omezen\u00ed produkce a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ONL je podm\u00edn\u011bno mimo jin\u00e9 i soustavn\u00fdm monitoringem atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho ozonu. Anal\u00fdzy dlouhodob\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed z pozemn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b stanic a dru\u017eicov\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my v\u010das identifikovaly po\u0161kozen\u00ed ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy v podob\u011b tzv. \u201eozonov\u00e9 d\u00edry\u201c ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed nad Antarktidou od po\u010d\u00e1tku 80. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 zeslaben\u00ed vrstvy i v oblasti Arktidy a ve st\u0159edn\u00edch \u0161\u00ed\u0159k\u00e1ch. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b proto nejen ekologicky zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 ve\u0159ejnost ale i hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 sf\u00e9ra spjat\u00e1 s p\u016fsoben\u00edm MP o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed od odborn\u00edk\u016f z oblasti monitoringu stratosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho ozonu vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed, zda se ochrann\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed MP ji\u017e projevila i v obnov\u011b ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy. Tento z\u00e1jem se projevil i v r\u00e1mci 16. zased\u00e1n\u00ed smluvn\u00edch stran, kter\u00e9mu p\u0159edch\u00e1zel v\u011bdeck\u00fd semin\u00e1\u0159 na t\u00e9ma \u201eV\u00fdzvy a perspektivy ochrany ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy\u201c. Semin\u00e1\u0159 se uskute\u010dnil dne 19. 11. 2004 v konferen\u010dn\u00edm s\u00e1le Ministerstva zahrani\u010d\u00ed pod z\u00e1\u0161titou p\u0159edsedy vl\u00e1dy \u010cR a za p\u0159edsednictv\u00ed nositele Nobelovy ceny za chemii z r. 1995 prof. M. Moliny (USA). Akce se \u00fa\u010dastnilo na 90 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f z \u0159ad deleg\u00e1t\u016f konference a pozvan\u00fdch odborn\u00edk\u016f. Jedn\u00e1n\u00ed zah\u00e1jili vedouc\u00ed \u00fa\u0159adu vl\u00e1dy \u010cR A. \u0160ulc zastupuj\u00edc\u00ed premi\u00e9ra a ministr \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed L. Ambrozek. \u010ceskou odbornou ve\u0159ejnost reprezentovali odborn\u00edci z AV \u010cR, Univerzity Karlovy, M\u017dP a \u010cHM\u00da. Hlavn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st odborn\u00e9ho programu vyplnily vy\u017e\u00e1dan\u00e9 p\u0159ehledov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky zahrani\u010dn\u00edch specialist\u016f pozvan\u00fdch Sekretari\u00e1tem MP. Mezi st\u011b\u017eejn\u00ed pat\u0159ily p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky M. Moliny, (USA), P. Frasera (Austr\u00e1lie), M. Chipperfielda (Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie) a D. Faheye (USA). Druh\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st programu byla vyhrazena plen\u00e1rn\u00ed diskusi. Z\u00e1v\u011bry semin\u00e1\u0159e byly formulov\u00e1ny prof. Molinou v podob\u011b spole\u010dn\u00e9ho prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed adresovan\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016fm 16. zased\u00e1n\u00ed. Jeho hlavn\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bry je mo\u017eno shrnout do t\u011bchto bod\u016f:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Montrealsk\u00fd protokol a jeho dodatky jsou mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b funk\u010dn\u00edm n\u00e1strojem ochrany ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy a z\u016fstanou j\u00edm, pokud bude MP v pln\u00e9m rozsahu pln\u011bn i nad\u00e1le.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ozonov\u00e1 vrstva z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 velmi nestabiln\u00ed v d\u016fsledku velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed ONL p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ochrann\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed MP vy\u017eaduje soustavn\u00e9 sledov\u00e1n\u00ed stavu ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy formou glob\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a jejich anal\u00fdz a pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e1tek nahrazuj\u00edc\u00edch ONL<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159irozen\u00e1 obnova ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy je\u0161t\u011b neza\u010dala, ale jej\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1tek je o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n v nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch letech. Budouc\u00ed v\u00fdvoj vrstvy je ji\u017e mo\u017eno p\u0159edpov\u00eddat pomoc\u00ed komplexn\u00edch chemick\u00fdch a dynamick\u00fdch model\u016f, kter\u00e9 zahrnuj\u00ed bilance a reakce dal\u0161\u00edch chemick\u00fdch slo\u017eek atmosf\u00e9ry.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd ozon je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm \u010dinitelem formuj\u00edc\u00edm klima a \u0159ada ONL jsou \u201esklen\u00edkov\u00fdmi plyny\u201c. Zm\u011bny ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy a p\u016fsoben\u00ed MP je proto t\u0159eba zkoumat i z hlediska jejich p\u016fsoben\u00ed na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny klimatu.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd ozon je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm regul\u00e1torem ultrafialov\u00e9ho slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed dopadaj\u00edc\u00edho na zemsk\u00fd povrch, jeho\u017e biologick\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek stoup\u00e1 s r\u016fstem teploty. O\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed troposf\u00e9ry v kombinaci s pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm zeslaben\u00ed ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy by v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ne\u00fa\u010dinnosti MP vedlo k zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9mu ekologick\u00e9mu riziku v\u010detn\u011b dopad\u016f na zdravotn\u00ed stav \u010d\u00e1sti lidsk\u00e9 populace.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">A\u010dkoliv ji\u017e byly hlavn\u00ed zdroje ONL pomoc\u00ed MP \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b omezeny, i nad\u00e1le pokra\u010duj\u00ed emise \u0159ady l\u00e1tek s n\u00edzk\u00fdm uvol\u0148ovan\u00fdm objemem. Na jejich omezen\u00ed je nyn\u00ed t\u0159eba soust\u0159edit pozornost, proto\u017ee jejich kumulace spolu se zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edmi hlavn\u00edmi ONL by mohla zvr\u00e1tit klesaj\u00edc\u00ed celkovou bilanci aktivn\u00edho chl\u00f3ru a br\u00f3mu v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00da\u010dinnost MP je mo\u017eno zv\u00fd\u0161it rychlej\u0161\u00ed recyklac\u00ed ONL dosud v\u00e1zan\u00fdch v pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch nebo vy\u0159azen\u00fdch v\u00fdrobc\u00edch<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mezi v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 rizikov\u00e9 ONL st\u00e1le pat\u0159\u00ed methylbromid, jeho\u017e omezen\u00ed by m\u011blo prob\u00edhat podle dosavadn\u00edho harmonogramu.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b dodr\u017een\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed MP je opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00fd p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee do r. 2015 budou emise ONL v rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e ukon\u010deny a bude vytvo\u0159en re\u00e1ln\u00fd p\u0159edpoklad pro obnoven\u00ed ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed MP je nutn\u00e1 jeho dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e1 podpora jak v environment\u00e1ln\u00ed, tak i technologick\u00e9 oblasti<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">MP je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed dohody na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed ochranu \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Je proto nezbytn\u00e9 zachovat jeho celistvost v\u010detn\u011b v p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 kontroly realizace, financov\u00e1n\u00ed a prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed prezentace v\u00fdzkumu atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho ozonu a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce \u010cR byly samostatn\u00e9 kapitoly konferen\u010dn\u00ed publikace a postery popisuj\u00edc\u00ed aktivity v oblasti monitoringu ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy a UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ipravili pracovn\u00edci Sol\u00e1rn\u00ed a ozonov\u00e9 observato\u0159e \u010cHM\u00da v Hradci Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9. Na z\u00e1v\u011br 16. zased\u00e1n\u00ed MP bylo p\u0159ijato rozhodnut\u00ed o vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed roku 2007 (20. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed sjedn\u00e1n\u00ed Montrealsk\u00e9ho protokolu) \u201eMezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm rokem ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy\u201c.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Obr. 1 Modelovan\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst koncentrac\u00ed ONL a v\u00fdskytu rakoviny k\u016f\u017ee pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 varianty Montrealsk\u00e9ho protokolu a jeho dodatk\u016f (WMO Ozone Assessment. 2002).<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Karel Van\u00ed\u010dek, MZ 2005\/1, ro\u010dn\u00edk 58, str. 25-27<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4b31c73 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4b31c73\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c4ed567\" data-id=\"c4ed567\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b38bdc elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1b38bdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1b896c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1b896c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1f3ab78\" data-id=\"1f3ab78\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0838a70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0838a70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ZM\u011aNY V EXTR\u00c9MN\u00cdM PO\u010cAS\u00cd A KLIMATICK\u00ddCH JEVECH<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cccd002 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cccd002\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4003a0e\" data-id=\"4003a0e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-803bffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"803bffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve dnech 11.-13. \u010dervna 2002 byl Mezivl\u00e1dn\u00edm panelem pro klimatickou zm\u011bnu (IPCC) uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n v Pekingu workshop Zm\u011bny v extr\u00e9mn\u00edm po\u010das\u00ed a klimatick\u00fdch jevech (Changes in Extreme Weather and Climate Events), kter\u00e9ho se z\u00fa\u010dastnilo p\u0159es 100 odborn\u00edk\u016f z 51 zem\u00ed sv\u011bta. C\u00edlem jedn\u00e1n\u00ed bylo p\u0159ipravit doporu\u010den\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se problematiky meteorologick\u00fdch a klimatologick\u00fdch extr\u00e9m\u016f pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dtvrt\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy pracovn\u00ed skupiny I (WG I) IPCC o stavu sv\u011btov\u00e9ho klimatu k roku 2005.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Bezchybn\u011b p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v prostor\u00e1ch \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby zah\u00e1jil odstupuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edseda WG I prof. Ding Yihui (\u010c\u00edna), na kter\u00e9ho nav\u00e1zali uv\u00edtac\u00edmi projevy Deng Nan, n\u00e1m\u011bstkyn\u011b \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho Ministerstva v\u011bdy a technologie, sir John Houghton (Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie), odstupuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edseda WG I, a dva nov\u011b nastupuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edsedov\u00e9 t\u00e9to pracovn\u00ed skupiny, dr. Susan Solomon (USA) a prof. Qin Dahe (\u010c\u00edna). Po uv\u00edtac\u00edch projevech odezn\u011blo prvn\u00ed den 17 vy\u017e\u00e1dan\u00fdch refer\u00e1t\u016f. D. B. Stephenson (Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie) se v\u011bnoval metod\u00e1m statistick\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed extr\u00e9m\u016f. L. J. Mata (Venezuela) hovo\u0159il o pot\u0159eb\u011b modelov\u00fdch projekc\u00ed a typech extr\u00e9m\u016f v impaktn\u00edch studi\u00edch. Ding Yihui se v\u011bnoval problematice p\u00edse\u010dn\u00fdch a prachov\u00fdch bou\u0159\u00ed ve vztahu ke klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii. P. Jacobs (Holandsko) referoval o problematice bou\u0159liv\u00fdch vzdut\u00ed mo\u0159sk\u00fdch vod a ochran\u011b proti nim. O sou\u010dasn\u00fdch trendech teplot vzduchu a sr\u00e1\u017eek v Evrop\u011b se zm\u00ednil A. Klein Tank (Holandsko). Extr\u00e9my teplot a sr\u00e1\u017eek podle pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a simulovan\u00e9 AMIP modely porovn\u00e1val F. W. Zwiers (Kanada). C. Senior (Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie) pak hovo\u0159ila o modelov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bn v extr\u00e9mn\u00edch jevech. Problematika teplotn\u00edch extr\u00e9m\u016f byla ob\u0161\u00edrn\u011b diskutov\u00e1na T. C. Petersonem (USA). J. R\u00e1is\u00e1nen (\u0160v\u00e9dsko) prezentoval modelov\u00e9 simulace zm\u011bn sezonn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch extr\u00e9m\u016f podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch r\u016fstem CO2. Klimatologii a modelov\u00e1n\u00ed torn\u00e1d, velk\u00fdch krupobit\u00ed a siln\u00fdch v\u011btr\u016f byl v\u011bnov\u00e1n refer\u00e1t H. E. Brookse (USA). D. Camuffo (It\u00e1lie) uvedl poznatky o kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed vybran\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch extr\u00e9m\u016f v oblasti St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e. C. Price (Izrael) hovo\u0159il o glob\u00e1ln\u00edm dru\u017eicov\u00e9m monitoringu blesk\u016f a o mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eit\u00ed metody tzv. Schumannovy rezonance. Dal\u0161\u00ed blok refer\u00e1t\u016f se v\u011bnoval tropick\u00fdm a mimo- tropick\u00fdm cyklon\u00e1m. Tak T. Knutson (USA) se zm\u00ednil o perspektiv\u00e1ch v monitoringu tropick\u00fdch cyklon a v dal\u0161\u00edm refer\u00e1tu o modelov\u00e1n\u00ed dopad\u016f budouc\u00edho oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed na jejich aktivitu. M. T. Montgomery (USA) se zab\u00fdval ot\u00e1zkou po-chopen\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00ed intenzity tropick\u00fdch cyklon. N. Graham (USA) prezentoval v\u00fdsledky nov\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy zm\u011bn cyklon st\u0159edn\u00edch \u0161\u00ed\u0159ek a jejich drah. U. Ulbrich (N\u011bmecko) pak sezn\u00e1mil s v\u00fdsledky modelov\u00e1n\u00ed bou\u0159\u00ed na Severn\u00ed polokouli pod vlivem klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny. Na z\u00e1v\u011br bloku vy\u017e\u00e1dan\u00fdch refer\u00e1t\u016f sir J. Houghton shrnul aktivity souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s p\u0159\u00edpravou t\u0159et\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy WG IIPCC a formuloval hlavn\u00ed probl\u00e9mov\u00e9 okruhy pro jedn\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch skupin.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Druh\u00fd den workshopu se jedn\u00e1n\u00ed soust\u0159edilo do \u0161esti pracovn\u00edch skupin, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch na teplotu vzduchu, sr\u00e1\u017eky, tropick\u00e9 cyklony, mimotropick\u00e9 cyklony, nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed jevy mal\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka a statistick\u00e9 metody anal\u00fdzy extr\u00e9mn\u00edho po\u010das\u00ed a klimatick\u00fdch jev\u016f. \u00dakolem pracovn\u00edch skupin byla identifikace nedostatk\u016f v prezentaci meteorologick\u00fdch a klimatologick\u00fdch extr\u00e9m\u016f ve t\u0159et\u00ed zpr\u00e1v\u011b WG I IPCC z roku 2001, na kter\u00e9 se reagovalo konstatov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch pot\u0159eb k jejich odstran\u011bn\u00ed a formulac\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch doporu\u010den\u00ed. Z\u00e1v\u011bry jednotliv\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch skupin pak byly diskutov\u00e1ny na plen\u00e1rn\u00edm zased\u00e1n\u00ed a jejich fin\u00e1ln\u00edmu zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed byl v\u011bnov\u00e1n i t\u0159et\u00ed den konference. To se kr\u00e1tce se\u0161ly je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed pracovn\u00ed skupiny organizovan\u00e9 geograficky podle jednotliv\u00fdch oblast\u00ed WMO (Afrika, Asie, Ji\u017en\u00ed Amerika, St\u0159edn\u00ed a Severn\u00ed Amerika, Austr\u00e1lie a ji\u017en\u00ed Pacifik, Evropa). Evropsk\u00e1 skupina pod veden\u00edm A. Klein Tanka formulovala dva z\u00e1v\u011bry t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, resp. modelov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pokrok ve znalostech se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 od pozorovan\u00fdch zm\u011bn v extr\u00e9mech teploty vzduchu, sr\u00e1\u017eek, v\u011btru a dal\u0161\u00edch prvk\u016f prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm koncentrovan\u00e9ho evropsk\u00e9ho, region\u00e1ln\u00edho a n\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u00fasil\u00ed ke shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed a anal\u00fdze denn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f a historick\u00fdch dokument\u00e1rn\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">b)\u00a0\u00a0 S ohledem na velkou r\u016fznorodost projekt\u016f financovan\u00fdch Evropskou uni\u00ed, n\u00e1rodn\u00edmi institucemi a jin\u00fdmi agenturami, se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 pokrok v kvantifikaci m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edch se klimatologick\u00fdch statistik a impakt\u016f. Skute\u010dn\u00e9 nejistoty mohou b\u00fdt l\u00e9pe kvantifikov\u00e1ny kask\u00e1dou informac\u00ed v \u0159et\u011bzci glob\u00e1ln\u00ed modely, region\u00e1ln\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 modely a specifick\u00e9 impaktn\u00ed modely. O\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 nejistoty budou relativn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pro extr\u00e9my sr\u00e1\u017eek a v\u011btru ne\u017e pro teplotn\u00ed extr\u00e9my, ale dosa\u017een\u00fd pokrok m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b pro sr\u00e1\u017eky a v\u00edtr.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jedn\u00e1n\u00ed prakticky v\u0161ech pracovn\u00edch skupin upozornilo na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed probl\u00e9my:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">dostupnost \u00fadaj\u016f (nap\u0159. r\u016fzn\u00e9 form\u00e1ty a cena archivovan\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">klesaj\u00edc\u00ed po\u010det pozorovac\u00edch stanic,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">kvalita \u00fadaj\u016f (nutnost homogenizace \u0159ad),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 datov\u00e9 soubory &#8211; m\u011bly by b\u00fdt roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eny digitalizac\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f a vyu\u017eit\u00edm existuj\u00edc\u00edch paleoklimatick\u00fdch (v\u010detn\u011b historicko-klimatologick\u00fdch) dat,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 role m\u00edstn\u00edch odborn\u00edk\u016f v interakci se specialisty v oblasti modelov\u00e1n\u00ed klimatu k pochopen\u00ed p\u0159ednost\u00ed a nedostatk\u016f model\u016f p\u0159i aplikaci v ka\u017ed\u00e9 oblasti,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">pot\u0159eba vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed kapacit, tj. v\u00edce speci\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159ipraven\u00fdch odborn\u00edk\u016f v n\u011bkter\u00fdch rozvojov\u00fdch zem\u00edch,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00a0pot\u0159eba studovat \u201ekomplexn\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 jevy\u201c, kde se r\u016fzn\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9 kombinuj\u00ed s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi n\u00e1sledky,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">pot\u0159eba zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed konzistence informac\u00ed, nap\u0159. o tropick\u00fdch cyklon\u00e1ch,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">pot\u0159eba lep\u0161\u00ed komunikace mezi WG I a WG II,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">pot\u0159eba citliv\u00e9ho v\u00fdb\u011bru statistick\u00fdch metod pro studium extr\u00e9m\u016f.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve\u0161ker\u00e9 informace o workshopu, v\u010detn\u011b mnoha podn\u011btn\u00fdch doporu\u010den\u00ed z pekingsk\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, jsou dostupn\u00e9 na internetu [1] i v ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 podob\u011b [2]. Sezn\u00e1men\u00ed s nimi tak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nepochybn\u011b prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 a inspiruj\u00edc\u00ed i pro \u010desk\u00e9 meteorology a klimatology, kte\u0159\u00ed pracuj\u00ed v oblasti meteorologick\u00fdch a klimatologick\u00fdch extr\u00e9m\u016f a jejich dopad\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Literatura<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[1]\u00a0 <a style=\"color: #003366;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/\">http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/<\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[2]\u00a0 Workshop Report. IPCC Workshop on Changes in Extreme Weather and Climate Events, Beijing, China, 11-13 June, 2002. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 107 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Rudolf Br\u00e1zdil, MZ 2002\/5, ro\u010dn\u00edk 55, str. 140 a 144<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-79b6afe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"79b6afe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b9a9317\" data-id=\"b9a9317\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bca437 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2bca437\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5a15650 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5a15650\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-489e595\" data-id=\"489e595\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd448e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd448e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">BYL OPRAVDU KJ\u00d3TSK\u00dd PROTOKOL V BONNU ZACHR\u00c1N\u011aN?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce72342 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce72342\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-64f12b6\" data-id=\"64f12b6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26f7b2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26f7b2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jak jsem ji\u017e \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e Meteorologick\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v (MZ \u010d.1\/2001) informoval, 6. konference smluvn\u00edch stran R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy OSN o zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu (COP-6), kter\u00e1 se konala ve dnech 13.-25. 11. 2000 v holandsk\u00e9m Haagu a ke kter\u00e9 se tehdy up\u00edrala pozornost \u0161irok\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti, skon\u010dila ne\u00fasp\u011bchem. Aby v\u0161ak ne\u00fasp\u011bch nebyl p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 z\u0159eteln\u00fd, konference byla form\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159eru\u0161ena s t\u00edm, \u017ee bude za n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f pokra\u010dovat. B\u011bhem t\u00e9to doby se m\u011bla situace uklidnit, k nejrozporn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm t\u00e9mat\u016fm m\u011bla prob\u011bhnout dal\u0161\u00ed \u201esm\u00edr\u010d\u00ed\u201c jedn\u00e1n\u00ed a hlavn\u011b &#8211; Mezivl\u00e1dn\u00ed panel IPCC m\u011bl v prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b roku 2001 p\u0159edlo\u017eit dal\u0161\u00ed nov\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 poznatky, shrnut\u00e9 v tzv. T\u0159et\u00ed hodnot\u00edc\u00ed zpr\u00e1v\u011b (IPCC Third Assessment Report). Term\u00edn pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed byl stanoven na 16.-27. 7. 2001 do Bonnu. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 snad jedin\u00e9 co se naplnilo, bylo \u010dervnov\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed t\u0159\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed zpr\u00e1v IPCC, kter\u00e9 krom\u011b v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho obsahu zaujaly i sv\u00fdm excelentn\u00edm proveden\u00edm.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vlastn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edprava bonnsk\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed byla v\u00fdznamn\u011b po-znamen\u00e1na n\u00e1hlou zm\u011bnou postoje USA k problematice Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu. Prezident G. W. Bush k \u00fadivu sv\u011btov\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti, a nejen ve\u0159ejnosti environment\u00e1ln\u00ed, prohl\u00e1sil Protokol z pohledu ekonomiky USA za neakceptovateln\u00fd, ale i za n\u00e1stroj, kter\u00fd nem\u016f\u017ee \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem probl\u00e9m rizik spojen\u00fdch se zm\u011bnou klimatu \u0159e\u0161it. Je\u0161t\u011b v dubnu na 9. konferenci o trvale udr\u017eiteln\u00e9m rozvoji (CSD-9) v New Yorku tento n\u00e1zor v\u0161echny st\u00e1ty zcela jednozna\u010dn\u011b odm\u00edtly.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">B\u011bhem kv\u011btna a \u010dervna se v\u0161ak situace za\u010dala pon\u011bkud m\u011bnit a stanoviska vyhrocovala n\u011bkolik t\u00fddn\u016f p\u0159ed konferenc\u00ed. Nejistoty a obavy z \u00fasp\u011bchu pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 bonnsk\u00e9 konference potvrdila i p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00e1 vrcholn\u00e1 sch\u016fzka ministr\u016f, kter\u00e1 se konala v nizozemsk\u00e9m Scheveningenu (26.-28. 6. 2001). Do posledn\u00ed chv\u00edle byla nejist\u00e1 i stanoviska rozvojov\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 od bonnsk\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed o\u010dek\u00e1valy p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edsun zna\u010dn\u00fdch finan\u010dn\u00edch zdroj\u016f. Pouze st\u00e1ty EU a skupiny CG 11 (defini\u010dn\u011b st\u00e1ty Dodatku B Protokolu s nenulov\u00fdmi reduk\u010dn\u00edmi c\u00edli, prakticky kandid\u00e1tsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty EU) deklarovaly svoje nem\u011bnn\u00e1 a z\u00e1sadn\u00ed stanoviska, sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed k pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho procesu. Proto \u0159ada delegac\u00ed s velk\u00fdm o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm do Bonnu neodj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bla a p\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm jedn\u00e1n\u00ed panovala pom\u011brn\u011b zna\u010dn\u00e1 nervozita.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jedn\u00e1n\u00ed konference se z\u00fa\u010dastnilo v\u00edce ne\u017e 4 600 deleg\u00e1t\u016f ze 181 st\u00e1t\u016f, mezivl\u00e1dn\u00edch, nevl\u00e1dn\u00edch a dal\u0161\u00edch organizac\u00ed. V jej\u00edm \u00favodu prob\u00edhala v pracovn\u00edch skupin\u00e1ch posledn\u00ed technick\u00e1 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed ke \u010dty\u0159em hlavn\u00edm a st\u00e1le otev\u0159en\u00fdm tematick\u00fdm okruh\u016fm, tj. finan\u010dn\u00ed aspekty, kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9 mechanismy, zahrnut\u00ed lesn\u00edch aktivit do reduk\u010dn\u00edch kv\u00f3t a kontroln\u00ed re\u017eim Protokolu, nicm\u00e9n\u011b bez viditeln\u00fdch \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve \u010dtvrtek 19. 7. byla za zcela mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdch bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed a za \u00fa\u010dasti p\u0159edstavitel\u016f st\u00e1t\u016f, ministr\u016f \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a ekonomick\u00fdch ministr\u016f, zah\u00e1jena vrcholn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. V \u00favodn\u00edch projevech optimisticky zazn\u011bly n\u011bkter\u00e9 konstruktivn\u00ed n\u00e1m\u011bty na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed vznikl\u00e9 slo\u017eit\u00e9 politick\u00e9 situace. V\u011bt\u0161ina \u0159e\u010dn\u00edk\u016f se vyslovila pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed takov\u00fdch podm\u00ednek, kter\u00e9 by umo\u017enily zah\u00e1jen\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho ratifika\u010dn\u00edho procesu Protokolu. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jedinou v\u00fdjimkou byl projev vedouc\u00ed delegace USA Pauly Dobrianski. Uk\u00e1zalo se v\u0161ak, \u017ee na n\u011bkter\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky a zp\u016fsoby \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed maj\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00ed uskupen\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f st\u00e1le zna\u010dn\u011b rozd\u00edln\u00e9 n\u00e1zory. Za skupinu CG11 p\u0159ednesl projev ministr Milo\u0161 Ku\u017evart, kter\u00fd v projevu mj. zd\u016fraznil snahu o dosa\u017een\u00ed dohody a spole\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1m\u011br ratifikovat Protokol co nejd\u0159\u00edve. Odm\u00edtl v\u0161ak n\u00e1vrhy na povinn\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky st\u00e1t\u016f CG11 na zat\u00edm nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 transparentn\u00ed aktivity sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed do rozvojov\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f se zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00edm, \u017ee tato povinnost nen\u00ed v souladu se zn\u011bn\u00edm R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy ani Protokolu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pod veden\u00edm prezidenta COP-6 nizozemsk\u00e9ho ministra \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed Jana Pronka prob\u00edhala od p\u00e1tku 20. 7. do pond\u011bl\u00ed 23. 7. dopoledne prakticky nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b na \u00farovni ministr\u016f a hlavn\u00edch expert\u016f velice slo\u017eit\u00e1 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. Do jednac\u00edho s\u00e1lu byl umo\u017en\u011bn p\u0159\u00edstup pouze omezen\u00e9mu po\u010dtu vyjednava\u010d\u016f (celkem asi 120) dle p\u0159edem schv\u00e1len\u00e9ho kl\u00ed\u010de (nap\u0159. na\u0161e skupina CG11 m\u011bla k dispozici pro ministry a experty celkem 9 \u201epovolenek\u201c). Po celono\u010dn\u00edm jedn\u00e1n\u00ed byla v dopoledn\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch 23. 7. kone\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ijata tzv. Bonnsk\u00e1 dohoda, na kterou nav\u00e1zala Politick\u00e1 deklarace. V r\u00e1mci t\u00e9to deklarace st\u00e1ty Dodatku II R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy (ekonomicky velmi vysp\u011bl\u00e9 st\u00e1ty), s v\u00fdjimkou USA, p\u0159isl\u00edbily rozvojov\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky ve v\u00fd\u0161i 410 mil. USD ro\u010dn\u011b, kter\u00e9 by byly vyu\u017eity zejm\u00e9na na podporu vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, aplikace nov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed, adapta\u010dn\u00ed procesy a odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1sledk\u016f jev\u016f, souvisej\u00edc\u00edch se zm\u011bnou klimatu (deklarace plat\u00ed zat\u00edm do roku 2005).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve druh\u00e9m t\u00fddnu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed deleg\u00e1ti v duchu v\u00fdsledk\u016f politick\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed obsa\u017een\u00fdch v Bonnsk\u00e9 dohod\u011b pracovali na p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00fdch usnesen\u00ed COP-6 k v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdm \u010dty\u0159em okruh\u016fm probl\u00e9m\u016f. Jeliko\u017e zdaleka ne v\u0161echna usnesen\u00ed obsa\u017een\u00e1 v tematick\u00fdch okruz\u00edch byla dokon\u010dena, bylo rozhodnuto o jejich dopracov\u00e1n\u00ed na n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 konferenci COP-7, kter\u00e1 se bude konat v term\u00ednu 29. 10.-9. 11. 2001 v Marr\u00e1ke\u0161i (Maroko).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky jedn\u00e1n\u00ed obsa\u017een\u00e9 v Bonnsk\u00e9 dohod\u011b<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Finan\u010dn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pot\u0159eby rozvojov\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f budou financovat st\u00e1ty Dodatku II, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed ekonomicky vysp\u011bl\u00e9 st\u00e1ty (Dodatku I), pokud jim to jejich situace umo\u017en\u00ed. Finan\u010dn\u00ed pomoc bude realizov\u00e1na pomoc\u00ed bilater\u00e1ln\u00edch i multilater\u00e1ln\u00edch tok\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b fond\u016f GEF. Zdrojem fond\u016f budou i pod\u00edly ve v\u00fd\u0161i 2 % ze zisk\u016f z projekt\u016f CDM (dle \u010dl. 12 Protokolu), kdy st\u00e1ty s reduk\u010dn\u00edmi c\u00edli mohou realizovat projekty v rozvojov\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. Fondy budou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny zejm\u00e9na na podporu vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed nov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed, adapta\u010dn\u00ed procesy a odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1sledk\u016f extr\u00e9mn\u00edch projev\u016f po\u010das\u00ed, souvisej\u00edc\u00edch se zm\u011bnou klimatu. Zat\u00edm v\u0161ak nedo\u0161lo k dohod\u011b o slo\u017een\u00ed kontroln\u00edho org\u00e1nu, kter\u00fd bude na vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f dohl\u00ed\u017eet, nebo\u0165 rozvojov\u00e9 st\u00e1ty po\u017eaduj\u00ed majoritn\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9 mechanismy<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi body jedn\u00e1n\u00ed byly ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho zrovnopr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed projekt\u016f a srovnateln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupnosti k nim, pod\u00edlu jejich uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed ve vztahu k reduk\u010dn\u00edm aktivit\u00e1m jednotliv\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, syst\u00e9mu kontroly efektivity projekt\u016f, vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bny uspo\u0159en\u00fdch jednotkov\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00ed a m\u00edry zahrnut\u00ed propad\u016f emis\u00ed v les\u00edch do projekt\u016f CDM a JI (dle \u010dl. 6 Protokolu), kdy st\u00e1ty s reduk\u010dn\u00edmi c\u00edli mohou realizovat projekty vz\u00e1jemn\u011b (p\u0159ipad\u00e1 v \u00favahu p\u0159i uskute\u010d\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed projekt\u016f v tranzitn\u00edch ekonomik\u00e1ch). Jednotliv\u00e9 st\u00e1ty by m\u011bly dom\u00e1c\u00ed reduk\u010dn\u00ed aktivity realizovat podle sv\u00fdch re\u00e1ln\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed a m\u011bly by b\u00fdt vedeni snahou o vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed zat\u00edm rozd\u00edln\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00ed emitovan\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f na obyvatele. Byl schv\u00e1len ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd p\u0159evod 2 % ze zisk\u016f z projekt\u016f CDM do kapitoly finan\u010dn\u00edch zdroj\u016f (viz v\u00fd\u0161e); k dohod\u011b o podobn\u00e9m p\u0159evodu z projekt\u016f JI \u010di z emisn\u00edho obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed zat\u00edm nedo\u0161lo (k tomuto bodu m\u00e1 CG11 velmi siln\u00e9 n\u00e1mitky). Vyu\u017eit\u00ed projekt\u016f k pln\u011bn\u00ed reduk\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f m\u00e1 b\u00fdt pouze dopl\u0148kov\u00fdm elementem, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e st\u011b\u017eejn\u00edmi maj\u00ed b\u00fdt dom\u00e1c\u00ed reduk\u010dn\u00ed aktivity (dohody o kvantifikaci vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch pod\u00edl\u016f v\u0161ak ani zde dosa\u017eeno nebylo).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nepoda\u0159ilo se ani dos\u00e1hnout shody o vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed a schv\u00e1len\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00fdch, pop\u0159. podobn\u00fdch pravidel pro projekty CDM a JI. Rozvojov\u00e9 st\u00e1ty nad\u00e1le po\u017eaduj\u00ed, aby byla nejprve p\u0159ijata pravidla pro projekty CDM, a teprve n\u00e1sledn\u011b pro JI. To by v\u0161ak, podle na\u0161eho n\u00e1zoru, evidentn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eilo schopnost konkurence projekt\u016f JI. Nav\u00edc rozvojov\u00e9 st\u00e1ty po\u017eaduj\u00ed i majoritn\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed v kontroln\u00edm org\u00e1nu pro posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed projekt\u016f JI, na nich\u017e v\u0161ak nebudou v\u016fbec participovat. Pravidla pro projekty CDM jsou vcelku podrobn\u011b p\u0159ipravena a zahrnuj\u00ed i aktivity souvisej\u00edc\u00ed se zales\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm a obnovou lesa v prvn\u00edm kontroln\u00edm obdob\u00ed. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b emisn\u00edho obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed (od roku 2008) do\u0161lo k politick\u00e9 dohod\u011b o v\u00fd\u0161i emisn\u00ed rezervy, kterou by si musel ka\u017ed\u00fd st\u00e1t ponechat pro p\u0159\u00edpad, \u017ee by nebyl schopen reduk\u010dn\u00ed c\u00edl splnit.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Zahrnut\u00ed lesn\u00edch aktivit<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zcela podle o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161lo o nej slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bod jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, nebo\u0165 podle \u010dl. 3.4 Protokolu lze reduk\u010dn\u00ed c\u00edle rovn\u011b\u017e plnit zahrnut\u00edm propad\u016f CO<sub>2<\/sub> lesn\u00edmi aktivitami a hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s p\u016fdou. Bonnsk\u00e1 dohoda obsahuje hlavn\u00ed principy, od nich\u017e by se m\u011bl odv\u00edjet jejich dal\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bh: v\u011bdeck\u00e1 pr\u016fkaznost technick\u00fdch aspekt\u016f jednotliv\u00fdch bod\u016f usnesen\u00ed, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed konzistentn\u00ed metodologie hodnocen\u00ed aktivit, nezohled\u0148ovat zat\u00edm nepodlo\u017een\u00e9 \u00favahy o m\u00ed\u0159e pohlcov\u00e1n\u00ed uhl\u00edku v p\u016fd\u011b a v lesn\u00edch porostech, uva\u017eovat prozat\u00edm pouze o zp\u016fsobu zahrnut\u00ed t\u011bchto aktivit b\u011bhem prvn\u00edho kontroln\u00edho obdob\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd st\u00e1t si podle t\u00e9to dohody m\u016f\u017ee zapo\u010d\u00edtat lesn\u00ed aktivity, kter\u00e9 jsou v souladu s definicemi dle \u010dl. 3.3 Protokolu (les, zales\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed, obnova lesa, odles\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed) podle sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdb\u011bru, nicm\u00e9n\u011b pouze ve stanoven\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e. K tomuto bodu byla p\u0159ipravena zat\u00edm dosti kontroverzn\u00ed tabulka, zpracovan\u00e1 na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u00fadaj\u016f FAO. V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mus\u00ed j\u00edt prokazateln\u011b o aktivity, kter\u00e9 se uskute\u010dnily po roce 1990.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Kontroln\u00ed re\u017eim Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tento tematick\u00fd okruh je nesm\u00edrn\u011b citliv\u00fd, nebo\u0165 je t\u0159eba vytvo\u0159it co nejtransparentn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a pr\u00e1vn\u011b vymahateln\u00fd re\u017eim, kter\u00fd by m\u011bl n\u00e1sledn\u011b i opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed uplatnit \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 sankce v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nepln\u011bn\u00ed Protokolu. Bylo dosa\u017eeno pouze politick\u00e9 dohody o jeho z\u00e1kladn\u00edch aspektech. Bude vytvo\u0159en specializovan\u00fd kontroln\u00ed org\u00e1n, kter\u00fd bude m\u00edt za \u00fakol sledovat re\u00e1ln\u00e9 mo\u017enosti jednotliv\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f ke spln\u011bn\u00ed reduk\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f ji\u017e s p\u0159edstihem. Pokud by n\u011bkter\u00fd st\u00e1t sv\u016fj reduk\u010dn\u00ed c\u00edl nesplnil, potom by se jeho n\u00e1sledn\u00fd c\u00edl po r. 2012 sn\u00ed\u017eil o 30 % hodnoty, o kterou by jeho emise p\u0159ev\u00fd\u0161ily p\u016fvodn\u00ed c\u00edl. Rovn\u011b\u017e by tento st\u00e1t ztratil opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed uplatnit p\u0159evody emis\u00ed vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z emisn\u00edho obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed. Kontroln\u00ed org\u00e1n by rovn\u011b\u017e posuzoval, zda jsou zpracov\u00e1ny emisn\u00ed inventury ve standardn\u00edm proveden\u00ed a zda je st\u00e1t ochoten spolupracovat p\u0159i p\u0159edepsan\u00fdch kontrol\u00e1ch. Pokud by byly zji\u0161t\u011bny neshody, vin\u00edk by si nemohl zapo\u010d\u00edtat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 emisn\u00ed kredity z projekt\u016f \u010di z emisn\u00edho obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Skon\u010dila tedy konference \u00fasp\u011bchem?<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vzhledem k situaci, kter\u00e1 nastala po prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed USA a zejm\u00e9na po \u010dervnov\u00e9 vrcholn\u00e9 sch\u016fzce v Scheveningenu, byla o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zna\u010dn\u011b skeptick\u00e1. To se potvrdilo i b\u011bhem prvn\u00ed t\u0159ech dn\u016f jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v Bonnu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jist\u00e9ho pr\u016flomu bylo dosa\u017eeno zejm\u00e9na b\u011bhem no\u010dn\u00edho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed z 22. 7. na 23. 7. Kanada, Austr\u00e1lie, ale zejm\u00e9na Japonsko nakonec souhlasily s mo\u017enost\u00ed pokra\u010dovat v kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9m procesu i bez \u00fa\u010dasti USA. Zejm\u00e9na kladn\u00fd souhlas Japonska se nakonec uk\u00e1zal b\u00fdt pro dal\u0161\u00ed proces kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd. Ke vstupu Protokolu v platnost je t\u0159eba, aby jej ratifikovalo alespo\u0148 55 st\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1rove\u0148 pokryj\u00ed 55 % celkov\u00fdch emis\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f Dodatku I dle stavu z roku 1990. Prvn\u00ed podm\u00ednka je splniteln\u00e1 lehce, nicm\u00e9n\u011b pr\u00e1v\u011b z druh\u00e9 podm\u00ednky vypl\u00fdvaly nejistoty a pot\u00ed\u017ee. Podle Protokolu celkov\u00fd pod\u00edl emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f st\u00e1t\u016f EU a CG11 toti\u017e \u010din\u00ed 32,4 % a ani spole\u010dn\u011b s Ruskem (pot\u00e9 49,8 %) by nemohl ke vstupu Protokolu v platnost sta\u010dit. Jeliko\u017e \u201echyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed pod\u00edl\u201c pouze USA \u010din\u00ed 36,1 %, byl pod\u00edl Japonska (8,5 %) k dosa\u017een\u00ed dohody tak v\u00fdznamn\u00fd.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dohody v\u0161ak bylo dosa\u017eeno za cenu zna\u010dn\u00fdch \u00fastupk\u016f, zejm\u00e9na v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00fd\u0161e z\u00e1po\u010dtu propad\u016f emis\u00ed CO2 v lesn\u00edch komplexech. Lze spekulovat i o tom, \u017ee limitn\u00ed hodnoty, kter\u00e9 byly v kone\u010dn\u00e9m n\u00e1vrhu a v Bonnsk\u00e9 dohod\u011b Kanad\u011b, Austr\u00e1lii, Japonsku a Rusku \u201epovoleny\u201c, jsou nadhodnocen\u00e9. Dle p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f n\u011bkter\u00fdch renomovan\u00fdch nevl\u00e1dn\u00edch organizac\u00ed, dohodnut\u00fd zp\u016fsob zahrnut\u00ed les\u016f celkov\u011b nezajist\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f do roku 2008-2012 o po\u017eadovan\u00fdch pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch 5,2 %, jak ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 Protokol, ale pouze o m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 2 %.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pokud se hovo\u0159\u00ed o \u00fasp\u011bchu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v Bonnu, pak snad pouze v tom smyslu, \u017ee nepochybn\u011b mohl nastat daleko katastrofi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br, kdy by se dal\u0161\u00ed st\u00e1ty p\u0159ipojily ke stanovisku USA. P\u0159esto v\u0161ak dohoda z Bonnu nezaru\u010duje, \u017ee v\u0161echny st\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 se k n\u00ed p\u0159ihl\u00e1sily, Protokol skute\u010dn\u011b v dohledn\u00e9 dob\u011b ratifikuj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">St\u00e1ty EU a CG11 v Bonnu jednozna\u010dn\u011b deklarovaly sv\u016fj z\u00e1m\u011br za\u010d\u00edt s ratifikac\u00ed Protokolu tak, aby tento proces byl dokon\u010den nejpozd\u011bji v prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b roku 2002 (krom\u011b \u0159ady rozvojov\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f Protokol ji\u017e ratifikovalo D\u00e1nsko a Rumunsko &#8211; z po\u017eadovan\u00fdch 55 % emis\u00ed je tak zat\u00edm \u201epokryto\u201c 1,6 %). Podm\u00ednky pro spln\u011bn\u00ed osmiprocentn\u00edho reduk\u010dn\u00edho c\u00edle Protokolu jsou v \u010cesku z technick\u00e9ho hlediska zcela re\u00e1ln\u00e9. Tento krok nav\u00edc nep\u0159inese \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 n\u00e1roky na st\u00e1tn\u00ed rozpo\u010det, a pokud se \u010cesko zapoj\u00ed do mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho emisn\u00edho obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt z finan\u010dn\u00edho hlediska i \u201ezaj\u00edmav\u00fd\u201c.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Jan Pretel, MZ 2001\/4, ro\u010dn\u00edk 54, str. 119-120<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3980ae9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3980ae9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9c9362d\" data-id=\"9c9362d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d396e45 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d396e45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2c55127 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2c55127\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94ac856\" data-id=\"94ac856\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4b457d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b4b457d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">INFORMACE O VI. PLEN\u00c1RN\u00cdM ZASED\u00c1N\u00cd PRACOVN\u00cd SKUPINY II MEZIVL\u00c1DN\u00cdHO PANELU KLIMATICK\u00c9 ZM\u011aNY IPCC<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6b932c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6b932c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8e035d8\" data-id=\"8e035d8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b49851 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b49851\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve dnech 14.-16. \u00fanora 2001 se konalo v \u017denev\u011b VI. plen\u00e1rn\u00ed zased\u00e1n\u00ed 2. pracovn\u00ed skupiny Mezivl\u00e1dn\u00edho panelu klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny IPCC. Jeho \u00fakolem bylo projednat a schv\u00e1lit zpr\u00e1vu Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability jako p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek ke T\u0159et\u00ed souhrnn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1v\u011b IPCC (IPCC Third Assessment Report). P\u0159\u00edprava zpr\u00e1vy byla zah\u00e1jena v roce 1998 a cel\u00fd proces je ukon\u010dov\u00e1n v tomto roce. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed se rovn\u011b\u017e konalo mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 zased\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdboru IPCC, jeho\u017e je autor informace \u010dlenem.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tato pracovn\u00ed skupina se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 sledov\u00e1n\u00edm dopad\u016f zm\u011bny klimatu a adapta\u010dn\u00edmi mo\u017enostmi. Na p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b zpr\u00e1vy se pod\u00edlelo 183 hlavn\u00edch autor\u016f, 243 spolupracuj\u00edc\u00edch autor\u016f, 33 hlavn\u00edch recenzent\u016f a 440 expertn\u00edch recenzent\u016f. Plen\u00e1rn\u00edho zased\u00e1n\u00ed se z\u00fa\u010dastnilo asi 280 deleg\u00e1t\u016f a 105 hlavn\u00edch autor\u016f ze 102 st\u00e1t\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Deleg\u00e1ti na \u00favod zased\u00e1n\u00ed vyslechli p\u0159ehledov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy k jednotliv\u00fdm kapitol\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ednesli jejich auto\u0159i. Pot\u00e9 byl obsah zpr\u00e1vy po jednotliv\u00fdch t\u00e9matech projedn\u00e1v\u00e1n a v diskusi reagovali auto\u0159i na \u010detn\u00e9 dotazy. Souhrnn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky, publikovan\u00e9 v Summary for Policymakers, byly formulov\u00e1ny na z\u00e1klad\u011b velmi detailn\u00ed diskuse.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tato informace je p\u0159ehledem nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f, ke kter\u00fdm deleg\u00e1ti dosp\u011bli konsenzem a kter\u00e9 jsou v relaci s v\u00fdsledky studie Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, p\u0159ijat\u00e9 v lednu 2001 na podobn\u00e9m zased\u00e1n\u00ed v \u0160anghaji (viz Meteorol. Zpr., 54, 2001, \u010d. 2, s. 59-60).<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Syst\u00e9my souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s \u010dinnost\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka jsou citliv\u00e9 na zm\u011bny klimatu a n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich jsou i zraniteln\u00e9. Pat\u0159\u00ed k nim zejm\u00e9na vodn\u00ed zdroje, zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed (zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dostatku potravin pro obyvatelstvo) a lesnictv\u00ed, pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed oblasti, mo\u0159e a oce\u00e1ny, s\u00eddeln\u00ed oblasti v\u010detn\u011b energetiky a pr\u016fmyslu, poji\u0161\u0165ovnictv\u00ed a lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed. M\u00edra zranitelnost je v\u00fdrazn\u011b prom\u011bnn\u00e1, m\u011bn\u00ed se s m\u00edstem, \u010dasem, socioekonomick\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami a podm\u00ednkami stavu \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mezi negativn\u00ed dopady zm\u011bny klimatu lze pova\u017eovat celkov\u00fd pokles \u00farody ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b tropick\u00fdch a subtropick\u00fdch region\u016f a s jist\u00fdmi variacemi i v n\u011bkter\u00fdch st\u0159edn\u00edch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159k\u00e1ch, nedostatek vody (zejm\u00e9na v subtropick\u00fdch oblastech), zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed po\u010dtu populace vystaven\u00e9 riziku v\u00fdskytu infek\u010dn\u00edch tropick\u00fdch chorob a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00famrtnosti v d\u016fsledku vysok\u00fdch teplot, velmi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 riziko z\u00e1plav (des\u00edtky mili\u00f3n\u016f ohro\u017een\u00fdch lid\u00ed) a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 energetick\u00e9 po\u017eadavky na klimatizaci v letn\u00edm obdob\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mezi pozitivn\u00ed dopady zm\u011bny klimatu lze za\u0159adit zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00farody v p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b st\u0159edn\u00edch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159ek, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed t\u011b\u017eby d\u0159eva v dob\u0159e obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00fdch les\u00edch, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1sob vody v n\u011bkter\u00fdch regionech (jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie), sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zimn\u00ed \u00famrtnosti ve st\u0159edn\u00edch a vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159k\u00e1ch a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 energetick\u00e9 po\u017eadavky na vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v zimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Projektovan\u00e9 zm\u011bny ve v\u00fdskytu extr\u00e9mn\u00edch pr\u016fb\u011bh\u016f po\u010das\u00ed mohou m\u00edt velmi \u010dasto v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 d\u016fsledky. Mezi m\u00e9n\u011b rizikov\u00e9 lze za\u0159adit n\u00e1r\u016fst maxim\u00e1ln\u00edch teplot, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed po\u010dtu tepl\u00fdch dn\u016f a hork\u00fdch vln, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00edch teplot, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po\u010dtu chladn\u00fdch a mrazov\u00fdch dn\u016f a studen\u00fdch vln a d\u00e1le zintenzivn\u011bn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fadob\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Naopak mezi rizikov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a v\u00fdrazn\u011b slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed typy extr\u00e9mn\u00edch pr\u016fb\u011bh\u016f po\u010das\u00ed se \u0159ad\u00ed prodlou\u017een\u00ed obdob\u00ed letn\u00edch such na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b pevnin ve st\u0159edn\u00edch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159k\u00e1ch, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed intenzity tropick\u00fdch cyklon\u016f v\u010detn\u011b n\u00e1r\u016fstu rychlosti v\u011btru v m\u00edstech jejich v\u00fdskytu, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f a intenzit v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech, del\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed sucha a naopak intenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1plavy v oblastech vlivu El Ni\u0148a, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed variability sr\u00e1\u017eek v obdob\u00ed letn\u00edch asijsk\u00fdch monzun\u016f a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u010detnosti v\u00fdskytu bou\u0159ek ve st\u0159edn\u00edch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159k\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 projekce zm\u011bny klimatu do konce 21. stolet\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k velkoprostorov\u00fdm a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b i nevratn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m cel\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Velikost t\u011bchto zm\u011bn je d\u00e1na charakterem p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f a jak\u00e9koliv dal\u0161\u00ed up\u0159es\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed detaily nejsou zat\u00edm v\u011bdeck\u00fd dostate\u010dn\u011b podlo\u017een\u00e9.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Implementace vhodn\u00fdch adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed mohou negativn\u00ed dopady zm\u011bny klimatu v\u00fdrazn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit, ale nikoliv zcela zamezit. Je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba na n\u011b vynalo\u017eit v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f. Syst\u00e9my souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s \u010dinnost\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka i syst\u00e9my p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed jsou schopny se do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry adaptovat samovoln\u011b, nicm\u00e9n\u011b um\u011bl\u00e1 a p\u0159ipraven\u00e1 adaptace m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159irozenou adaptaci jenom podpo\u0159it.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u0158ada oblast\u00ed a region\u016f, kter\u00e1 je zm\u011bnou klimatu nejv\u00edce posti\u017eena, str\u00e1d\u00e1 rovn\u011b\u017e pod tlakem popula\u010dn\u00edho n\u00e1r\u016fstu, ni\u010den\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f a chudoby.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Stupe\u0148 ohro\u017een\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 populace a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f zm\u011bnou klimatu se v jednotliv\u00fdch sv\u011btov\u00fdch regionech v\u00fdrazn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed, rozd\u00edly jsou v\u0161ak i patrn\u011b v r\u00e1mci jednotliv\u00fdch region\u016f. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu jsou i adapta\u010dn\u00ed schopnosti a mo\u017enosti (p\u0159irozen\u00e9 i um\u011bl\u00e9) v\u00fdrazn\u011b rozd\u00edln\u00e9.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">N\u011bkter\u00e9 regiony jsou ohro\u017een\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v d\u016fsledku jejich geografick\u00e9 expozice \u010di ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed adapta\u010dn\u00ed kapacity. Nap\u0159. mal\u00e9 ostrovn\u00ed st\u00e1ty ohro\u017euje p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b riziko n\u00e1r\u016fstu hladiny sv\u011btov\u00fdch oce\u00e1n\u016f a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u010detnosti v\u00fdskytu a intenzit tropick\u00fdch cyklon\u016f. Pol\u00e1rn\u00ed oblasti ohro\u017euje naopak riziko t\u00e1n\u00ed ledovc\u016f a zeslabov\u00e1n\u00ed a degradace permafrostu. Negativn\u00ed d\u016fsledky sezonn\u00edch zm\u011bn hydrologick\u00fdch re\u017eim\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b z\u00e1plav a sucha, zdravotn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f a zm\u011bn biologick\u00e9 rozmanitosti jsou v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v Africe, Latinsk\u00e9 Americe a Asii, kde jsou z\u00e1rove\u0148 ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed adapta\u010dn\u00ed schopnosti syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">I v oblastech s vysokou adapta\u010dn\u00ed kapacitou (Severn\u00ed Amerika, Austr\u00e1lie a Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land) se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed ohro\u017een\u00e9 komunity (domorod\u00e9 obyvatelstvo) a oblasti s n\u00edzkou adapta\u010dn\u00ed schopnost\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Text dokumentu se d\u00e1le podrobn\u011b zab\u00fdv\u00e1 dopady na hydrologick\u00fd re\u017eim a vodn\u00ed zdroje, zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, terestrick\u00fdmi a \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edmi ekosyst\u00e9my, pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edmi oblastmi a mo\u0159sk\u00fdmi a oce\u00e1nsk\u00fdmi ekosyst\u00e9my, lidsk\u00fdm zdrav\u00edm, s\u00eddeln\u00edmi celky, v\u010detn\u011b zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00fdch n\u00e1rok\u016f na energetick\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a pr\u016fmysl a z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed spojen\u00fdch s poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm proti katastrof\u00e1m v\u010detn\u011b dal\u0161\u00edch finan\u010dn\u00edch slu\u017eeb.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dal\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st dokumentu je zam\u011b\u0159ena na podrobn\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy sektorov\u00fdch dopad\u016f v jednotliv\u00fdch regionech. Zde d\u00e1v\u00e1m prostor pouze v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm dopad\u016fm zm\u011bny klimatu pro oblast Evropy.<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Adapta\u010dn\u00ed kapacita je v Evrop\u011b obecn\u011b na vysok\u00e9 \u00farovni; ji\u017en\u00ed Evropa a arktick\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti evropsk\u00e9ho kontinentu jsou zraniteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Evropy.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Letn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed odtoky, z\u00e1soby vody a p\u016fdn\u00ed vlhkost v ji\u017en\u00ed Evrop\u011b klesaj\u00ed; rozd\u00edly mezi severn\u00edmi a ji\u017en\u00edmi \u010d\u00e1stmi Evropy se zvy\u0161uj\u00ed, a to zejm\u00e9na v zim\u011b.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">A\u017e polovina alpsk\u00fdch ledovc\u016f a velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st permafrostu na severu Evropy m\u016f\u017ee do konce 21. stolet\u00ed zcela zmizet.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Rizika z\u00e1plav se budou na \u00fazem\u00ed cel\u00e9ho kontinentu zvy\u0161ovat; v pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edch z\u00f3n\u00e1ch bude toto riziko z\u00e1plav a p\u016fdn\u00ed eroze v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed a lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat dopady na s\u00eddeln\u00ed aglomerace, pr\u016fmysl, turistiku, zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a p\u0159irozenou fl\u00f3ru a faunu.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch v\u00fdnos\u016f lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat v severn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech kontinentu; produkce bude naopak klesat v ji\u017en\u00edch a v\u00fdchodn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech Evropy.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">St\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed biotick\u00e9 z\u00f3ny se budou posunovat do vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch v\u00fd\u0161ek a v severn\u00edm sm\u011bru s n\u00e1sledn\u00fdmi dopady na fl\u00f3ru a faunu.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vysok\u00e9 teploty a vlny veder mohou ovlivnit v\u00fdb\u011br m\u00edst tradi\u010dn\u00edch turistick\u00fdch destinac\u00ed v l\u00e9t\u011b, a naopak \u00fabytek sn\u011bhu m\u016f\u017ee ovlivnit prosperitu tradi\u010dn\u00edch zimn\u00edch st\u0159edisek.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Obsah dokumentu Summary for Policymakers je vzhledem k pou\u017eit\u00e9mu procesu projedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dle pravidel OSN t\u0159eba vn\u00edmat jako souhrn nezpochybniteln\u00fdch fakt o sou\u010dasn\u00e9m stavu pozn\u00e1n\u00ed v dan\u00e9 oblasti. Jeho \u00fapln\u00fd text lze nal\u00e9zt na adrese <a style=\"color: #003366;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\">http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch<\/a>. Vlastn\u00ed zpr\u00e1va, kter\u00e1 bude obsahovat p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1 200 stran textu, v\u010detn\u011b mno\u017estv\u00ed tabulek a grafick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edloh a velmi obs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho seznamu zcela nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed literatury k jednotliv\u00fdm t\u00e9mat\u016fm, bude vyd\u00e1na tiskem ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b roku 2001.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Jan Pretel, MZ 2001\/3, ro\u010dn\u00edk 54, str. 94-95<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-80f2fe8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"80f2fe8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-250eb96\" data-id=\"250eb96\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-269d971 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"269d971\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8e9add2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8e9add2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f5c4f19\" data-id=\"f5c4f19\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84dcd7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"84dcd7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">INFORMACE O VIII. PLEN\u00c1RN\u00cdM ZASED\u00c1N\u00cd PRACOVN\u00cd SKUPINY I MEZIVL\u00c1DN\u00cdHO PANELU KLIMATICK\u00c9 ZM\u011aNY IPCC<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2bf1ead elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2bf1ead\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-512c6f0\" data-id=\"512c6f0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb78013 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bb78013\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve dnech 17.-20. ledna 2001 se konalo v \u0160anghaji VIII. plen\u00e1rn\u00ed zased\u00e1n\u00ed 1. pracovn\u00ed skupiny Mezivl\u00e1dn\u00edho panelu klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny IPCC. Jeho \u00fakolem bylo projednat a schv\u00e1lit zpr\u00e1vu Climate Change 2001: The Scientifc Basis jako p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek t\u00e9to pracovn\u00ed skupiny ke T\u0159et\u00ed souhrnn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1v\u011b IPCC (IPCC Third Assessment Report). P\u0159\u00edprava zpr\u00e1vy byla zah\u00e1jena v roce 1998 a cel\u00fd proces bude ukon\u010den v roce 2001. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed se rovn\u011b\u017e konalo mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 zased\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdboru IPCC, jeho\u017e je autor informace \u010dlenem.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tato pracovn\u00ed skupina IPCC se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na v\u011bdeckou a odbornou podstatou zm\u011bny klimatu, anal\u00fdzou dosavadn\u00edch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a projekcemi v\u00fdvoje zm\u011bny klimatu v \u010dasov\u00e9m horizontu konce 21. stolet\u00ed. Na p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b jej\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy se pod\u00edlelo 123 hlavn\u00edch autor\u016f v\u010detn\u011b koordin\u00e1tor\u016f, 516 spolupracuj\u00edc\u00edch autor\u016f, 21 hlavn\u00edch recenzent\u016f a 300 expertn\u00edch recenzent\u016f. Plen\u00e1rn\u00edho zased\u00e1n\u00ed se z\u00fa\u010dastnilo asi 320 deleg\u00e1t\u016f a 75 hlavn\u00edch autor\u016f ze 115 st\u00e1t\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Deleg\u00e1ti na \u00favod zased\u00e1n\u00ed vyslechli p\u0159ehledov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy k jednotliv\u00fdm kapitol\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ednesli jejich auto\u0159i. Pot\u00e9 byl obsah zpr\u00e1vy po jednotliv\u00fdch t\u00e9matech projedn\u00e1v\u00e1n a v diskusi reagovali auto\u0159i na \u010detn\u00e9 dotazy. Fin\u00e1ln\u00ed verze souhrnn\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f, tzv. Summary for Policymakers, byla projedn\u00e1v\u00e1na velice podrobn\u011b a v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 verze vznikla jako konsenzus deleg\u00e1t\u016f s kone\u010dnou dikc\u00ed textu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pokud jde o anal\u00fdzy pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 popisuj\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bh zm\u011bny klimatu do konce 20.tolet\u00ed, do\u0161lo ke shod\u011b, \u017ee nap\u0159.:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed teplota povrchu Zem\u011b se b\u011bhem 20. stolet\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161ila o 0,6 <sup>o<\/sup>C, z glob\u00e1ln\u00edho hlediska byla posledn\u00ed dek\u00e1da 20. stolet\u00ed prokazateln\u011b nejteplej\u0161\u00ed a rok 1998 byl prokazateln\u011b nejteplej\u0161\u00edm rokem od r. 1861, kdy byla v \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e prov\u00e1d\u011bna p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">v posledn\u00edch \u010dty\u0159ech dek\u00e1d\u00e1ch teplota vzr\u016fstala v cel\u00e9 spodn\u00ed osmikilometrov\u00e9 vrstv\u011b atmosf\u00e9ry s trendem 0,1 <sup>o<\/sup>C za 10 let,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">poklesla pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka a horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed rozsah sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky i rozsah \u00fazem\u00ed pokryt\u00e9ho ledovci,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka hladiny sv\u011btov\u00fdch oce\u00e1n\u016f vzrostla b\u011bhem 20. stolet\u00ed o 10-20 cm,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny ve st\u0159edn\u00edch a vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159k\u00e1ch severn\u00ed polokoule narostly ve 20. stolet\u00ed s trendem 0,5-1 % za 10 let a v tropick\u00fdch oblastech s trendem 0,2-0,3 % za 10 let; v subtropick\u00fdch oblastech severn\u00ed polokoule byl ve stejn\u00e9 dob\u011b zaznamen\u00e1n pokles sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f s trendem 0,3 % za 10 let,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">ve st\u0159edn\u00edch a vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159k\u00e1ch se ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ila \u010detnost v\u00fdskytu extr\u00e9mn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch obdob\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sou\u010dasn\u011b se jako p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd d\u016fsledek lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti zv\u00fd\u0161ila koncentrace sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e a jejich celkov\u00e1 radia\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost. Koncentrace CO<sub>2<\/sub> vzrostly od roku 1750 o 31 % a jejich sou\u010dasn\u00e9 hodnoty jsou nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed za uplynul\u00fdch 420 tis\u00edc let. V posledn\u00edch dvaceti letech nar\u016fstaj\u00ed ro\u010dn\u011b o 0,4 % a p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 75 % v\u0161ech antropogenn\u00edch emis\u00ed CO<sub>2<\/sub> poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze spalov\u00e1n\u00ed fosiln\u00edch paliv. Koncentrace CH4 vzrostly za stejn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed o 151 % a koncentrace N<sub>2<\/sub>O o 17 %.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159edlo\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky panelu IPCC podaly dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fkazy, \u017ee dolo\u017een\u00e9 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed oteplen\u00ed v posledn\u00edch pades\u00e1ti letech lze p\u0159i\u010d\u00edst na vrub lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Podle sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdvoje na\u0161\u00ed planety nelze zat\u00edm p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee by b\u011bhem 21. stolet\u00ed do\u0161lo k z\u00e1sadn\u00edmu omezen\u00ed vlivu lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Je proto t\u0159eba, abychom byli p\u0159ipraveni na to, \u017ee antropogenn\u00ed vlivy budou ovliv\u0148ovat slo\u017een\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry i nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed budoucnosti.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Proto mus\u00ed varovat nov\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky IPCC, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed projekce zm\u011bny klimatu do konce 21. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly vypracov\u00e1ny na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u00fdsledk\u016f glob\u00e1ln\u00edch klimatologick\u00fdch model\u016f GCM, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00edch sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e IPCC SRES (IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios), kter\u00e9 byly publikov\u00e1ny v roce 2000.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00fdsledky projekc\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdvoje zm\u011bny klimatu do konce 21. stolet\u00ed ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee nap\u0159.:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed teplota povrchu Zem\u011b vzroste b\u011bhem 21. stolet\u00ed o 1,4 a\u017e 5,8 <sup>o<\/sup>C, a\u010d je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed p\u011bti lety nazna\u010dovala projekce nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pouze o 1,0 a\u017e 3,5 <sup>o<\/sup>C,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">n\u00e1r\u016fst teploty bude b\u011bhem 21. stolet\u00ed velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nepom\u011brn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e byl jak\u00fdkoliv nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd trend v minul\u00e9m stolet\u00ed a jak ukazuj\u00ed paleoklimatologick\u00e1 data, nebude m\u00edt velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b obdoby ani v historii posledn\u00edch 10 tis\u00edc let; lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee teplota vzroste o 0,1 a\u017e 0,2 <sup>o<\/sup>C za 10 let,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">je velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee glob\u00e1ln\u00ed oteplen\u00ed se dotkne t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ech \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed planety, ale zejm\u00e9na severn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Severn\u00ed Ameriky, severn\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed Asie; naopak ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst teploty lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat v ji\u017en\u00ed a jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii v l\u00e9t\u011b a v ji\u017en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky v zim\u011b,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">glob\u00e1ln\u00ed koncentrace vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e a atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky b\u011bhem 21. stolet\u00ed vzrostou; je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee do poloviny 21. stolet\u00ed se v\u00fdznamn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed ve st\u0159edn\u00edch a vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159k\u00e1ch a v Antarktid\u011b v zimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed budou zm\u011bny ro\u010dn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f v jednotliv\u00fdch letech v t\u011bch oblastech, pro kter\u00e9 jsou projektov\u00e1ny vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee se zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed variabilita sr\u00e1\u017eek v dob\u011b letn\u00edch asijsk\u00fdch monzun\u016f,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">existuj\u00ed n\u00e1znaky m\u00edrn\u00e9ho zeslabov\u00e1n\u00ed intenzity Golfsk\u00e9ho proudu, nicm\u00e9n\u011b se nelze ob\u00e1vat, \u017ee by do konce 21. stolet\u00ed byl v\u00fdznamn\u011b omezen odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159enos tepla do vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159ek severn\u00ed polokoule,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">i nad\u00e1le je t\u0159eba po\u010d\u00edtat s dal\u0161\u00edm poklesem pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky a horizont\u00e1ln\u00edho rozsahu sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky i rozsahu \u00fazem\u00ed pokryt\u00e9ho ledovci,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka hladiny sv\u011btov\u00fdch oce\u00e1n\u016f vzroste do konce 21. stolet\u00ed o dal\u0161\u00edch 10-90 cm,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">nelze zat\u00edm odhadnout, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry se glob\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bna klimatu projev\u00ed na \u010detnostech v\u00fdskytu n\u011bkter\u00fdch extr\u00e9mn\u00edch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch jev\u016f, z nich\u017e zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt i v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 dopady na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed i spole\u010dnost; rovn\u011b\u017e nelze zat\u00edm o\u010dek\u00e1vat v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bny v amplitud\u011b ani intenzit\u011b v\u00fdskytu El Ni\u0148o v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 21. stolet\u00ed. Bohu\u017eel je t\u0159eba vz\u00edt na v\u011bdom\u00ed, \u017ee glob\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bna klimatu vyvolan\u00e1 lidskou \u010dinnost\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee pokra\u010dovat i v dal\u0161\u00edch stolet\u00edch jako jeden z d\u016fsledk\u016f dlouhodob\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161iny sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f (zejm\u00e9na CO<sub>2<\/sub>, N<sub>2<\/sub>O, PFC, SF6). I kdyby ke stabilizaci koncentrac\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e do\u0161lo, i pot\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b bude glob\u00e1ln\u00ed teplota planety Zem\u011b dlouho vzr\u016fstat.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e IPCC SRES, kter\u00e9 byly k vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed projekc\u00ed v\u00fdvoje glob\u00e1ln\u00edho klimatu pou\u017eity, zohled\u0148uj\u00ed v \u0159ad\u011b variant mo\u017en\u00fd demografick\u00fd, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed, ekonomick\u00fd a technologick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj Zem\u011b v \u010dasov\u00e9m horizontu konce 21. stolet\u00ed. Nezohled\u0148uj\u00ed v\u0161ak \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed dopl\u0148kov\u00e9 aktivity, a tedy neobsahuj\u00ed ani specifick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy OSN o zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu nebo emisn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Obsah dokumentu Summary for Policymakers je vzhledem k pou\u017eit\u00e9mu procesu projedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed t\u0159eba vn\u00edmat jako souhrn nezpochybniteln\u00fdch fakt o sou\u010dasn\u00e9m stavu pozn\u00e1n\u00ed dosavadn\u00edho pr\u016fb\u011bhu zm\u011bny klimatu i jej\u00edho p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9ho dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdvoje. Jeho \u00fapln\u00fd text, jako\u017e i popis sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f IPCC SRES lze nal\u00e9zt na adrese <a style=\"color: #003366;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\">http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch<\/a>. Vlastn\u00ed zpr\u00e1va, kter\u00e1 bude obsahovat p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1 000 stran textu v\u010detn\u011b mno\u017estv\u00ed tabulek a grafick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edloh a velmi obs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho seznamu zcela nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed literatury k jednotliv\u00fdm t\u00e9mat\u016fm, bude vyd\u00e1na tiskem ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b roku 2001.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Jan Pretel, MZ 2001\/2, ro\u010dn\u00edk 54, str. 59-60<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-20011d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"20011d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fa0f494\" data-id=\"fa0f494\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a1dfbc elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8a1dfbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e583d37 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e583d37\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c904fe5\" data-id=\"c904fe5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a354756 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a354756\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160EST\u00c1 KONFERENCE SMLUVN\u00cdCH STRAN R\u00c1MCOV\u00c9 \u00daMLUVY OSN O ZM\u011aN\u011a KLIMATU<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7b72ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a7b72ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-02087be\" data-id=\"02087be\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85b31d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"85b31d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve dnech 13.-25. 11. 2000 se konala v nizozemsk\u00e9m Haagu 6. konference smluvn\u00edch stran R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy OSN o zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu (COP-6). \u0160lo o akci, ke kter\u00e9 se ji\u017e d\u00e1vno p\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm up\u00edraly nad\u011bje sv\u011btov\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti na dosa\u017een\u00ed dohody o konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm napln\u011bn\u00ed dikce Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu z prosince 1997, tj. o skute\u010dn\u00e9m a \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9m sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f do atmosf\u00e9ry a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9m zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed rizika ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00edho klimatick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu Zem\u011b. Jedin\u011b dosa\u017een\u00ed dohody kompetentn\u00edch p\u0159edstavitel\u016f vl\u00e1d 182 st\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou smluvn\u00edmi stranami R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy OSN o zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu, mohlo vytvo\u0159it p\u0159edpoklady k zah\u00e1jen\u00ed ratifika\u010dn\u00edho procesu Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu. Ten toti\u017e m\u016f\u017ee vstoupit v platnost a\u017e pot\u00e9, kdy bude ratifikov\u00e1n alespo\u0148 55 st\u00e1ty, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e tyto st\u00e1ty mus\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u011b pokr\u00fdt minim\u00e1ln\u011b 55 % celkov\u00fdch agregovan\u00fdch emis\u00ed CO2 st\u00e1t\u016f tzv. Dodatku I (ekonomicky vysp\u011bl\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, kter\u00fdm Protokol vymezuje reduk\u010dn\u00ed c\u00edl) dle stavu v roce 1990. Pokud by jedn\u00e1n\u00ed skon\u010dila \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b, existovala by je\u0161t\u011b teoretick\u00e1 mo\u017enost, aby Protokol vstoupil v platnost u p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti p\u0159ipravovan\u00e9ho Summitu Rio + 10 v roce 2002, tedy deset let pot\u00e9, co byla v roce 1992 v Riu de Janeiro p\u0159ijata R\u00e1mcov\u00e1 \u00famluva.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na \u00favod konference, kter\u00e1 byla zah\u00e1jena za p\u0159\u00edtomnosti nizozemsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovny Beatrix, zazn\u011bly v projevech nov\u011b zvolen\u00e9ho prezidenta COP-6, nizozemsk\u00e9ho ministra bydlen\u00ed, \u00fazemn\u00edho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed J. Pronka, francouzsk\u00e9ho prezidenta J. Chiraca a gener\u00e1ln\u00edho sekret\u00e1\u0159e OSN K. Annana a dal\u0161\u00edch, v\u00fdzvy k deleg\u00e1t\u016fm, vl\u00e1d\u00e1m a ministr\u016fm odpov\u011bdn\u00fdm za \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, aby sv\u00fdm aktivn\u00edm osobn\u00edm vlivem p\u0159isp\u011bli k dosa\u017een\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 shody. P\u0159edseda Mezivl\u00e1dn\u00edho panelu klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny IPCC R. Watson sezn\u00e1mil deleg\u00e1ty i s posledn\u00edmi v\u011bdeck\u00fdmi v\u00fdsledky panelu, kter\u00e9 z\u0159eteln\u011b nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee st\u00e1le rostouc\u00ed emise sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f do atmosf\u00e9ry neust\u00e1le riziko nevratn\u00fdch zm\u011bn glob\u00e1ln\u00edho klimatu zvy\u0161uj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jedn\u00e1n\u00ed se za \u010cR z\u00fa\u010dastnila delegace, veden\u00e1 ministrem \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed M. Ku\u017evartem. Jej\u00edmi dal\u0161\u00edmi \u010dleny byli st\u0159\u00eddav\u011b vedouc\u00ed pracovn\u00edci M\u017dP, MPO, MZV a Velvyslanectv\u00ed \u010cR v Nizozem\u00ed a po celou dobu COP-6 jako odborn\u00fd expert autor t\u00e9to informace, kter\u00fd rovn\u011b\u017e p\u0159ednesl dv\u011b p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ky v r\u00e1mci odborn\u00e9ho doprovodn\u00e9ho programu konference.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V pr\u016fb\u011bhu prvn\u00edho t\u00fddne jedn\u00e1n\u00ed iniciovaly st\u00e1ty Visegr\u00e1dsk\u00e9 skupiny a Slovinsko zalo\u017een\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 sku\u00acpiny CG11 (Central Group 11). \u010cleny t\u00e9to skupiny se staly ty st\u00e1ty Dodatku I R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy z v\u00fdchodoevropsk\u00e9 region\u00e1ln\u00ed skupiny OSN, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed dle P\u0159\u00edlohy B Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu nenulov\u00e9 reduk\u010dn\u00ed c\u00edle (prakticky jde o asociovan\u00e9 st\u00e1ty k EU a Chorvatsko). O spolupr\u00e1ci v r\u00e1mci v CG11 jako pozorovatel\u00e9 projevily z\u00e1jem i Malta a Kypr, kter\u00e9 nespl\u0148uj\u00ed podm\u00ednku pln\u00e9ho \u010dlenstv\u00ed, tj. nemaj\u00ed nenulov\u00e9 reduk\u010dn\u00ed c\u00edle. Snahou bylo, aby tato z\u00e1jmov\u00e1 skupina postupovala v\u016f\u010di ostatn\u00edm podobn\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m i v\u016f\u010di Evropsk\u00e9 unii pokud mo\u017eno jednotn\u011b, aby se separovala od st\u00e1t\u016f jako Rusk\u00e1 federace a Ukrajina, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed v procesu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed dlouhodob\u011b zcela odli\u0161n\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy a aby se vliv t\u011bchto st\u00e1t\u016f na cel\u00fd proces zv\u00fd\u0161il.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">B\u011bhem prvn\u00edho t\u00fddne prob\u00edhala jedn\u00e1n\u00ed na expertn\u00ed \u00farovni, nicm\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f, kter\u00e9 by bylo mo\u017eno ozna\u010dit za uspokojiv\u00e9 podklady pro jedn\u00e1n\u00ed na nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni pro druh\u00fd t\u00fdden, dosa\u017eeno nebylo. Proto prezident COP-6 J. Pronk ihned na po\u010d\u00e1tku druh\u00e9ho t\u00fddne jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9ho se z\u00fa\u010dastnilo v\u00edce ne\u017e 70 hlav st\u00e1t\u016f, premi\u00e9r\u016f a ministr\u016f, p\u0159ikro\u010dil k sumarizaci dosa\u017een\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f a jednozna\u010dn\u011b pojmenoval probl\u00e9my, na kter\u00e9 se by m\u011bli vrcholn\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 prioritn\u011b zam\u011b\u0159it.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jednotliv\u00e1 t\u00e9mata byla za\u0159azena do \u010dty\u0159 blok\u016f:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">A. Technick\u00e1, person\u00e1ln\u00ed a institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed pomoc rozvojov\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm a st\u00e1t\u016fm s tranzitn\u00edmi ekonomikami, transfer technologi\u00ed, minimalizace negativn\u00edch dopad\u016f zm\u011bny klimatu, finan\u010dn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky v\u010detn\u011b financov\u00e1n\u00ed z prost\u0159edk\u016f GEF.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">B. Mechanismy Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu podle \u010dl\u00e1nku 6, 12 a 17 (spole\u010dn\u00e9 projekty JI a CDM, emisn\u00ed obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">C. Vliv les\u016f a zm\u011bn ve vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny v\u010detn\u011b zp\u016fsobu jejich zahrnut\u00ed do pln\u011bn\u00ed reduk\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1vazk\u016f dle Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">D. Opat\u0159en\u00ed na sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni, inventarizace emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f, p\u0159\u00edprava n\u00e1rodn\u00edch emisn\u00edch registr\u016f a zp\u016fsob a verifikace vykazovan\u00fdch emisn\u00edch dat, syst\u00e9m kontroly pln\u011bn\u00ed Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu v\u010detn\u011b zaveden\u00ed sank\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jeho nepln\u011bn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jedn\u00e1n\u00ed a konzultace k uveden\u00fdm tematick\u00fdm blok\u016fm prob\u00edhaly v\u011bt\u0161inou paraleln\u011b a v posledn\u00edch \u010dty\u0159ech dnech t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b a\u017e do \u010dasn\u00fdch rann\u00edch hodin, a to za \u00fa\u010dasti p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161iny ministr\u016f. Kone\u010dn\u00fd stav jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, jeho\u017e bylo dosa\u017eeno v odpoledn\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch v sobotu 25. 11. (konference byla prodlou\u017eena o jeden den), lze shrnout n\u00e1sledovn\u011b:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">A. V technick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se pomoci rozvojov\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm a tranzitn\u00edm ekonomik\u00e1m do\u0161lo v principu ke shod\u011b a pro jednotliv\u00e9 skupiny st\u00e1t\u016f byly stanoveny priority dal\u0161\u00edch aktivit. Ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed negativn\u00edch dopad\u016f klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny zejm\u00e9na na m\u00e9n\u011b ekonomicky vysp\u011bl\u00e9 st\u00e1ty je t\u0159eba vyu\u017e\u00edvat speci\u00e1ln\u00edch fond\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00fdch v r\u00e1mci GEF. Nedo\u0161lo v\u0161ak k dohod\u011b o zp\u016fsobech financov\u00e1n\u00ed a o \u00faloze GEF.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">B. Nepoda\u0159ilo se doj\u00edt ke shod\u011b o \u201edodate\u010dnosti\u201c, tj. o pod\u00edlu zahrnut\u00ed mechanism\u016f do pln\u011bn\u00ed reduk\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu a o pod\u00edlu povinnosti splnit alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00fdch z\u00e1vazk\u016f implementac\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edch reduk\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed. N\u00e1zor EU za podpory CG11 byl diametr\u00e1ln\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fd od n\u00e1zoru skupiny \u201eumbrella group\u201c (USA, Kanada, Japonsko, Rusko aj.). Zat\u00edmco EU po\u017eaduje zahrnut\u00ed mechanism\u016f nejv\u00fd\u0161e z 50 %, druh\u00e1 skupina po\u017eaduje uplatn\u011bn\u00ed mechanism\u016f bez jak\u00e9hokoliv omezen\u00ed. To by v\u0161ak zcela jednozna\u010dn\u011b naru\u0161ilo environment\u00e1ln\u00ed integritu Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu a nep\u0159isp\u011blo by k \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed celkov\u00e9 emisn\u00ed redukci.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Velmi \u00fazce s t\u00edm souvis\u00ed i m\u00edra zahrnut\u00ed propad\u016f emis\u00ed v lesn\u00edch porostech (viz t\u00e9\u017e blok C) a tzv. \u201ezam\u011bnitelnost emisn\u00edch reduk\u010dn\u00edch jednotek\u201c, tj. jak bude mo\u017eno v budoucnu m\u011bnit jednotkov\u00e1 emisn\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed dosa\u017een\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby a za evidentn\u011b r\u016fznou cenu (nap\u0159. z dom\u00e1c\u00edch \u00faspor, projekt\u016f JI, emisn\u00edho obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di projekt\u016f CDM). Je toti\u017e evidentn\u00ed, \u017ee cena stejn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed emisn\u00ed \u00faspory dosa\u017een\u00e1 nap\u0159. dom\u00e1c\u00edmi \u00fasporami \u010di projekty JI by byla i v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e cena stejn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed dosa\u017een\u00e1 projekty CDM, apod.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">C. Problematika vlivu les\u016f a zm\u011bn ve vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny a jeho pod\u00edl na zahrnut\u00ed do kv\u00f3t pln\u011bn\u00ed reduk\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f Protokolu je ji\u017e dlouhodob\u011b druh\u00fdm nejslo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm momentem jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. Doposud toti\u017e neexistuje takov\u00e1 metodika hodnocen\u00ed absorpce oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho v lesn\u00edch porostech, na kter\u00e9 by se st\u00e1ty mohly zcela shodnout. Nejednotn\u00e9 metodiky zat\u00edm umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed zna\u010dnou \u201enumerickou flexibilitu\u201c v hodnocen\u00ed, co\u017e v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fdhod\u0148uje st\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed dostatek lesn\u00edch ploch. Proto neomezen\u00e9 nebo jen \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b omezen\u00e9 zahrnut\u00ed propad\u016f do pln\u011bn\u00ed reduk\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f prosazuj\u00ed st\u00e1ty skupiny \u201eumbrella group\u201c, zat\u00edmco EU a CG11 jsou jednozna\u010dn\u011b proti. P\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00e9 zahrnut\u00ed absorpce oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho s p\u0159ihl\u00e9dnut\u00edm k sou\u010dasn\u00e9mu stavu v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed by rovn\u011b\u017e v\u00fdznamn\u011b poru\u0161ilo environment\u00e1ln\u00ed integritu Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">D. Pokud jde o p\u0159\u00edpravu nov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f, zp\u016fsobu jejich vykazov\u00e1n\u00ed a syst\u00e9mu kontroly vykazovan\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f, zb\u00fdvaj\u00ed k dojedn\u00e1n\u00ed ji\u017e pouze n\u011bkter\u00e9, nepochybn\u011b \u0159e\u0161iteln\u00e9, technick\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky. Zb\u00fdv\u00e1 pouze do\u0159e\u0161it metodiku hodnocen\u00ed propad\u016f emis\u00ed oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho v les\u00edch (viz blok C), co\u017e je \u00fakol le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed nyn\u00ed p\u0159ed IPCC.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nedo\u0161lo v\u0161ak zat\u00edm ke shod\u011b, jak by m\u011bl vypadat syst\u00e9m kontroly pln\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ech povinnost\u00ed vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch z Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu a hlavn\u011b sankc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bly nastoupit v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e1 smluvn\u00ed strana z r\u016fzn\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f jej nebude plnit. Bohu\u017eel, \u00fapln\u00e9 dohody o t\u011bchto ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch asi nebude dosa\u017eeno d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e bude dosa\u017eena shoda o t\u00e9matech blok\u016f B a C. P\u0159edstavou CG11 a EU je, \u017ee by sank\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m m\u011bl b\u00fdt dostate\u010dn\u011b siln\u00fd a tvrd\u00fd, snahou skupiny \u201eumbrella group\u201c je sp\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159iklonit se k syst\u00e9mu m\u011bk\u010d\u00edmu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pokud jde o efektivitu dom\u00e1c\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed na sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed, jde nyn\u00ed ji\u017e sp\u00ed\u0161e o poz\u016fstatek z minul\u00fdch jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. D\u0159\u00edve se toti\u017e uva\u017eovalo, \u017ee v Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9m protokolu budou uvedena obligatorn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed na sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f, kter\u00e1 budou st\u00e1ty povinny plnit.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee jedn\u00e1n\u00ed k o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 a po\u017eadovan\u00e9 shod\u011b zejm\u00e9na o zcela z\u00e1sadn\u00edch t\u00e9matech v bloc\u00edch B a C nedosp\u011bla, vyslovil prezident COP-6 Jan Pronk na z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9m plen\u00e1rn\u00edm zased\u00e1n\u00ed politov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1n\u00ed dostala do slep\u00e9 uli\u010dky a skon\u010dila bez v\u00fdsledku. Navrhl proto, aby jedn\u00e1n\u00ed COP-6 byla p\u0159eru\u0161ena a pokra\u010dovala op\u011bt ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b kv\u011btna 2001 v Bonnu. P\u0159ed t\u00edm v\u0161ak prob\u011bhne cel\u00e1 \u0159ada neform\u00e1ln\u00edch jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, konzultac\u00ed a semin\u00e1\u0159\u016f, jejich\u017e program v tuto chv\u00edli je\u0161t\u011b nen\u00ed pevn\u011b stanoven (v dob\u011b korigov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku, je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee na \u017e\u00e1dost delegace USA dojde k posunu na 2. polovinu \u010dervence).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pozice, do kter\u00e9 se jedn\u00e1n\u00ed COP-6 nyn\u00ed dostala, zcela nepochybn\u011b odd\u00e1l\u00ed term\u00edn p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 ratifikace Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu. V\u00fdvoj dal\u0161\u00edch mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch jedn\u00e1n\u00ed lze nyn\u00ed jen velice obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b p\u0159edv\u00eddat. Pozice EU a skupiny \u201eumbrella group\u201c jsou, bohu\u017eel, zat\u00edm tak diametr\u00e1ln\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9, \u017ee bude ur\u010dit\u011b zapot\u0159eb\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00fdch diplomatick\u00fdch \u00fastupk\u016f z obou stran. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v prosinci 2000 dva pokusy o nav\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed op\u011btovn\u00fdch kontakt\u016f mezi dv\u011bma hlavn\u00edmi protagonisty procesu (\u201eumbrella group\u201c a EU) v Ottav\u011b a v Oslu zkolabovaly.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pr\u016fb\u011bh jedn\u00e1n\u00ed COP-6 vyprofiloval EU jako region\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 uskupen\u00ed s v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm \u201eenvironment\u00e1ln\u00edm c\u00edt\u011bn\u00edm\u201c, zat\u00edmco druhou stranu jako uskupen\u00ed s c\u00edt\u011bn\u00edm zcela opa\u010dn\u00fdm. Je pravdou, \u017ee p\u0159ijet\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu EU by znamenalo alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e9 zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho celosv\u011btov\u00e9ho nar\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00edho emisn\u00edho trendu. Lze v\u0161ak, ale i spekulovat, \u017ee EU je s v\u00fdsledkem COP-6 zat\u00edm \u201espokojena\u201c. Ani ona nen\u00ed toti\u017e v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b schopna sv\u00fdm z\u00e1vazk\u016fm dle Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu dost\u00e1t. Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 (dle emisn\u00edch bilanc\u00ed z r. 1998) sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v EU jako celku oproti roku 1990 \u010din\u00ed prozat\u00edm 1 a\u017e 2 %, a\u010dkoliv jej\u00ed reduk\u010dn\u00ed c\u00edl podle Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu \u010din\u00ed 8 % a je\u0161t\u011b v Kj\u00f3tu p\u0159ed t\u0159emi lety se EU velice hlasit\u011b zasazovala o sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed o 15 %. V \u0159ad\u011b st\u00e1t\u016f EU ale emise v tomto obdob\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b vzrostly (nap\u0159. Finsko 30 %, Rakousko a D\u00e1nsko 10 %, Holandsko 8 % atd.). Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee emise vzrostly i v USA (21 %), Kanad\u011b (17 %) \u010di Japonsku (9 %). Uveden\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla tak ve velmi zjednodu\u0161en\u00e9 form\u011b nazna\u010duj\u00ed, pro\u010d je dosa\u017een\u00ed konsenzu v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch jedn\u00e1n\u00edch tak obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Lze p\u0159ipustit, \u017ee pro sou\u010dasnou politiku \u010cR v oblasti zm\u011bny klimatu tato situace a\u017e tak p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho neznamen\u00e1. I nad\u00e1le je t\u0159eba postupovat v duchu st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed strategie ochrany klimatu v \u010cR (vl\u00e1dn\u00ed usnesen\u00ed \u010d. 480\/99) a jej\u00ed p\u0159edpokl\u00e1danou aktualizaci odlo\u017eit alespo\u0148 do doby ukon\u010den\u00ed COP-6. Rovn\u011b\u017e je nezbytn\u00e9 pokra\u010dovat v implementaci dosavadn\u00edch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch program\u016f, s nimi\u017e souvis\u00ed stabilizace emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v \u010cR na \u00farovni dosa\u017een\u00e9 v letech 1993 a 1994, tj. redukce emis\u00ed o v\u00edce ne\u017e 20 % oproti stavu v roce 1990.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Jan Pretel, MZ 2001\/1, ro\u010dn\u00edk 54, str. 26-27<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f2e9deb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f2e9deb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-003c262\" data-id=\"003c262\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65f98f6 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"65f98f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-648d69f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"648d69f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0cb7735\" data-id=\"0cb7735\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-864dd24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"864dd24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">STRATEGIE OCHRANY KLIMATICK\u00c9HO SYST\u00c9MU ZEM\u011a V \u010cESK\u00c9 REPUBLICE PO T\u0158ET\u00cd KONFERENCI V KJ\u00d3TU<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-247629d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"247629d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bb13faf\" data-id=\"bb13faf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5c99ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e5c99ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>\u00daVOD<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm zdrojem energie pro atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 d\u011bje je slune\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. \u010c\u00e1st dlouhovlnn\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, vyza\u0159ovan\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mem Zem\u011b &#8211; atmosf\u00e9ra zp\u011bt do atmosf\u00e9ry, je pohlcov\u00e1na tzv. sklen\u00edkov\u00fdmi plyny p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu (vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ra, oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd CO<sub>2<\/sub>, ozon O<sub>3<\/sub>, metan CH<sub>4<\/sub> a oxid dusn\u00fd N<sub>2<\/sub>O). Celkov\u011b je pohlcov\u00e1no p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 85 % dlouhovlnn\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. P\u0159irozen\u00fd sklen\u00edkov\u00fd efekt udr\u017euje teplotu planety na hodnot\u011b p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o 33 \u00b0C vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e by j\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161elo podle Stefan-Boltzmanova z\u00e1kona. Kdyby nebylo zemsk\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9ry a sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, potom by se pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 teplota nejspodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vrstev troposf\u00e9ry, p\u0159ilehl\u00fdch k zemsk\u00e9mu povrchu, pohybovala kolem &#8211; 18 \u00b0C. A pr\u00e1v\u011b tento efekt zabezpe\u010duje pro sou\u010dasn\u00fd \u017eivot planety p\u0159\u00edznivou pr\u016fm\u011brnou teplotu kolem 15 \u00b0C.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">N\u00e1r\u016fst koncentrac\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f (CO2, CH4, N2O, PFCs, HFCs, SF6) v d\u016fsledku intenzivn\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti v posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika desetilet\u00edch vede ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed vyza\u0159ovan\u00e9ho dlouhovlnn\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9mu oh\u0159evu spodn\u00edch vrstev atmosf\u00e9ry. To je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip vzniku sklen\u00edkov\u00e9ho efektu antropogenn\u00edho p\u016fvodu, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st ke glob\u00e1ln\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m klimatu se v\u0161emi n\u00e1sledn\u00fdmi dopady na celou \u0159adu sektor\u016f lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti (vodn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, lesnictv\u00ed aj.). S antropogenn\u00edmi vlivy je rovn\u011b\u017e spjat n\u00e1r\u016fst mno\u017estv\u00ed atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho aerosolu v troposf\u00e9\u0159e, jeho\u017e hlavn\u00edmi zdroji jsou oxida\u010dn\u00ed procesy SO<sub>2<\/sub>. P\u0159\u00edtomnost aerosolu v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e je zdrojem odrazu, rozptylu a absorpce p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a p\u016fsob\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e jako zdroj kondenza\u010dn\u00edch jader, d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch pro vznik a v\u00fdvoj obla\u010dnosti, kter\u00e1 naopak p\u0159\u00edtok slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed k zemsk\u00e9mu povrchu sni\u017euje. Proto zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst koncentrac\u00ed atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdch aerosol\u016f v\u00fdsledn\u00fd glob\u00e1ln\u00ed oh\u0159ev sni\u017euje.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>R\u00c1MCOV\u00c1 \u00daMLUVA OSN O ZM\u011aN\u011a KLIMATU<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ochrana st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho klimatu planety je jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f, kter\u00fd v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b p\u0159ed lidskou populac\u00ed stoj\u00ed. V roce 1988 Sv\u011btov\u00e1 meteorologick\u00e1 organizace ve spolupr\u00e1ci s Programem \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed OSN (EUNP) zalo\u017eila Mezivl\u00e1dn\u00ed panel pro klimatickou zm\u011bnu (IPCC), kter\u00fd dostupn\u00e9 odborn\u00e9 podklady postupn\u011b analyzoval a odhadl i m\u00edru re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho rizika. V\u00fdsledkem \u010dinnosti IPCC byly formulace skute\u010dn\u011b seri\u00f3zn\u00edch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch podklad\u016f, pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch pro dal\u0161\u00ed rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u00fdsledky sou\u010dasn\u00fdch v\u00fdzkum\u016f [1, 2] mj. ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 koncentrace sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f a aerosol\u016f antropogenn\u00edho p\u016fvodu st\u00e1le nar\u016fstaj\u00ed,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">klima planety se postupn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed a zm\u011bny nelze vylou\u010dit ani v budoucnosti,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">bez p\u0159ijet\u00ed zcela specifick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na postupn\u00e9 sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f nelze vylou\u010dit ke konci p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edho stolet\u00ed n\u00e1r\u016fst teploty p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o 2 \u00b0C,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">hladiny sv\u011btov\u00fdch oce\u00e1n\u016f by mohly vzr\u016fst v tomt\u00e9\u017e \u010dasov\u00e9m horizontu asi o 50 cm,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">dopady mo\u017en\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v rozvojov\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, kde jsou nav\u00edc i ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed adapta\u010dn\u00ed mo\u017enosti.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tato rizika byla hlavn\u00edm d\u016fvodem, pro\u010d v roce 1990 rozhodlo Valn\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed OSN o nutnosti p\u0159\u00edpravy R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy OSN o zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu, kter\u00e1 byla p\u0159ijata v roce 1992 na Konferenci OSN o \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed a rozvoji v Rio de Janeiru a ke kter\u00e9 \u010cesk\u00e1 republika p\u0159istoupila v roce 1993. R\u00e1mcov\u00e1 \u00famluva je zalo\u017eena na \u010dty\u0159ech z\u00e1kladn\u00edch principech:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">principu mezigenera\u010dn\u00ed spravedlnosti, tj. nutnosti chr\u00e1nit klimatick\u00fd syst\u00e9m pro blaho nejen sou\u010dasn\u00e9, ale i p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch generac\u00ed,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">principu spole\u010dn\u00e9, ale diferenciovan\u00e9 odpov\u011bdnosti, tj. nutnosti, aby prioritn\u011b za\u010daly redukovat emise ty st\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav zap\u0159\u00ed\u010dinily,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">principu pot\u0159eby chr\u00e1nit zejm\u00e9na ty \u010d\u00e1sti planety, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u00edce n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 k negativn\u00edm dopad\u016fm na zm\u011bnu klimatick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">principu tzv. p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 opatrnosti, tj. nutnosti neodkl\u00e1dat \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu, a to ani vtom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee doposud nelze n\u011bkter\u00e9 d\u016fsledky zm\u011bny klimatu v\u011bdecky zcela podlo\u017eit.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00damluva ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 smluvn\u00edm st\u00e1t\u016fm formulovat, realizovat, publikovat a pravideln\u011b dopl\u0148ovat n\u00e1rodn\u00ed programy, obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed ke zm\u00edr\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fsledk\u016f zm\u011bny klimatu. Jde o opat\u0159en\u00ed na omezov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b jejich propad\u016f (absorpce plyn\u016f v d\u016fsledku zm\u011bn ve vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny) a adapta\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed schopnost p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed sektor\u016f lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, kter\u00fdch se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e1 zm\u011bna klimatu dotkne nejv\u00edce (lesnictv\u00ed, zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a vodn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed). Ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 rovn\u011b\u017e st\u00e1t\u016fm tzv. Dodatku I (tj. hospod\u00e1\u0159sky vysp\u011bl\u00e9 st\u00e1ty a st\u00e1ty, jejich\u017e ekonomiky jsou na p\u0159echodu k tr\u017en\u00edmu hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed), aby jako prvn\u00ed p\u0159ijaly odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed sv\u00fdch emis\u00ed. M\u00edru redukce, ani zp\u016fsoby jej\u00edho dosa\u017een\u00ed v\u0161ak \u00damluva nespecifikuje. Prvn\u00ed konference smluvn\u00edch stran v Berl\u00edn\u011b v roce 1995 rozhodla, \u017ee je t\u0159eba do konce roku 1997 p\u0159ipravit Protokol k \u00damluv\u011b, kter\u00fd by byl z\u00e1rove\u0148 i dokumentem pr\u00e1vn\u00edho charakteru.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>T\u0158ET\u00cd KONFERENCE SMLUVN\u00cdCH STRAN A JEJ\u00cd V\u00ddSLEDKY<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V prosinci 1997 byl na T\u0159et\u00ed konferenci p\u0159ijat k \u00famluv\u011b Protokol [3], kter\u00fd ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 st\u00e1t\u016fm tzv. Dodatku I, aby jednotliv\u011b nebo spole\u010dn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eily emise sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f nejm\u00e9n\u011b o 5 % do prvn\u00edho kontroln\u00edho obdob\u00ed let 2008-2012 v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed se stavem v roce 1990. Doporu\u010den\u00fd rozpis kvantitativn\u00edch reduk\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f pro jednotliv\u00e9 st\u00e1ty je uveden v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159ehledu: Z n\u011bho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee by \u010cesk\u00e1 republika m\u011bla do konce prvn\u00edho kontroln\u00edho obdob\u00ed (2008-2012) sn\u00ed\u017eit celkov\u00e9 emise o 8 % v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s \u00farovn\u00ed v roce 1990. Redukce se t\u00fdk\u00e1 emis\u00ed oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho, metanu, oxidu dusn\u00e9ho, hydrogenovan\u00fdch fluorovod\u00edk\u016f (HFCs), polyfluorovod\u00edk\u016f (PFCs) a fluoridu s\u00edrov\u00e9ho (SF6), vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00fdch ve form\u011b tzv. agregovan\u00fdch bilanc\u00ed emis\u00ed CO<sub>2<\/sub>, tj. hodnoty emis\u00ed, kter\u00e1 pomoc\u00ed faktor\u016f glob\u00e1ln\u00edch radia\u010dn\u00edch \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed plyn\u016f hodnot\u00ed jejich rozd\u00edln\u00fd vliv na celkovou zm\u011bnu klimatick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu Zem\u011b. Do v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 bilan\u010dn\u00ed hodnoty budou zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1ny i velikosti propad\u016f emis\u00ed v d\u016fsledku zm\u011bn ve vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ke spln\u011bn\u00ed reduk\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed prioritn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvat p\u0159\u00edstupy a opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed z re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho reduk\u010dn\u00edho potenci\u00e1lu. Protokol rovn\u011b\u017e p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed, aby byla jako nadstavba vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na t\u00e9\u017e opat\u0159en\u00ed ve form\u011b realizace spole\u010dn\u00fdch mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch projekt\u016f na sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed. Jejich principem je mo\u017enost, aby reduk\u010dn\u00ed aktivity byly sm\u011brov\u00e1ny do t\u011bch st\u00e1t\u016f, v nich\u017e jsou souvisej\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1klady na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed za podm\u00ednky, \u017ee spole\u010dn\u00fd projekt bude schv\u00e1len p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi partnersk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty (pravidla pro verifikaci a kontrolu p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch projekt\u016f budou vypracov\u00e1na dodate\u010dn\u011b). Existuje i mo\u017enost obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s emisemi mezi st\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 Protokol p\u0159ijmou.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pokud smluvn\u00ed st\u00e1t sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed do prvn\u00edho kontroln\u00edho obdob\u00ed v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 emise o v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed, ne\u017e je mu Protokolem ulo\u017eeno, m\u016f\u017ee vyu\u017e\u00edt zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 redukce k pln\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159edepsan\u00e9ho c\u00edle v n\u00e1sledn\u00e9m kontroln\u00edm obdob\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edp. je bude moci v r\u00e1mci pravidel o obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s emisemi prodat. Pravidla takov\u00fdch obchod\u016f budou p\u0159ipravena dodate\u010dn\u011b a m\u011bla by zejm\u00e9na zaji\u0161\u0165ovat transparentnost a v\u011brohodnost prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch transakc\u00ed. Protokol deklaruje z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mechanismy, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba ke spln\u011bn\u00ed reduk\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f ve sv\u00fdch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch strategi\u00edch aplikovat. Ty spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed zejm\u00e9na v aplikaci \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch na zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed energetick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti, podporu program\u016f vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f energie, odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed tr\u017en\u00edch, da\u0148ov\u00fdch a celn\u00edch bari\u00e9r, odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch dotac\u00ed zdroj\u016f energie vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch fosiln\u00ed paliva, podpora inova\u010dn\u00edch proces\u016f v sektoru dopravy, podpora program\u016f na modernizaci odpadov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, ochranu p\u016fdn\u00edch a lesn\u00edch fond\u016f aj.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159ijet\u00ed Protokolu ve st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm zn\u011bn\u00ed lze p\u0159es \u0159adu v\u00fdhrad pova\u017eovat za maximum, kter\u00e9ho bylo mo\u017eno v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b dos\u00e1hnout. Jeho v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 podoba je ve slo\u017eit\u00e9m spektru r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1zor\u016f a zejm\u00e9na politick\u00fdch a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch tlak\u016f mezi rozvinut\u00fdmi a rozvojov\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty velice kompromisn\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm. Z hlediska velikosti rizika zm\u011bny glob\u00e1ln\u00edho klimatick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdvoje emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v celosv\u011btov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku nejsou v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hodnoty redukc\u00ed ani zdaleka dostate\u010dn\u00e9. Na konferenci se bohu\u017eel nepoda\u0159ilo prosadit, aby sv\u016fj d\u00edl odpov\u011bdnosti za n\u00e1sledn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj Zem\u011b p\u0159ijaly rovn\u011b\u017e st\u00e1ty rozvojov\u00e9, kter\u00e9 striktn\u011b odm\u00edtly i po\u017eadavek na p\u0159ijet\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u00edrn\u00fdch z\u00e1vazk\u016f v budoucnu na b\u00e1zi dobrovolnosti. Tento v\u00fdsledek je o to nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee k prvn\u00ed kontrole pln\u011bn\u00ed Protokolu m\u016f\u017ee prakticky doj\u00edt a\u017e v roce 2015, tj. za 17 let. Zat\u00edmco nyn\u00ed emituj\u00ed vysp\u011bl\u00e9 st\u00e1ty p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b t\u0159i \u010dtvrtiny v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00fdch sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f, ve druh\u00e9 dek\u00e1d\u011b p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edho tis\u00edcilet\u00ed bude pom\u011br z\u00e1sadn\u011b jin\u00fd. P\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00e9m trendu ekonomick\u00e9ho a popula\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdvoje a existuj\u00edc\u00ed skladb\u011b surovinov\u00fdch z\u00e1sob budou emise sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v zem\u00edch, jako je \u010c\u00edna, Indie, v\u011bt\u0161ina st\u00e1t\u016f jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie, Braz\u00edlie, Argentina, Mexiko aj. ji\u017e p\u0159eva\u017eovat nad \u00fahrnem emis\u00ed v pr\u016fmyslov\u011b vysp\u011bl\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. Za posledn\u00edch 10 let vzrostly celkov\u00e9 emise v t\u011bchto st\u00e1tech o v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 %, zat\u00edmco v pr\u016fmyslov\u011b rozvinut\u00fdch st\u00e1tech v pr\u016fm\u011bru pouze o n\u011bkolik jednotek procent. Je\u0161t\u011b drasti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edly lze zjistit p\u0159i sledov\u00e1n\u00ed trend\u016f nap\u0159. za posledn\u00edch 20 let.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>SOU\u010cASN\u00c1 EMISN\u00cd SITUACE V \u010cR A PERSPEKTIVY JEJ\u00cdHO DAL\u0160\u00cdHO V\u00ddVOJE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Emise sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v \u010cR poklesly v obdob\u00ed 1990-1994 o24 %, v roce 1995 se stabilizovaly a v roce 1996 ji\u017e vykazuj\u00ed meziro\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1r\u016fst 2,4 % [4]. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed o 22 % k roku 1996 je krom\u011b poklesu ekonomick\u00e9 aktivity i \u0159ada investic do modern\u00edch technologi\u00ed s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed energetickou \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V roce 1996 byly na z\u00e1klad\u011b tehdej\u0161\u00edch ekonomick\u00fdch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f (nap\u0159. meziro\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1r\u016fst HDP o4-5 %) vypracov\u00e1ny dva sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e v\u00fdvoje emis\u00ed, z nich\u017e z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 (bez p\u0159ijet\u00ed specifick\u00fdch reduk\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed) vedl k postupn\u00e9mu n\u00e1r\u016fstu emis\u00ed do roku 2010 na \u00farove\u0148 hodnoty v referen\u010dn\u00edm roce 1990 a optimistick\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 (\u00fapln\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho dostupn\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu opat\u0159en\u00ed) ve stejn\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m horizontu redukoval emise o necel\u00fdch 20 %. Tyto sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e byly podkladem pro jedn\u00e1n\u00ed delegace \u010cR na T\u0159et\u00ed konferenci v Kj\u00f3tu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V z\u00e1v\u011bru roku 1997 byly uveden\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e upraveny s ohledem na st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed ekonomick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 \u201evysok\u00e9ho r\u016fstu\u201c (sou\u010dasn\u00e1 ekonomick\u00e1 stagnace p\u0159ejde v nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch letech ve st\u0159edn\u00ed ekonomick\u00fd r\u016fst, kter\u00fd bude postupn\u011b zesilovat), vede k v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 redukci o10 % a<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 \u201en\u00edzk\u00e9ho r\u016fstu\u201c (\u00fatlum ekonomiky bude je\u0161t\u011b pokra\u010dovat a posl\u00e9ze p\u0159ejde ve st\u0159edn\u00ed ekonomick\u00fd r\u016fst) vede k redukci o v\u00edce ne\u017e 15 %, v obou p\u0159\u00edpadech k roku 2010 v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s \u00farovn\u00ed roku 1990.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Korigovan\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e odsouvaj\u00ed r\u016fstovou \u010d\u00e1st emisn\u00ed k\u0159ivky o n\u011bkolik let. Jde o d\u016fsledek zpomalen\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho ekonomick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje, nebo\u0165 projekce emis\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na rychlosti technick\u00fdch a ekonomick\u00fdch zm\u011bn na stran\u011b spot\u0159eby energie, na objemu investi\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f v\u011bnovan\u00fdch na obm\u011bnu technologi\u00ed a na celkov\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji HDP. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed i korigovan\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e v\u00fdvoje emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee by \u010cR nem\u011bla m\u00edt se spln\u011bn\u00edm reduk\u010dn\u00edho c\u00edle Protokolu v prvn\u00edm kontroln\u00edm obdob\u00ed probl\u00e9my. Je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee zna\u010dn\u00fd pod\u00edl dosa\u017een\u00e9 redukce p\u0159ipad\u00e1 na celkov\u00fd pokles ekonomiky v obdob\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1tku transforma\u010dn\u00edho procesu v letech 1990-1993 a restrukturalizaci n\u00e1rodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Trend n\u00e1r\u016fstu emis\u00ed v posledn\u00edm roce nen\u00ed sice alarmuj\u00edc\u00ed, nicm\u00e9n\u011b je t\u0159eba ji\u017e nyn\u00ed realizovat postupn\u00e1 stabilizuj\u00edc\u00ed a reduk\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed. Vedou k tomu zejm\u00e9na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed d\u016fvody:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">p\u0159i p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji procesu R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee pro druh\u00e9 kontroln\u00ed obdob\u00ed (z\u0159ejm\u011b 2013-2017) bude stanoven vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed reduk\u010dn\u00ed c\u00edl,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">pokud bude \u010cR schopna s rezervou splnit reduk\u010dn\u00ed c\u00edl pro obdob\u00ed 2008-2012, bude mo\u017eno z\u00edskan\u00fd rozd\u00edl v bilanci p\u0159ev\u00e9st do n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho kontroln\u00edho obdob\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b jej v r\u00e1mci pravidel o obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s emisemi prodat za tr\u017en\u00ed cenu t\u011bm st\u00e1t\u016fm, kter\u00e9 nebudou schopny c\u00edl splnit,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">v\u00fd\u0161e n\u00e1klad\u016f na omezov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed poroste s \u010dasem, a proto je optim\u00e1ln\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edt obdob\u00ed transforma\u010dn\u00edho procesu na\u0161\u00ed ekonomiky a prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed modernizace pr\u016fmyslu k tomu, aby byla odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed realizov\u00e1na pokud mo\u017eno co nejd\u0159\u00edve, a tud\u00ed\u017e s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi n\u00e1klady,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">s ohledem na postupn\u00e9 za\u010dle\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010cR do mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch struktur (NATO, Evropsk\u00e9 unie) je nutn\u00e9, aby problematika ochrany glob\u00e1ln\u00edho klimatick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu Zem\u011b byla zahrnuta mezi st\u00e1tn\u00ed prioritn\u00ed rozvojov\u00e9 c\u00edle,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159it se na sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed energetick\u00e9 n\u00e1ro\u010dnosti tvorby hrub\u00e9ho dom\u00e1c\u00edho produktu, kter\u00e1 je v sou\u010dasnosti nejm\u00e9n\u011b dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00e1 v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s pr\u016fm\u011brem st\u00e1t\u016f Evropsk\u00e9 unie.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z t\u011bchto d\u016fvod\u016f je nutn\u00e9, aby se v\u00fdsledky T\u0159et\u00ed konference smluvn\u00edch stran prom\u00edtly do z\u00e1kladn\u00edch strategick\u00fdch dokument\u016f p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00fdch na \u00farovni vl\u00e1dy \u010cR. Z v\u011bcn\u00e9 podstaty a obsahu \u00famluvy vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee nejde pouze o problematiku rezortu \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ale navrhovan\u00e9 strategick\u00e9 postupy je t\u0159eba posoudit spole\u010dn\u011b zejm\u00e9na s rezorty ministerstva pr\u016fmyslu a obchodu, dopravy a spoj\u016f, zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a financ\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>HLAVN\u00cd SM\u011aRY \u0158E\u0160EN\u00cd V \u010cR<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na podporu pln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vazk\u016f \u010cR vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch z Kj\u00f3tsk\u00e9ho protokolu k R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluv\u011b OSN o zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu p\u0159ipravuje ministerstvo \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed dokument Strategie ochrany klimatu v \u010cR, jeho\u017e kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 body je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed zahrnout do aktualizovan\u00fdch rezortn\u00edch politik zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v oblasti \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, energetiky, dopravy, hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Hlavn\u00ed strategick\u00e9 sm\u011bry sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed a zm\u00edr\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1sledk\u016f zm\u011bn klimatu mus\u00ed b\u00fdt vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 a vz\u00e1jemn\u011b prov\u00e1zan\u00e9. Je t\u0159eba, aby respektovaly jak ekonomick\u00e9 pot\u0159eby a mo\u017enosti st\u00e1tu, tak i obyvatelstva. Lze je spat\u0159ovat v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch hlavn\u00edch oblastech:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00faspory energie (dlouhodob\u011b nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zdroj redukc\u00ed emis\u00ed)<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">vyu\u017eit\u00ed ekonomicky n\u00e1vratn\u00fdch obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f energie,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">opat\u0159en\u00ed v odpadov\u00e9m hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed (likvidace a t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed odpadu na \u00farovni producenta),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">legislativn\u00ed a fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">adaptace aktivitn\u00edch sektor\u016f (ochrana proti riziku mo\u017en\u00e9 zm\u011bny).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>OPAT\u0158EN\u00cd V SEKTORU V\u00ddROBY A SPOT\u0158EBY ENERGIE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pod\u00edl energetick\u00e9ho sektoru v \u010cR (v\u010detn\u011b pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby, dopravy a komer\u010dn\u00ed sf\u00e9ry) na celkov\u00e9 agregovan\u00e9 bilanci emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f \u010din\u00ed v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b asi 84 %. Je proto nesporn\u00e9, \u017ee hlavn\u00ed pozornost je t\u0159eba v\u011bnovat opat\u0159en\u00edm z oblasti energetick\u00fdch \u00faspor, kter\u00e1 p\u0159inut\u00ed, p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed \u010di jinak zainteresuj\u00ed v\u00fdrobce, prodejce a spot\u0159ebitele energie k \u00faspor\u00e1m. Lze je rozd\u011blit na opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 informuj\u00ed v\u00fdrobce a u\u017eivatele o zp\u016fsobech dosa\u017een\u00ed energetick\u00fdch \u00faspor, limituj\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br energetick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u016f, pop\u0159. ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed a vy\u017eaduj\u00ed zm\u011bny ve struktu\u0159e cen energi\u00ed. Existuje \u0159ada dal\u0161\u00edch mo\u017enost\u00ed (restrukturalizace pr\u016fmyslu, opat\u0159en\u00ed v oblasti \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed se zm\u011bnou klimatu p\u0159\u00edmo nesouvisej\u00edc\u00edch, opat\u0159en\u00ed v sektoru dopravy aj.), kter\u00e9 se na energetick\u00fdch \u00faspor\u00e1ch projev\u00ed. Realizace navrhovan\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed pozitivn\u011b ovlivn\u00ed celkov\u00fd technologick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj energetick\u00e9ho sektoru a zejm\u00e9na chov\u00e1n\u00ed koncov\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f energie a jejich rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm zdrojem \u00faspor je sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed m\u00edry popt\u00e1vky po energii a jej\u00ed kone\u010dn\u00e9 spot\u0159eby. Krom\u011b d\u016fsledk\u016f zaveden\u00ed uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 dan\u011b \u00faspory ovlivn\u00ed:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">reforma trhu s energiemi, kter\u00e1 zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 kone\u010dn\u00fdch cen energie odstran\u011bn\u00edm dotac\u00ed a podpo\u0159\u00ed jej\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">informa\u010dn\u00ed a technick\u00e1 osv\u011bta, zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed pov\u011bdom\u00ed obyvatelstva o mo\u017enostech vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a energeticky \u00fasporn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">povinn\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed energetick\u00fdch audit\u016f zejm\u00e9na objekt\u016f ve vlastnictv\u00ed st\u00e1tu \u010di s jeho majoritn\u00edm pod\u00edlem a v\u0161ech pr\u00e1vn\u00edch subjekt\u016f, po\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00edch jak\u00e9koliv st\u00e1tn\u00ed dotace,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">zm\u011bny v \u00fav\u011brov\u00e9 politice pro mal\u00e9 a st\u0159edn\u00ed podnikatele, t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed energeticky \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdrobn\u00edch technologi\u00ed,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed fondu energetick\u00fdch \u00faspor pro zateplov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch objekt\u016f,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">zaveden\u00ed energetick\u00fdch standard\u016f pro tepeln\u00e9 izolace a syst\u00e9my vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed nov\u00fdch a rekonstruovan\u00fdch objekt\u016f, energeticky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00ed spot\u0159ebi\u010de (tepeln\u00e1 a chlad\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, tepeln\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na p\u0159\u00edpravu stravy, pra\u010dky, su\u0161i\u010dky, dom\u00e1c\u00ed elektromotory aj.) a osv\u011btlovac\u00ed syst\u00e9my,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed specializovan\u00e9 poradensk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti v souvislosti se zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm energetick\u00fdch standard\u016f.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V oblasti v\u00fdroby energie lze dos\u00e1hnout sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed objemu emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">pln\u00fdm odstran\u011bn\u00edm dotac\u00ed v\u00fdroby energie (zejm\u00e9na z fosiln\u00edch paliv) a sou\u010dasn\u00fdm vytvo\u0159en\u00edm nov\u00e9 tarifn\u00ed politiky pro energie, kter\u00e1 by respektovala n\u00e1klady na jejich v\u00fdrobu a distribuci a z\u00e1rove\u0148 zabezpe\u010dovala v\u00fdrobc\u016fm p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00fd zisk, umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed instalace nov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">povinnost\u00ed prok\u00e1zat, \u017ee kombinovan\u00e1 v\u00fdroba tepla a elekt\u0159iny p\u0159i stavb\u011b nov\u00fdch a rekonstrukci star\u00fdch zdroj\u016f nen\u00ed rentabiln\u00ed ve v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy nen\u00ed zav\u00e1d\u011bna,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">podporou rozvoje plynofikace m\u011bst a obc\u00ed se z\u0159etelem na optim\u00e1ln\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed plynu v kombinovan\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b elekt\u0159iny a tepla a na sou\u010dasn\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00edch druhotn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f energie pro z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed kombinovanou v\u00fdrobou tepla,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">podporou zejm\u00e9na obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f energie, event. jadern\u00e9 energetiky (za p\u0159edpokladu minimalizace negativn\u00edch dopad\u016f produkce jadern\u00fdch odpad\u016f), vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm paliv neobsahuj\u00edc\u00edch uhl\u00edk a \u00fapravou st\u00e1tn\u00edch dotac\u00ed a garanc\u00ed na \u00fav\u011bry,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">zaveden\u00edm energetick\u00e9 a uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 dan\u011b (pouze za p\u0159edpokladu harmonizace s EU), co\u017e urychl\u00ed proces postupn\u00e9ho odstavov\u00e1n\u00ed technicky nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00edch zdroj\u016f, zajist\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed nerentabiln\u00edch v\u00fdrobn\u00edch n\u00e1klad\u016f a podpo\u0159\u00ed proces p\u0159echodu na u\u0161lechtilej\u0161\u00ed paliva,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm energetick\u00fdch audit\u016f na stran\u011b v\u00fdrobc\u016f energie, kter\u00e9 prok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed p\u0159\u00edp. nerentabilitu v\u00fdroby,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">dobrovoln\u00fdmi dohodami s v\u00fdrobci energie o zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed energetick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti zdroj\u016f.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>OPAT\u0158EN\u00cd V SEKTORU DOPRAVY<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika letech vykazuj\u00ed emise z dopravy meziro\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1r\u016fst v rozp\u011bt\u00ed 6-10 %, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e trend n\u00e1r\u016fstu je st\u00e1le stoupaj\u00edc\u00ed. Lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee do konce prvn\u00edho kontroln\u00edho obdob\u00ed se tato hodnota p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed evropsk\u00e9mu pr\u016fm\u011bru (v\u00edce ne\u017e 20 % celkov\u00fdch emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f). Proto je t\u0159eba s p\u0159edstihem p\u0159ipravit odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">podp\u016frn\u00e9 programy pro rozvoj m\u011bstsk\u00e9 hromadn\u00e9 dopravy a podporu \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1kladn\u00ed dopravy p\u0159ed silni\u010dn\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b mo\u017enosti zahrnut\u00ed v\u00fddaj\u016f na \u010dasov\u00e9 j\u00edzdenky MHD do da\u0148ov\u00fdch n\u00e1kladov\u00fdch polo\u017eek,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">dal\u0161\u00ed podporu rozvoje kombinovan\u00e9 dopravy na podporu podnikatelsk\u00fdch subjekt\u016f p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho da\u0148ov\u00e9ho zv\u00fdhodn\u011bn\u00ed a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm dotac\u00ed ze st\u00e1tn\u00edho rozpo\u010dtu p\u0159i realizaci konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch projekt\u016f (p\u0159ekladi\u0161t\u011b, logistick\u00e1 centra apod.),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 spot\u0159eby pohonn\u00fdch hmot (standardy pro nov\u00e1 vozidla, c\u00edlen\u00e9 programy zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed provozovan\u00fdch vozidel, \u00fapravy spot\u0159ebn\u00edch dan\u00ed na pohonn\u00e9 hmoty),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed modern\u00edch dopravn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f a jejich \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed integrovan\u00fdch dopravn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, v\u00fdstavba syst\u00e9m\u016f vysokokapacitn\u00edch komunikac\u00ed vn\u011b m\u011bstsk\u00e9 z\u00e1stavby spole\u010dn\u011b s v\u00fdstavbou kapacitn\u00edch z\u00e1chytn\u00fdch parkovi\u0161\u0165, vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed poplatkov\u00e9 agendy jako \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroje efektivn\u00edho provozu aj.),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00edch provozn\u00edch re\u017eim\u016f (nap\u0159. rychlostn\u00ed limity, zp\u016fsoby \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, omezov\u00e1n\u00ed chodu motor\u016f napr\u00e1zdno),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">podporu program\u016f v\u00fdvoje alternativn\u00edch pohonn\u00fdch hmot (zemn\u00ed plyn, bioplyn, elektrick\u00fd pohon).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>ADAPTA\u010cN\u00cd OPAT\u0158EN\u00cd<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Adapta\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed je t\u0159eba p\u0159ij\u00edmat pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b a zvy\u0161ovat tak schopnost p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed t\u011bch sektor\u016f hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt zm\u011bnou klimatu nejv\u00edce posti\u017eeny. Zejm\u00e9na opat\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00e1 v zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed maj\u00ed vliv i na sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed (CH4 a N2O). Nab\u00edzej\u00ed se n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed mo\u017enosti:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b p\u0159irozen\u00e9 obnovy lesn\u00edch ploch,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00faprava druhov\u00e9 skladby lesa,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">podpora zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00farodnosti p\u016fd hnojivy p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu a zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed miner\u00e1ln\u00edch hnojiv,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">v\u00fdb\u011br optim\u00e1ln\u00edch struktur zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch plodin a jejich odr\u016fd s ohledem na mo\u017en\u00e9 riziko zm\u011bny klimatu a v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy a p\u011bstebn\u00edch postup\u016f,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">optim\u00e1ln\u00ed hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s vodn\u00edmi zdroji.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b jsou region\u00e1ln\u00ed dopady zm\u011bny klimatu zat\u00ed\u017eeny \u0159adou \u201enejistot\u201c, je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed ve spolupr\u00e1ci s v\u011bdecko-v\u00fdzkumnou z\u00e1kladnou problematiku adaptac\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b sledovat a kl\u00e1st d\u016fraz na monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bn.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>SPOLE\u010cN\u00c1 MEZIN\u00c1RODN\u00cd OPAT\u0158EN\u00cd<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Spole\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni (joint implementation) jsou \u00fa\u010dinnou dopl\u0148kovou nadstavbou n\u00e1rodn\u00edho reduk\u010dn\u00edho potenci\u00e1lu sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed. Jejich podstatou je realizace reduk\u010dn\u00edch aktivit v t\u011bch zem\u00edch, v nich\u017e jsou n\u00e1klady na odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e partnersk\u00e9 zem\u011b p\u0159edem p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd projekt (JI) prov\u011b\u0159\u00ed a vz\u00e1jemn\u011b se dohodnou i na pod\u00edlech na investi\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1kladech a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch profitech ze sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed emis\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 takov\u00e1 dohoda mus\u00ed b\u00fdt podeps\u00e1na v souladu s obecn\u00fdmi pravidly, kter\u00e1 pro kontrolu a verifikaci projekt\u016f budou dodate\u010dn\u011b vypracov\u00e1na sekretari\u00e1tem R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mezi navrhovan\u00e9 projekty JI je t\u0159eba za\u0159azovat pouze takov\u00e9, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed prokazateln\u00e9 dopady na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f a m\u011bly by z nich b\u00fdt naopak vylou\u010deny ty, kter\u00e9 jsou motivov\u00e1ny pouze napl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm emisn\u00edch limit\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch podm\u00ednek provozov\u00e1n\u00ed stacion\u00e1rn\u00edch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed ve smyslu z\u00e1kona o ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a n\u00e1vazn\u00fdch pr\u00e1vn\u00edch norem. Nerespektov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto kroku p\u0159i schvalov\u00e1n\u00ed projekt\u016f m\u016f\u017ee negativn\u011b ovlivnit schopnosti \u010cR sv\u00fdm z\u00e1vazk\u016fm v budoucnu dost\u00e1t. Do podm\u00ednek pro schvalov\u00e1n\u00ed projekt\u016f JI zahrnout i informa\u010dn\u00ed povinnost realiz\u00e1tor\u016f projekt\u016f, aby mohla b\u00fdt zaji\u0161t\u011bna jejich ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 kontrola.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Z\u00c1V\u011aR<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">K zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vazk\u016f \u010cR vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch z R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy OSN o zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu po T\u0159et\u00ed konferenci smluvn\u00edch stran je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">a) zahrnout kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 body strategie ochrany klimatick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu do aktualizovan\u00fdch rezortn\u00edch politik, zejm\u00e9na v oblasti \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, energetiky, dopravy a spoj\u016f, hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed,<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">b) obnovit \u010dinnost mezirezortn\u00ed komise k problematice zm\u011bny klimatu, modifikovat jej\u00ed pravomoci a doplnit ji o z\u00e1stupce nevl\u00e1dn\u00edch neziskov\u00fdch organizac\u00ed a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 komory,<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">c) vytvo\u0159it v r\u00e1mci ministerstva \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed specializovan\u00fd \u00fatvar, kter\u00fd by d\u016fsledn\u011b a koncentrovan\u011b sledoval mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed projekty na spole\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed (JI) a kter\u00fd by byl z\u00e1rove\u0148 vybaven odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edmi pravomocemi pro jedn\u00e1n\u00ed s v\u011bcn\u011b dot\u010den\u00fdmi rezorty,<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">d) pravideln\u011b pokra\u010dovat a nad\u00e1le zp\u0159es\u0148ovat bilancov\u00e1n\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho stavu a v\u00fdvoje emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v \u010cR v r\u00e1mci st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch projekt\u016f Programu p\u00e9\u010de o \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a nov\u011b formulovat projekt v oblasti v\u011bdy a v\u00fdzkumu, jeho\u017e obsahem by bylo ve spolupr\u00e1ci s programy OSN systematicky sledovat velikost rizika region\u00e1ln\u00edch zm\u011bn klimatu na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je nesporn\u00e9, \u017ee zanedb\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jak\u00e9hokoliv z t\u011bchto bod\u016f by negativn\u011b neovlivnilo moment\u00e1ln\u00ed schopnosti \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky plnit p\u0159ijat\u00fd Kj\u00f3tsk\u00fd protokol. Vzhledem k redukci v\u00fdroby po roce 1990 jsme si vytvo\u0159ili tak velikou \u201eemisn\u00ed rezervu\u201c, \u017ee z n\u00ed lze profitovat je\u0161t\u011b \u0159adu let. Toto jedn\u00e1n\u00ed by se v\u0161ak n\u00e1sledn\u011b vymstilo ve druh\u00e9 dek\u00e1d\u011b p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edho stolet\u00ed. Proto je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed, aby vl\u00e1da \u010cR o podpisu Protokolu rozhodla co nejd\u0159\u00edve a p\u0159ipojila se tak ke spole\u010dn\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edstupu Evropsk\u00e9 unie, kter\u00e1 Protokol podepsala ji\u017e v z\u00e1v\u011bru dubna t.r. T\u00edmto aktem bude vl\u00e1da deklarovat jednozna\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1m\u011br pod\u00edlet se na spole\u010dn\u00fdch aktivit\u00e1ch v duchu R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy. N\u00e1sledn\u011b je nutn\u00e9, aby byl na \u00farovni vl\u00e1dy p\u0159ijat i v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd strategick\u00fd dokument a tak odstartov\u00e1n cel\u00fd proces sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f do atmosf\u00e9ry na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Bez ohledu na to, je-li Kj\u00f3tsk\u00fd protokol skute\u010dn\u011b dostate\u010dn\u00fdm politick\u00fdm a technick\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rizika glob\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny klimatick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu Zem\u011b, je t\u0159eba se ztoto\u017enit s v\u00fdrokem b\u00fdval\u00e9ho p\u0159edsedy a zakladatele IPCC \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00e9ho profesora B. Bolina, kter\u00fd po jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v Kj\u00f3tu prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee \u201e&#8230;ka\u017ed\u00e1, by\u0165 nepatrn\u00e1 dohodnut\u00e1 redukce je pro klimatick\u00fd syst\u00e9m p\u0159\u00ednosem&#8230;\u201c. Vr\u00e1tit toti\u017e sou\u010dasnou \u00farove\u0148 koncentrac\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e na \u00farove\u0148 hodnot p\u0159edindustri\u00e1ln\u00edch lze pouze za p\u0159edpokladu glob\u00e1ln\u00ed emisn\u00ed redukce o nejm\u00e9n\u011b 50 %, co\u017e je v sou\u010dasn\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b naprosto nerealistick\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Literatura<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[1] Houghton, J.T. et al. (ed.).: Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change, IPCC 1995.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[2] Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Dokument FCCC\/CP\/1997\/L.7\/ \/Add.1, United Nations, 1997.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[3] Fott, P- Pretel, J. &#8211; Bl\u00e1ha, J. &#8211; Neu\u017eil, V.: Inventura emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v \u010cR za rok 1996. Z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va projektu \u201eGlob\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bna klimatu III\u201c, PP\u017dP 310\/1\/1997. Praha, M\u017dP \u010cR, \u010cHM\u00da 1997.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[4] Druh\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed sd\u011blen\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky o pln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vazk\u016f R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy. Praha, M\u017dP 1997.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[5] National Strategy for Joint Implementation in the Czech Republic. Study of the World Bank. Praha, M\u017dP 1998.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[6] Pretel, J.: Strategie ochrany klimatu v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Materi\u00e1l M\u017dP \u010cR pro jedn\u00e1n\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010cR. Praha, M\u017dP 1998. (nepublikov\u00e1no).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Lektor RNDr. B. Sob\u00ed\u0161ek, DrSc., rukopis odevzd\u00e1n v kv\u011btnu 1998.<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Jan Pretel, MZ 1998\/4, ro\u010dn\u00edk 51, str. 113-117<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-be70c6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"be70c6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b90f645\" data-id=\"b90f645\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bc5a9a elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9bc5a9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-02907bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"02907bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-79499c2\" data-id=\"79499c2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e7b97c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e7b97c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u0158ET\u00cd KONFERENCE SMLUVN\u00cdCH STRAN R\u00c1MCOV\u00c9 \u00daMLUVY OSN O ZM\u011aN\u011a KLIMATU<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0471ec6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0471ec6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-19c7d22\" data-id=\"19c7d22\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c8765c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c8765c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>(1. &#8211; 10. prosince 1997, Kj\u00f3to, Japonsko)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve dnech 1. &#8211; 10. prosince 1997 se konala v Kj\u00f3tu T\u0159et\u00ed konference smluvn\u00edch stran R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy OSN o zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu (COP-3). Zased\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u00edhala v m\u011bstsk\u00e9m kongresov\u00e9m centru za \u00fa\u010dasti delegac\u00ed 159 signat\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Krom\u011b vl\u00e1dn\u00edch delegac\u00ed byla na jedn\u00e1n\u00ed zastoupena i \u0159ada v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch spolupracuj\u00edc\u00edch mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch organizac\u00ed v\u010detn\u011b nevl\u00e1dn\u00edch ekologick\u00fdch organizac\u00ed a organizac\u00ed zastupuj\u00edc\u00edch pr\u016fmyslovou sf\u00e9ru. Konferenci slavnostn\u011b zah\u00e1jil japonsk\u00fd premi\u00e9r Hashimoto, v\u00fdznamn\u00ed minist\u0159i japonsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, vrcholn\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 Sv\u011btov\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 organizace (WMO), Programu OSN pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed (UNEP), Sv\u011btov\u00e9 zdravotnick\u00e9 organizace (WHO), z\u00e1stupce gener\u00e1ln\u00edho sekret\u00e1\u0159e OSN a dal\u0161\u00ed. Jeden z \u00favodn\u00edch projev\u016f p\u0159ednesl i vicepresident USA Albert Gore.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Za \u010deskou stranu se jedn\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00fa\u010dastnili jako vedouc\u00ed delegace n\u00e1m\u011bstek ministra \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed Ing. Vladislav B\u00edzek, CSc., odborn\u00fd expert ministerstva \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a vedouc\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny \u010cesk\u00e9ho hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu RNDr. Jan Pretel, CSc., \u0159editel odboru OSN ministerstva zahrani\u010dn\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed RNDr. Jan K\u00e1ra, CSc. a rada velvyslanectv\u00ed \u010cR v Japonsku Ing. Ji\u0159\u00ed Br\u00e1bn\u00edk. \u00da\u010dast delegace \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky vypl\u00fdvala z \u010dlenstv\u00ed \u010cR v uveden\u00e9 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed smlouv\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">T\u0159et\u00ed konferenc\u00ed vyvrcholil soubor dev\u00edti jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 prob\u011bhla od Prvn\u00ed konference smluvn\u00edch stran v b\u0159eznu 1995 s c\u00edlem p\u0159ipravit protokol o kvantifikovan\u00e9m sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f, kter\u00fd by dopl\u0148oval R\u00e1mcovou \u00famluvu OSN o zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu z \u010dervna 1992 a byl by z\u00e1rove\u0148 pr\u00e1vn\u011b z\u00e1vazn\u00fdm dokumentem.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Protokol k R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluv\u011b OSN o zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00fdm p\u0159ijet\u00edm Protokolu k R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluv\u011b OSN o zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu byl napln\u011bn tzv. \u201eberl\u00ednsk\u00fd mand\u00e1t\u201c (usnesen\u00ed Prvn\u00ed konference z roku 1995). Text Protokolu obsahuje Preambuli, 27 \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f a dv\u011b p\u0159\u00edlohy a je zam\u011b\u0159en zejm\u00e9na na stanoven\u00ed kvantitativn\u00edch reduk\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f smluvn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f a z\u00e1kladn\u00ed zp\u016fsoby jejich dosa\u017een\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Protokol ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 (\u010dl. 3) st\u00e1t\u016fm Dodatku I R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy (tj. rozvojov\u00e9 st\u00e1ty a st\u00e1ty, jejich\u017e ekonomiky se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v p\u0159echodu k tr\u017en\u00edmu hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed), aby sn\u00ed\u017eily jednotliv\u011b nebo spole\u010dn\u011b emise sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f nejm\u00e9n\u011b o 5 % do prvn\u00edho kontroln\u00edho obdob\u00ed let 2008-2012 v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed se stavem v roce 1990.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Redukce se t\u00fdk\u00e1 bilanc\u00ed emis\u00ed oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho CO<sub>2<\/sub>, metanu CH<sub>4<\/sub>, oxidu dusn\u00e9ho N<sub>2<\/sub>O, hydrogenovan\u00fdch fluorovod\u00edk\u016f (HFCs), polyfluorovod\u00edk\u016f (PFCs) a fluoridu s\u00edrov\u00e9ho (SF6) vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00fdch ve form\u011b agregovan\u00fdch emis\u00ed CO2, kter\u00e9 zohled\u0148uj\u00ed pomoc\u00ed faktor\u016f glob\u00e1ln\u00edch radia\u010dn\u00edch \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch plyn\u016f jejich rozd\u00edln\u00fd vliv na celkovou zm\u011bnu klimatick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu Zem\u011b (viz P\u0159\u00edloha A Protokolu). Pod pojmem \u201ebilance emis\u00ed\u201c jsou v Protokolu uva\u017eov\u00e1ny nejen vlastn\u00ed emise sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f, ale do v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hodnoty rovn\u011b\u017e zapo\u010dteny tzv. \u201epropady emis\u00ed\u201c, tj. absorpce sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v d\u016fsledku zm\u011bn ve vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny (zales\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u00e9\u010de o lesn\u00ed porosty, resp. odles\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159\u00edloha B Protokolu specifikuje reduk\u010dn\u00ed c\u00edle pro jednotliv\u00e9 st\u00e1ty Dodatku I. P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 reduk\u010dn\u00ed c\u00edle pro tyto st\u00e1ty jsou uvedeny v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulce:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/sites\/default\/files\/Kjoto.JPG\" alt=\"\" \/>Jak z p\u0159ehledu vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, pro \u010cR p\u0159edepisuje Protokol sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed ve v\u00fd\u0161i 8 %, tj. stejn\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bylo dohodnuto pro v\u0161echny \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty Evropsk\u00e9 unie. Redukce pro n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kontroln\u00ed obdob\u00ed (pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b 2013-2017) bude dohodnuta ve form\u011b dodatku k Protokolu na dal\u0161\u00ed konferenci st\u00e1t\u016f \u00famluvy, a to nejpozd\u011bji do roku 2005. V roce 2005 je ka\u017ed\u00fd ze st\u00e1t\u016f Dodatku I rovn\u011b\u017e povinen u\u010dinit prokazateln\u00fd pokrok v pln\u011bn\u00ed Protokolu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u010cl\u00e1nek 3 Protokolu rovn\u011b\u017e stanovuje podm\u00ednky pro vykazov\u00e1n\u00ed emisn\u00edch bilanc\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee jednotliv\u00e9 st\u00e1ty p\u0159istupuj\u00ed k reduk\u010dn\u00edm c\u00edl\u016fm spole\u010dn\u011b. Podle \u010dl. 6 mohou jednotliv\u00e9 st\u00e1ty Dodatku I vyu\u017e\u00edvat ke spln\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00fdch reduk\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f tzv. spole\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed (joint implementation) ve form\u011b realizace spole\u010dn\u00fdch projekt\u016f na sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed. Principem je mo\u017enost, aby reduk\u010dn\u00ed aktivity byly sm\u011brov\u00e1ny do t\u011bch zem\u00ed, ve kter\u00fdch jsou souvisej\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1klady na redukce emis\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed. Podm\u00ednkou je, aby byl takov\u00fd spole\u010dn\u00fd projekt schv\u00e1len ob\u011bma partnersk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty. Dodate\u010dn\u011b budou vypracov\u00e1na a n\u00e1slednou konferenc\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f \u00famluvy odsouhlasena p\u0159esn\u00e1 pravidla pro verifikaci a kontrolu p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch projekt\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Protokol rovn\u011b\u017e obsahuje zm\u00ednku o mo\u017enosti obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s emisemi mezi st\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 jsou uvedeny v P\u0159\u00edloze B (\u010dl. 16 bis) s t\u00edm, \u017ee konference st\u00e1t\u016f \u00famluvy mus\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b jednozna\u010dn\u011b definovat zp\u016fsoby a pravidla takov\u00fdch obchod\u016f a zejm\u00e9na jejich transparentnost a v\u011brohodnost. V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba ch\u00e1pat spole\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed a obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s emisemi pouze jako dopl\u0148kovou nadstavbu k z\u00e1kladn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstup\u016fm a opat\u0159en\u00edm na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni tak, aby byly spln\u011bny v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 reduk\u010dn\u00ed c\u00edle dle P\u0159\u00edlohy B.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pokud n\u011bkter\u00fd st\u00e1t \u00famluvy sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed do prvn\u00edho kontroln\u00edho obdob\u00ed celkov\u00e9 emise o v\u00edce, ne\u017e mu Protokol ukl\u00e1d\u00e1, m\u016f\u017ee ve smyslu tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku vyu\u017e\u00edt zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 redukce k pln\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159edepsan\u00e9ho c\u00edle pro n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 kontroln\u00ed obdob\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ke spln\u011bn\u00ed reduk\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch princip\u016f Protokolu jsou signat\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty s ohledem na sv\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky povinny zejm\u00e9na:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">aplikovat \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy a opat\u0159en\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed energetick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti v odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch sektorech hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch aktivit, ochrana p\u016fdn\u00edch a lesn\u00edch fond\u016f, podpora program\u016f vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f energie, odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed tr\u017en\u00edch, da\u0148ov\u00fdch a celn\u00edch bari\u00e9r, odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch dotac\u00ed zdroj\u016f energie vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch fosiln\u00ed paliva, podpora inova\u010dn\u00edch proces\u016f v sektoru dopravy, podpora program\u016f na modernizaci odpadov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed aj.),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">spolupracovat s ostatn\u00edmi signat\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty v duchu R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy a Protokolu,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">podporovat v\u011bdeckov\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 programy, kter\u00e9 odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed princip\u016fm \u00famluvy a Protokolu,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">prov\u00e1d\u011bt pravideln\u00e1 hodnocen\u00ed pln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vazk\u016f Protokolu ve smyslu mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b platn\u00fdch a z\u00e1vazn\u00fdch metodick\u00fdch postup\u016f.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed konference st\u00e1t\u016f \u00famluvy p\u0159iprav\u00ed specifikaci \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch mechanism\u016f, zabezpe\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch pln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch princip\u016f Protokolu, v\u010detn\u011b p\u0159ijet\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed proti signat\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm zem\u00edm pro p\u0159\u00edpad nepln\u011bn\u00ed stanoven\u00fdch reduk\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f (\u010dl. 17).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky Protokolu (\u010dl. 19 a dal\u0161\u00ed) definuj\u00ed podm\u00ednky, za kter\u00fdch je mo\u017eno st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed text dopl\u0148ovat, podm\u00ednky vstoupen\u00ed Protokolu v platnost a podm\u00ednky pro odstoupen\u00ed od Protokolu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Protokol bude ulo\u017een u gener\u00e1ln\u00edho sekret\u00e1\u0159e OSN a bude p\u0159ipraven k podpisu v obdob\u00ed od 16. 3. 1998 do 15. 3. 1999 v OSN v New Yorku. Je p\u0159edm\u011btem ratifikace, p\u0159ijet\u00ed \u010di schv\u00e1len\u00ed; o zp\u016fsobu p\u0159istoupen\u00ed k Protokolu je t\u0159eba informovat depozit\u00e1\u0159e (\u010dl. 23). Protokol vstoup\u00ed v platnost po devades\u00e1ti dnech ode dne, kdy k dokumentu p\u0159ipoj\u00ed podpis alespo\u0148 55 st\u00e1t\u016f \u00famluvy p\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00e9m spln\u011bn\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednky, \u017ee st\u00e1ty Dodatku I, kter\u00e9 Protokol podep\u00ed\u0161\u00ed, pokryj\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u011b 55 % celkov\u00fdch sv\u011btov\u00fdch bilanc\u00ed agregovan\u00fdch emis\u00ed CO2 dle stavu v roce 1990 (\u010dl. 24).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Postoj delegace \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky p\u0159i jedn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Delegace \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky vych\u00e1zela p\u0159i jedn\u00e1n\u00edch ze sm\u011brnice vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z usnesen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010cR z 26. 11. 1997. Sm\u011brnice byla zalo\u017eena na anal\u00fdz\u00e1ch sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho stavu a v\u00fdsledc\u00edch anal\u00fdz pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje celkov\u00fdch bilanc\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f z dom\u00e1c\u00edch zdroj\u016f, p\u0159\u00edp. propad\u016f. Delegace podporovala p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm snahy t\u011bch smluvn\u00edch stran R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed o co nejrychlej\u0161\u00ed omezen\u00ed celkov\u00fdch emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f do atmosf\u00e9ry, co\u017e obecn\u011b vy\u00fastilo v podporu relativn\u011b ambici\u00f3zn\u00edho n\u00e1vrhu Evropsk\u00e9 unie na v\u00fdslednou redukci o15 % do roku 2010 vzhledem ke stavu v roce 1990. Nep\u0159ipojila se ke snah\u00e1m v\u011bt\u0161iny st\u00e1t\u016f st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy z hlediska jejich po\u017eadavk\u016f na obecn\u00e9 zm\u011bk\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1vazk\u016f a z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jin\u00fdch v\u00fdhod.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tyto skute\u010dnosti byly zd\u016frazn\u011bny v projevu, kter\u00fd p\u0159ednesl n\u00e1m\u011bstek ministra \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u010cR Vladislav B\u00edzek. Ve sv\u00e9m vystoupen\u00ed uvedl, \u017ee \u010cesk\u00e1 republika sn\u00ed\u017eila od roku 1990 agregovan\u00e9 emise sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v p\u0159epo\u010dtu na CO<sub>2<\/sub> o v\u00edce ne\u017e 23 % s t\u00edm, \u017ee v obdob\u00ed let 1994 a\u017e 1996 se poda\u0159ilo celkov\u00e9 emise na t\u00e9to hodnot\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 stabilizovat, a to i p\u0159esto, \u017ee v uveden\u00e9m obdob\u00ed ji\u017e nar\u016fstala hodnota HDP. S ohledem na vypracovan\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e v\u00fdvoje emisn\u00edch bilanc\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m vystoupen\u00ed podpo\u0159il p\u016fvodn\u00ed n\u00e1vrh Evropsk\u00e9 unie na redukci o 15 % k roku 2010 v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s rokem 1990. Uvedl rovn\u011b\u017e, \u017ee \u010cR pova\u017euje spole\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed na celkovou redukci (joint implementation) mezi st\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 budou Protokolem v\u00e1z\u00e1ny k reduk\u010dn\u00edm c\u00edl\u016fm za v\u00fdznamn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj napln\u011bn\u00ed jeho z\u00e1kladn\u00edho z\u00e1m\u011bru. Vystoupen\u00ed zahrnulo i n\u011bkter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy a opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 obsahuje sou\u010dasn\u00e1 st\u00e1tn\u00ed politika \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a kter\u00e1 byla zm\u00edn\u011bna rovn\u011b\u017e ve Druh\u00e9m n\u00e1rodn\u00edm sd\u011blen\u00ed \u010cR o pln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vazk\u016f vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch z R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>V\u00fdsledky jedn\u00e1n\u00ed z hlediska \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">S ohledem na sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav a projekce dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdvoje emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v \u010cR je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed, Protokolem stanoven\u00e1 osmiprocentn\u00ed redukce v horizontu emisn\u00edho pr\u016fm\u011bru z let 2008-2012, je dosa\u017eiteln\u00e1. Jeliko\u017e lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed o specifikaci podrobn\u00fdch pravidel nap\u0159. pro obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s emisemi prob\u011bhnou v nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch letech \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b, je v z\u00e1jmu \u010cR zintenzivnit podporu \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f a opat\u0159en\u00ed zejm\u00e9na na<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed energetick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti v odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch aktivitn\u00edch sektorech,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">ochranu p\u016fdn\u00edch a lesn\u00edch ekofond\u016f,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">podporu program\u016f vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f energie,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed tr\u017en\u00edch a da\u0148ov\u00fdch p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">postupn\u00e9 odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch dotac\u00ed energetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f na fosiln\u00ed paliva,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">odstran\u011bn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch dotac\u00ed spot\u0159eby energie u maloodb\u011bratel\u016f alespo\u0148 na \u00farove\u0148 ji\u017e nyn\u00ed b\u011b\u017enou v Ma\u010farsku a Polsku, apod.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 u\u0161et\u0159en\u00e9 emise z prvn\u00edho kontroln\u00edho obdob\u00ed 2008-2012 v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s po\u017eadavkem \u201ep\u0159edepsan\u00fdm\u201c Protokolem bude mo\u017eno v budoucnu bu\u010f p\u0159ev\u00e9st do obdob\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u00e9ho, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b (bude-li tento mechanismus technicky a pr\u00e1vn\u011b dopracov\u00e1n) je v r\u00e1mci obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s emisemi prodat st\u00e1t\u016fm, kter\u00e9 by mohly m\u00edt s dosa\u017een\u00edm reduk\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f v budoucnu probl\u00e9my. Problematice vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho, n\u00e1kladov\u011b p\u0159ijateln\u00e9ho a realistick\u00e9ho portfolia p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f a opat\u0159en\u00ed ke sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed je t\u0159eba v\u011bnovat v nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed budoucnosti v\u00fdraznou podporu. Je z\u00e1rove\u0148 nutn\u00e9, aby tento<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">probl\u00e9m nebyl i nad\u00e1le vn\u00edm\u00e1n pouze jako v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitost rezortu \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ale aby se na p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b opat\u0159en\u00ed aktivn\u011b pod\u00edlely i ty rezorty, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed mo\u017enost v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hodnoty emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f skute\u010dn\u011b ovliv\u0148ovat.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>V\u00fdsledky jedn\u00e1n\u00ed z hlediska ochrany klimatick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159ijet\u00ed Protokolu ve st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm zn\u011bn\u00ed lze p\u0159es n\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00fdhrady ze strany nevl\u00e1dn\u00edch ekologick\u00fdch iniciativ pova\u017eovat za maximum, kter\u00e9ho bylo mo\u017eno v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b dos\u00e1hnout. Jeliko\u017e jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla b\u00fdt podle programu ukon\u010dena 10. 12., nedosp\u011bla k z\u00e1v\u011bru, pokra\u010dovalo zased\u00e1n\u00ed nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b celou noc a je\u0161t\u011b v \u010dasn\u00fdch rann\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch 11. 12. nebylo jist\u00e9, \u017ee Protokol bude v\u016fbec p\u0159ijat. Jeho v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 podoba je ve slo\u017eit\u00e9m spektru r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1zor\u016f a zejm\u00e9na politick\u00fdch a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch tlak\u016f mezi rozvinut\u00fdmi a rozvojov\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty velice kompromisn\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Za sou\u010dasn\u00e9 situace ve v\u00fdvoji emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v celosv\u011btov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku nelze pova\u017eovat za relevantn\u00ed diskusi o v\u00fd\u0161i redukc\u00ed ve shora uveden\u00e9 tabulce dle P\u0159\u00edlohy B k Protokolu na \u00farovni jednotek procent. Z\u00e1v\u011bry panelu IPCC zcela jednozna\u010dn\u011b ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 koncentrace sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f a aerosol\u016f i nad\u00e1le v souvislosti s antropogenn\u00edmi vlivy nar\u016fstaj\u00ed,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">klima planety se postupn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed a zm\u011bn\u00e1m se nelze vyhnout ani v budoucnosti,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">bez p\u0159ijet\u00ed zcela specifick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na postupn\u00e9 sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f nelze vylou\u010dit n\u00e1r\u016fst teploty o ca 2 \u00b0C (odhady dle projekc\u00ed v rozmez\u00ed od 0.8 do 3.5\u00b0C) kroku 2100,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">nelze vylou\u010dit vzr\u016fst hladiny sv\u011btov\u00fdch oce\u00e1n\u016f asi o 50 cm (15 &#8211; 95 cm) k r. 2100,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">dopady mo\u017en\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v rozvojov\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, kde jsou nav\u00edc i men\u0161\u00ed adapta\u010dn\u00ed mo\u017enosti.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z t\u011bchto d\u016fvod\u016f je podstatn\u00e9, \u017ee k jist\u00e9 dohod\u011b na T\u0159et\u00ed konferenci v Kj\u00f3tu v\u016fbec do\u0161lo.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na konferenci se bohu\u017eel nepoda\u0159ilo prosadit, aby sv\u016fj d\u00edl odpov\u011bdnosti za n\u00e1sledn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj Zem\u011b p\u0159ijaly rovn\u011b\u017e rozvojov\u00e9 st\u00e1ty. Ty striktn\u011b odm\u00edtly i po\u017eadavek ekonomicky vysp\u011bl\u00fdch zem\u00ed, aby v budoucnu p\u0159ijaly dobrovoln\u011b alespo\u0148 m\u00edrn\u00e9 z\u00e1vazky. Tento \u201enegativistick\u00fd\u201c p\u0159\u00edstup je o to nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee k prvn\u00ed kontrole pln\u011bn\u00ed t\u00e9to dikce Protokolu m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt nejd\u0159\u00edve prakticky za 17 let. Zat\u00edmco nyn\u00ed emituj\u00ed vysp\u011bl\u00e9 st\u00e1ty (v\u010detn\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00e9ho Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu) v\u00edce ne\u017e 3\/4 v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00fdch emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f, za tak dlouh\u00e9 obdob\u00ed bude pom\u011br z\u00e1sadn\u011b jin\u00fd. P\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00e9m trendu ekonomick\u00e9ho a popula\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdvoje a existuj\u00edc\u00ed skladb\u011b surovinov\u00fdch z\u00e1sob budou emise sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v zem\u00edch, jako \u010c\u00edna, Indie, v\u011bt\u0161ina st\u00e1t\u016f jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie, Braz\u00edlie, Argentina, Mexiko aj. v t\u00e9 dob\u011b ji\u017e p\u0159eva\u017eovat celkov\u00e9 emise pr\u016fmyslov\u011b vysp\u011bl\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Za posledn\u00edch 10 let toti\u017e vzrostly celkov\u00e9 emise ve zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch st\u00e1tech o t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 100 %, zat\u00edmco v pr\u016fmyslov\u011b rozvinut\u00fdch st\u00e1tech v pr\u016fm\u011bru pouze o n\u011bkolik jednotek procent. Je\u0161t\u011b drasti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edly lze zjistit p\u0159i sledov\u00e1n\u00ed trend\u016f za posledn\u00edch nap\u0159. 20 let (n\u00e1r\u016fst emis\u00ed v rozvojov\u00fdch st\u00e1tech ji\u017en\u00ed a jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie o v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 %, apod.).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pokud bychom nahl\u00ed\u017eeli na v\u00fdsledky jedn\u00e1n\u00ed z tohoto zorn\u00e9ho pole, potom by kj\u00f3tsk\u00fd protokol velk\u00fdm p\u0159\u00ednosem pro klimatick\u00fd syst\u00e9m planety asi opravdu nebyl. Je t\u0159eba v\u0161ak v\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee z R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 \u00famluvy vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 v prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi povinnost sn\u00ed\u017eit emise pouze pro ekonomicky vysp\u011blej\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st sv\u011bta (zem\u011b Dodatku I). Z tohoto ohledu nelze pova\u017eovat za p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 perspektivn\u00ed, posunuje-li se prvn\u00ed kontroln\u00ed \u00fadob\u00ed do pom\u011brn\u011b vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho \u010dasov\u00e9ho horizontu. Zde v\u0161ak jedn\u00e1n\u00ed ztroskotala na zna\u010dn\u011b koordinovan\u00e9 neochot\u011b zejm\u00e9na delegac\u00ed USA a Ruska diskutovat bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u010dasov\u00fd horizont. Delegace USA jednala pod zna\u010dn\u00fdm tlakem Kongresu USA a siln\u00fdm vlivem pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch a energetick\u00fdch lobystick\u00fdch organizac\u00ed, zat\u00edmco delegace Rusk\u00e9 federace sv\u00fdm postojem pouze dokazovala, \u017ee v sou\u010dasn\u00e9m Rusku je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b velice slo\u017eit\u00e9 uva\u017eovat o \u010demkoliv v alespo\u0148 trochu re\u00e1ln\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch horizontech a sna\u017eila se tud\u00ed\u017e posunout \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed na dal\u0161\u00ed generace. V\u00fdsledek obou p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f byl tud\u00ed\u017e identick\u00fd.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1v\u011brem lze vyj\u00e1d\u0159it podporu v\u00fdroku profesora Bolina, b\u00fdval\u00e9ho p\u0159edsedy a zakladatele IPCC, kter\u00fd po jedn\u00e1n\u00ed prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee \u201e&#8230;ka\u017ed\u00e1, by\u0165 nepatrn\u00e1 dohodnut\u00e1 redukce je pro klimatick\u00fd syst\u00e9m p\u0159\u00ednosem&#8230;\u201c. Vr\u00e1tit toti\u017e sou\u010dasnou \u00farove\u0148 koncentrac\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e na \u00farove\u0148 hodnot p\u0159edindustri\u00e1ln\u00edch by bylo mo\u017eno pouze za p\u0159edpokladu celkov\u00e9 redukce alespo\u0148 o 50 %, co\u017e je v sou\u010dasn\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b naprosto nerealistick\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Jan Pretel, MZ 1998\/1, ro\u010dn\u00edk 51, str. 28-30<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0e1d511 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0e1d511\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fd38258\" data-id=\"fd38258\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-550ab41 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"550ab41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-07230ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"07230ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-80f75e6\" data-id=\"80f75e6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90e1dbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"90e1dbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PROFESOR STANISLAV HANZL\u00cdK A STUDIUM KLIMATICK\u00ddCH ZM\u011aN V DOB\u011a HISTORICK\u00c9<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5741f26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5741f26\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2603c0\" data-id=\"d2603c0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76d645a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76d645a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>1. \u00daVOD<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V \u201eHlavn\u00edch sm\u011brech hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho a soci\u00e1ln\u00edho rozvoje \u010cSSR na l\u00e9ta 1981\u20141985&#8243; z dubna 1981 se v odd\u00edlu o \u00fakolech z\u00e1kladn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu mj. uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee v\u011bdeck\u00e9 poznatky o Zemi a vesm\u00edru by se m\u011bly zam\u011b\u0159it na p\u0159edv\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn. Aktualitu tohoto po\u017eadavku podtrhuje \u00fazk\u00e1 n\u00e1vaz\u00adnost na Sv\u011btov\u00fd klimatick\u00fd program na l\u00e9ta 1980\u20141983. R\u00e1d bych proto upozornil na m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1mou kapitolu z histo\u00adrie \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 meteorologie, kter\u00e1 se uveden\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu \u00fazce dot\u00fdk\u00e1 a m\u00e1 p\u0159itom v \u0159ad\u011b moment\u016f \u00fazk\u00fd vztah k dne\u0161ku.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>2. POKUS O ZALO\u017dEN\u00cd N\u00c1RODN\u00cdHO KOMIT\u00c9TU PRO STUDIUM KLIMATICK\u00ddCH ZM\u011aN V DOB\u011a HISTORICK\u00c9 V LETECH 1931\u20131935<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V lednu 1931 publikoval prof. dr. Stanislav Hanzl\u00edk (1878 a\u017e 1956) v \u010dasopisu \u201eVesm\u00edr&#8221; v\u00fdzvu ke spolupr\u00e1ci v proble\u00admatice studia klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn v dob\u011b historick\u00e9. Na z\u00e1\u00adklad\u011b rozhodnut\u00ed Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho zem\u011bpisn\u00e9ho kongresu v Cambridgi 1928 byla toti\u017e vytvo\u0159ena mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed komise, kter\u00e1 se za p\u0159edsednictv\u00ed prof. L. de Marchiho m\u011bla touto problematikou zab\u00fdvat, \u010deskoslovenskou republiku zde za\u00adstupoval prof. Hanzl\u00edk [2, 13]. Kdy\u017e pak byl d\u00e1n popud k zalo\u017een\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00edch komit\u00e9t\u016f, obr\u00e1til se p\u0159edn\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel \u010ds. meteorologie na odbornou ve\u0159ejnost s uvedenou v\u00fdzvou [3]. Uvedl v n\u00ed mj.:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u201eData, na z\u00e1klad\u011b kter\u00fdch bude mo\u017eno konstruovati historii zm\u011bn klimatick\u00fdch, se mohou rozd\u011blit na t\u0159i skupiny p\u0159esn\u011b od\u00add\u011blen\u00e9: meteorologick\u00e1, biologick\u00e1 a historick\u00e1. Metody sb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed a diskuse jsou pro tyto t\u0159i skupiny od sebe radik\u00e1ln\u011b rozd\u00edln\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><ol><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Pokud se t\u00fdk\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u00fdch dokument\u016f meteorologick\u00fdch, m\u00e1 je ka\u017ed\u00fd civilizovan\u00fd st\u00e1t ulo\u017eeny v ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch publikac\u00edch snadno p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fdch. Meteorologi\u010dt\u00ed \u010dlenov\u00e9 komise a hlavn\u011b \u0159e\u00additel\u00e9 observato\u0159\u00ed by m\u011bli p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ozn\u00e1mit nejdel\u0161\u00ed s\u00e9rie me\u00adteorologick\u00fdch dat, je\u017e existuj\u00ed v doty\u010dn\u00fdch st\u00e1tech a snad i ve st\u00e1tech sousedn\u00edch, je\u017e nejsou reprezentov\u00e1ny v na\u0161\u00ed komisi.<\/em><\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Dokumenty biologick\u00e9 jsou z\u010d\u00e1sti p\u0159\u00edtomny v lo\u017eisk\u00e1ch kvart\u00e9rn\u00edch (ra\u0161eliny, slatiny), nebo ve struktu\u0159e rostlin mnoho\u00adlet\u00fdch (ro\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edr\u016fstky d\u0159eva), z\u010d\u00e1sti mohou b\u00fdt opat\u0159eny z pra\u00admen\u016f historick\u00fdch (zm\u011bny hranic altimetrick\u00fdch, zrniny spole\u00ad\u010denstev vegeta\u010dn\u00edch, hlavn\u011b lesn\u00edch a bahenn\u00edch, zm\u011bny kultur). Na. tomto poli bude moci opat\u0159iti cenn\u00e9 z\u00e1klady m\u00edstn\u00ed n\u00e1zvo\u00adslov\u00ed, je\u017e uchov\u00e1 \u010dasto pam\u00e1tky na spole\u010denstva vegeta\u010dn\u00ed d\u00e1vno zmizel\u00e1, n\u011bkter\u00e1 z d\u016fvod\u016f klimatick\u00fdch . . .<\/em><\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Probl\u00e9m jist\u011b nejslo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je onen, jen\u017e se vztahuje na sb\u00ed\u00adr\u00e1n\u00ed dokument\u016f historick\u00fdch. Maji obj\u00edmati vskutku nejen v\u0161echny informace p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho r\u00e1zu meteorologick\u00e9ho (mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 zimy a l\u00e9ta, dlouh\u00e9 periody sucha \u010di de\u0161tiv\u00e9 atd.), ale tak\u00e9 mnoh\u00e9 jin\u00e9 informace nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho meteorologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu, a\u0165 u\u017e v oblasti fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed (dlouhodob\u00e9 zm\u011bny ledovc\u016f, hladiny jezer atd.), a\u0165 u\u017e na poli biologick\u00e9m podle krit\u00e9ri\u00ed shora nazna\u010den\u00fdch a tak\u00e9 na poli ekonomick\u00e9m (nap\u0159. periody drahoty nebo nadproduk\u00adce).&#8221; Jako prvo\u0159ad\u00fd \u00fakol je v z\u00e1v\u011bru \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1na spolupr\u00e1ce na soupisu bibliografie z uveden\u00e9 problematiky v \u010ceskosloven\u00adsku.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u00e9to v\u00fdzvy se prof. Hanzl\u00edkovi obratem p\u0159ihl\u00e1sil Bohuslav Hrudi\u010dka (1904\u20141942), odborn\u00fd u\u010ditel v Hroto\u00advic\u00edch u Moravsk\u00e9ho Krumlova, pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed docent meteorologie a klimatologie na Masarykov\u011b univerzit\u011b v Brn\u011b:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>\u201eVysoce slovutn\u00fd pane profesore! K vyzv\u00e1n\u00ed uve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e9mu ve Vesm\u00edru dovoluji si sd\u011blit, \u017ee se ji\u017e del\u0161\u00ed dobu zab\u00fdv\u00e1m sb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm materi\u00e1lu k d\u011bjin\u00e1m meteorologie v \u010cech\u00e1ch, a \u017ee m\u00e1m n\u011bjak\u00e9 v\u00fdpisky o pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch \u00fakazech ve stolet\u00ed XV. a XVI. Mo\u017en\u00e1 ov\u0161em, \u017ee to, co bych V\u00e1m mohl sd\u011blit, je V\u00e1m d\u00e1vno zn\u00e1mo. V tom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pros\u00edm o prominut\u00ed, \u017ee obt\u011b\u017euji. V hlubok\u00e9 \u00fact\u011b se Va\u0161\u00ed slovutnosti porou\u010d\u00ed B. Hrudi\u010dka.&#8221;<\/em> (Hrotovice 3. II. 1931.)<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prof. Hanzl\u00edk odpov\u011bd\u011bl 5. II. 1931 a B. Hrudi\u010dka obratem zaslal bibliografii sv\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f s t\u00edmto koment\u00e1\u0159em:<em> \u201eVysoce slovutn\u00fd pane profesore! (V Hrotovic\u00edch 8. II. 1931.) Podle Va\u0161eho vyzv\u00e1n\u00ed dovoluji si zaslat V\u00e1m seznam \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f (= 7 publi\u00adkovan\u00fdch, 3 v tisku \u2014 pozn. JM),je\u017e se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed d\u011bjinami \u010desk\u00e9 meteorologie. Nen\u00ed jich mnoho a nejsou rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9. Je dosti t\u011b\u017eko dos\u00e1hnout uve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00ed takov\u00fdch prac\u00ed v \u010dasopisech. Soud\u00edm, \u017ee \u0161\u00ed\u0159eji zalo\u017een\u00fd a ob\u0161\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek z tohoto oboru by mi sotva kde otiskli. D\u011bkuji Va\u0161\u00ed Slovutnosti za vl\u00eddn\u00fd z\u00e1jem. V hlubok\u00e9 \u00fact\u011b se porou\u010d\u00ed Boh. Hrudi\u010dka.&#8221;<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jinak byl v\u0161ak ohlas \u017e\u00e1dosti o spolupr\u00e1ci, publikovan\u00e9 ve Vesm\u00edru, mezi odbornou ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed nevelk\u00fd, a tak ji prof. Hanzl\u00edk musel opakovat o 4 roky pozd\u011bji ve sv\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku na 3. sjezdu \u010ds. geograf\u016f v Plzni 1935. V tomto mezidob\u00ed se p\u0159edsedou mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed komise pro studium klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn v dob\u011b historick\u00e9 Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed geografick\u00e9 unie (IGU) stal m\u00edsto prof. di Marchiho prof. Arctowski. Na posledn\u00edm zased\u00e1n\u00ed komise v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei byl dohodnut dal\u0161\u00ed postup prac\u00ed takto:<\/span><\/p><ol><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>A\u0165 se sestav\u00ed kritick\u00e1 bibliografie za pomoci N\u00e1rodn\u00edho komit\u00e9tu.<\/em><\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>A\u0165 se provede srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed studium historick\u00fdch z\u00e1znam\u016f o pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch a jin\u00fdch jimi podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch jevech v dob\u00e1ch mi\u00adnul\u00fdch doty\u010dn\u00e9 zem\u011b.<\/em><\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Vedle t\u011bchto historick\u00fdch b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a\u0165 se studuj\u00ed zm\u011bny tlaku vzduchu ve velk\u00fdch ak\u010dn\u00edch centrech v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 cirkulace atmosf\u00e9\u00adrick\u00e9.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Jako \u010dlen komise pro \u010ceskoslovenskou republiku byl jsem vy\u00adzv\u00e1n, abych se pokusil o z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed N\u00e1rodn\u00edho komit\u00e9tu v \u010cSR, a proto p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00edm s touto my\u0161lenkou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159ed V\u00e1s. Apeluji na V\u00e1s geografy, aby ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo m\u00e1 z\u00e1jem na spolupr\u00e1ci o tomto t\u00e9matu, na zm\u011bn\u00e1ch podnebn\u00edch v dob\u011b historick\u00e9 u n\u00e1s, se p\u0159ihl\u00e1\u00adsil jako \u010dlen do N\u00e1rodn\u00edho komit\u00e9tu, pon\u011bvad\u017e od geografie pojat\u00e9 v nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm slova smyslu lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed t\u00e9to ot\u00e1zky.<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Jedna z \u00faloh pro tento n\u00e1rodn\u00ed komit\u00e9t, do kter\u00e9ho bude t\u0159eba z\u00edskati i \u010dleny z jin\u00fdch discipl\u00edn, je vyj\u00e1d\u0159ena bodem druh\u00fdm . . . Pokud se t\u00fd\u010de bibliografie v\u011bdeck\u00fdch prac\u00ed o dan\u00e9m t\u00e9matu, je z ni ji\u017e n\u011bco seps\u00e1no p\u0159isp\u011bn\u00edm st\u00e1tn\u00edho \u00fastavu meteorologick\u00e9\u00adho a hydrografick\u00e9ho, ale ka\u017ed\u00e9 upozorn\u011bn\u00ed je mi v\u00edt\u00e1no. T\u0159et\u00ed bod pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9ho usnesen\u00ed, toti\u017e studium ak\u010dn\u00edch st\u0159edisek v\u0161e\u00adobecn\u00e9 cirkulace atmosf\u00e9ry, je pracovn\u00edm programem meteorolo\u00adgick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu Karlovy univerzity .&#8221;[4]<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jak vyplynulo z usnesen\u00ed sjezdu, ke spolupr\u00e1ci se p\u0159ihl\u00e1sili mimo B. Hrudi\u010dku i doc. dr. VI. Nov\u00e1k a doc. dr. A. Gregor; v diskusi z\u00e1m\u011br podpo\u0159ili prof. \u0160alamon, prof. Vit\u00e1sek a doc. Hrom\u00e1dka.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>3. N\u00c1RODN\u00cd KOMIT\u00c9T PRO STUDIUM KLIMATICK\u00ddCH ZM\u011aN V DOB\u011a HISTORICK\u00c9 V LETECH 1936\u20131953<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ustavuj\u00edc\u00ed sch\u016fze N\u00e1rodn\u00edho komit\u00e9tu se konala 20. \u00fanora 1936. Z ne\u00fapln\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f v poz\u016fstalosti prof. Hanzl\u00edka je dolo\u017eena druh\u00e1 sch\u016fze 17. \u010dervna 1937 a posl\u00e9ze t\u0159et\u00ed 26. \u0159\u00edjna 1937. P\u0159edsedou se stal svolavatel dr. S. Hanzl\u00edk, profesor meteorologie na Karlov\u011b univerzit\u011b; jako \u010dlenov\u00e9 jsou uv\u00e1d\u011bni: prof. dr. R. Schneider, \u0159editel St\u00e1tn\u00edho \u00fastavu meteorologic\u00adk\u00e9ho, dr. L. W. Pollak, profesor geofyziky na n\u011bmeck\u00e9 univer\u00adzit\u011b, ing. dr. J. Klika, profesor Vysok\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed technick\u00e9ho v Praze, prof. dr. Vlad. Nov\u00e1k, dr. V\u00e1clav Hlav\u00e1\u010d, dr. Alois Gregor a dr. J. No\u017ei\u010dka. Mimo to se v z\u00e1pisech objevuj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b jm\u00e9na: dr. Z. Sekera, dr. A. Be\u010dv\u00e1\u0159 (naopak zde postr\u00e1d\u00e1m dr. B. Hrudi\u010dku. &#8211; JM).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kdy\u017e se v l\u00e9t\u011b roku 1937 konal 4. sjezd \u010ds. geograf\u016f v Olo\u00admouci, zhodnotil prof. Hanzl\u00edk pr\u00e1ci N\u00e1rodn\u00edho komit\u00e9tu takto (zpr\u00e1vu p\u0159ednesl p\u0159i nep\u0159\u00edtomnosti autora B. Hrudi\u010dka):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>\u201ePokud se t\u00fd\u010de bodu prvn\u00edho (viz [4]), tj. bibliografie, byl za\u00adsl\u00e1n dotaz na st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fastavy meteorologick\u00fd a hydrologick\u00fd a prohl\u00e9dnut seznam publikac\u00ed U\u010den\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti; soubor literatury o tomto t\u00e9matu v \u010cSR dosud sebran\u00fd je celkem chud\u00fd, je tu v\u0161ak vyhl\u00eddka, \u017ee bude pon\u011bkud roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en pr\u00e1v\u011b proveden\u00fdm soupisem bibliografie ve st\u00e1tn\u00edm hydrologick\u00e9m \u00fastavu.<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>V bod\u011b druh\u00e9m, pon\u011bvad\u017e \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd geograf-historik se na v\u00fdzvu neozval, bylo rozhodnuto prov\u00e9sti n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: Na archivy v \u010cSR rozesl\u00e1na \u017e\u00e1dost, aby p\u0159i sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed v\u0161imly si jev\u016f pov\u011btr\u00adnostn\u00edch, jak jsou v z\u00e1pisech obsa\u017eeny, a stejn\u011b i jin\u00fdch jev\u016f, je\u017e p\u0159\u00edmo i nep\u0159\u00edmo s t\u011bmito souvisej\u00ed, a je podle vzoru navr\u017ee\u00adn\u00e9ho p. archiv\u00e1\u0159em m\u011bsta Prahy prof. Vojt\u00ed\u0161kem zan\u00e1\u0161ely k eventu\u00e1ln\u00edmu pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed. To je ov\u0161em pracovn\u00ed program na dlouhou \u0159adu let a pokrok v tomto sm\u011bruje z\u00e1visl\u00fd na ochot\u011b a z\u00e1jmu archiv\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f v t\u00e9to ot\u00e1zce . . .<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Pokud se t\u00fd\u010de bodu t\u0159et\u00edho, kter\u00fd sv\u00fdm programem nen\u00ed v\u00e1z\u00e1n na oblast \u010cSR, p\u0159isp\u011bl autor tohoto refer\u00e1tu kr\u00e1tkou prac\u00ed \u201eDie Schwankungen der atm. Zirkulation und Sonnentatigkeit&#8221; [5] ve slavnostn\u00edm \u010d\u00edsle Gerlan\u010fs Beitrage zur Geophysik, vydan\u00e9m na po\u010dest \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9ho meteorologa prof. Maurera.<\/em><\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Druh\u00fd bod<\/em> ( = proveden\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edho studia historick\u00fdch z\u00e1znam\u016f o pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch a jin\u00fdch jimi podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch jevech \u2014 pozn. JM) <em>je vlastn\u011b nejrozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed pracovn\u00ed pole, je to oblast, kde se reprezentuje n\u00e1rodn\u00ed komit\u00e9t p\u0159ed cizinou a pr\u00e1v\u011b zde je t\u0159eba vyhled\u00e1vat odborn\u00edky, jich\u017e oblast pracovn\u00ed t\u0159eba i region\u00e1l\u00adn\u011b omezena by mohla p\u0159isp\u011bt k objasn\u011bni zm\u011bn klimatick\u00fdch v dob\u011b historick\u00e9 v \u010cSR&#8221;<\/em> [6]<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na dokreslen\u00ed uve\u010fme, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dost zaslan\u00e1 \u010ds. archiv\u016fm ve v\u011bci po\u017eadovan\u00fdch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch v\u00fdpis\u016f, byla konkretizo\u00adv\u00e1na do t\u011bchto kategori\u00ed: mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b such\u00e9 nebo mokr\u00e9 l\u00e9to, mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b chladn\u00e9 nebo tepl\u00e9 l\u00e9to, tuh\u00e1 nebo m\u00edrn\u00e1 zima, p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed nebo nedostatek sn\u011bhu, povodn\u011b a jejich opakov\u00e1n\u00ed, vysych\u00e1n\u00ed pramen\u016f a \u0159e\u010di\u0161\u0165, zamrz\u00e1n\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f a \u0159ek a jeho trv\u00e1n\u00ed, chod ledu v \u0159ek\u00e1ch, katastrofy v\u011btrn\u00e9, kru\u00adpobit\u00ed, mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd po\u010det bou\u0159ek, lesn\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ry zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 su\u00adchem, p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00e9 nebo opo\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9 \u017en\u011b, drahota (a ceny) zp\u016fso\u00adben\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi katastrofami a mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 rozmno\u017een\u00ed \u017eivo\u00ad\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch \u0161k\u016fdc\u016f (my\u0161\u00ed a hmyzu).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Administrativn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed pr\u00e1ce N\u00e1rodn\u00edho komit\u00e9tu kon\u00adcem roku 1937 uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee ke spolupr\u00e1ci bylo pozv\u00e1no 55 archi\u00adv\u016f, z nich\u017e se p\u0159ihl\u00e1silo k p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ci 44. Z toho 13 archiv\u016f zaslalo v\u00fdpisy o po\u010das\u00ed v minul\u00fdch stolet\u00edch celkem na 445 kartot\u00e9\u010dn\u00edch l\u00edstc\u00edch (t\u00fdkalo se jen archiv\u016f \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed, z archivn\u00edho inspektor\u00e1tu v Bratislav\u011b se nepoda\u0159ilo z\u00edskat adresy slovensk\u00fdch archiv\u016f v jeho spr\u00e1v\u011b). D\u00e1le komi\u00adt\u00e9t dopsal gener\u00e1ln\u00edmu \u0159editelstv\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00edch les\u016f a statk\u016f v Pra\u00adze a zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9mu muzeu v Praze, Brn\u011b, Opav\u011b a Bratislav\u011b, aby sd\u011blily, zda maj\u00ed ve sv\u00fdch sb\u00edrk\u00e1ch \u0159ezy kmen\u016f, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b zda by je daly k dispozici komit\u00e9tu. K t\u00e9to problematice refero\u00adval v \u0159\u00edjnu 1937 na t\u0159et\u00ed sch\u016fzi Dr. A. Be\u010dv\u00e1\u0159, kter\u00fd zm\u011b\u0159il asi 30 pa\u0159ez\u016f; \u010d\u00e1st jeho v\u00fdsledk\u016f byla publikov\u00e1na [1].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">D\u00e1le komit\u00e9t pozval ke spolupr\u00e1ci zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm ob\u011b\u017en\u00edkem v\u0161echny pozorovatele meteorologick\u00fdch stanic. Dotazoval se, zda v m\u00edst\u011b stanice nebo jej\u00edm okol\u00ed nejsou ulo\u017eeny z\u00e1pisy o po\u010das\u00ed v minul\u00fdch stolet\u00edch; do konce prosince 1937 odpov\u011b\u00add\u011blo 50 stanic.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kdov\u00ed, jak by se \u010dinnost N\u00e1rodn\u00edho komit\u00e9tu vyv\u00edjela d\u00e1le, kdyby do pom\u011brn\u011b slibn\u011b se rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed pr\u00e1ce nezas\u00e1hla bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00ed se 2. sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka. Jak konstatoval prof. Hanzl\u00edk [8], <em>\u201emo\u017e\u00adnost sch\u016fz\u00ed byla za v\u00e1lky vylou\u010dena, . . ., mnoho z archiv\u00e1ln\u00edho materi\u00e1lu bylo zni\u010deno. Tak\u00e9 terna samo, studium podnebn\u00edch zm\u011bn v dob\u00e1ch historick\u00fdch bylo \u0161krtnuto z programu mezin\u00e1rod\u00adn\u00edch geografick\u00fdch kongres\u016f, p\u0159edseda mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed komise prof. Arctowski se sv\u00e9 funkce vzdal a z\u016fstal v Americe . . .&#8221;<\/em> Mimo to doc. dr. B. Hrudi\u010dka, kter\u00fd se prvn\u00ed p\u0159ihl\u00e1sil ke spolupr\u00e1ci, zahynul v koncentra\u010dn\u00edm t\u00e1bo\u0159e, p\u0159ed n\u00e1stupem fa\u0161ismu u n\u00e1s byl nucen emigrovat prof. dr. L. W. Pollak atd.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">A tak se po r. 1945 pr\u00e1ce komit\u00e9tu omezila na n\u011bkolik oje\u00addin\u011bl\u00fdch akc\u00ed. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm prof. Hanzl\u00edk publikoval v r. 1948 \u010dl\u00e1nek o v\u00fdznamu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed letokruh\u016f p\u0159i studiu podnebn\u00edch zm\u011bn [7]. V \u0159\u00edjnu 1952 pak vystoupil na 1. celost\u00e1tn\u00ed me\u00adteorologick\u00e9 konferenci v Bratislav\u011b s v\u00fdzvou k obnoven\u00ed pr\u00e1ce N\u00e1rodn\u00edho komit\u00e9tu a spolupracovn\u00edk\u016f [8]. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dal, \u017ee hlavn\u00edm bodem studia podnebn\u00edch zm\u011bn u n\u00e1s bude dendrologie, druh\u00fdm bodem pak studium meteorologicko-historick\u00e9, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee pomoci mj. p\u0159i datov\u00e1n\u00ed letokruh\u016f. Zd\u016f\u00adraznil p\u0159itom, \u017ee hled\u00e1n\u00ed v archivech, kde se n\u00e1hodou najde zm\u00ednka o mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch jevech a katastrof\u00e1ch v minulosti, je pr\u00e1ce velmi zdlouhav\u00e1. Tuto pr\u00e1ci zastavila v\u00e1lka. Byli tu ale jedinci, kte\u0159\u00ed v t\u00e9to oblasti d\u00e1le pracovali, jako nap\u0159. prof. Muk v Jind\u0159ichov\u011b Hradci a d\u011bkan Macek na Mikulovsku. (Osud kartot\u00e9ky mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch jev\u016f v minulosti se ale nepoda\u0159ilo zjistit.)<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Posledn\u00ed akc\u00ed N\u00e1rodn\u00edho komit\u00e9tu bylo zasl\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdzvy ve\u00adden\u00ed a jednotliv\u00fdm sekc\u00edm nov\u011b vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 aka\u00addemie v\u011bd, aby se v\u011bdeck\u00e9 problematiky klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn v \u010ceskoslovensku ujala \u010cS\u00c1V. Zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed podepsali prof. dr. S. Hanzl\u00edk, dr. A. Be\u010dv\u00e1\u0159, prof. dr. A. Gregor, prof. dr. K. Klika a prof. dr. R. Schneider.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>4. Z\u00c1V\u011aR<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Stanovisko N\u00e1rodn\u00edho komit\u00e9tu pro studium kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed kli\u00admatu u n\u00e1s v dob\u011b historick\u00e9 z r. 1953 je dnes stejn\u011b aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed jako tehdy, proto\u017ee problematikou kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed klimatu v dob\u011b historick\u00e9 (tj. za posledn\u00edch 500\u20141000 let) se u n\u00e1s jako p\u0159ed\u00adm\u011bt z\u00e1kladn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu systematicky nezab\u00fdv\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u00adzkumn\u00e9 pracovi\u0161t\u011b. Prvn\u00ed, a to velmi zda\u0159ilou pr\u00e1ci tohoto zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed publikoval v r. 1966 K. Pejml [11], \u010d\u00edm\u017e prakticky realizoval my\u0161lenky prof. Hanzl\u00edka. Vzhledem k neoby\u010dejn\u011b \u010dasov\u011b i metodicky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9mu v\u00fdzkumu, zab\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edmu do pomocn\u00fdch v\u011bd historick\u00fdch, nebylo zat\u00edm v podobn\u00fdch re\u00adkonstrukc\u00edch pro jin\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 produk\u010dn\u00ed oblasti (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b celou \u010cSR) zat\u00edm pokra\u010dov\u00e1no. Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b evropsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f v\u0161ak postupn\u00e9 soust\u0159e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed a rekonstrukce podneb\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b pokra\u010duje. Kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed klimatu za posledn\u00edch 1000 let bylo dokonce i n\u00e1pln\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed samostatn\u00e9 sekce 3. kongresu Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed asociace pro meteorologii a atmosf\u00e9rickou fyziku (IAMAP) v Hamburku v srpnu 1981.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pokud jde o kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed klimatu za posledn\u00edch 40\u2014200 let, p\u0159i\u00adpome\u0148me v\u011bdeck\u00fd semin\u00e1\u0159 \u201e\u010clov\u011bk a zm\u011bny podneb\u00ed&#8221;, kter\u00fd uspo\u0159\u00e1dal HM\u00da Bratislava v b\u0159eznu 1980, jeho\u017e refer\u00e1ty byly publikov\u00e1ny v Meteorologick\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v\u00e1ch \u010d. 5\/1980. N\u00e1vaz\u00adnosti n\u011bkter\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f rozboru sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed \u0159ady meteoro\u00adlogick\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed v Praze-Klementinu od r. 1775 a Sv\u011bto\u00adv\u00e9ho klimatick\u00e9ho programu se t\u00fdkal p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek O. \u0160ebka [12]. Kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed klimatu je pak i sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed 15. t\u00e9matu v\u011bdeckov\u00fdzkum\u00adn\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce socialistick\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f \u2014 (K)NIR. Skute\u010dnost\u00ed v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee v dob\u011b, kdy byl sestavov\u00e1n tento \u010dl\u00e1nek, sa\u00admostatn\u00fd \u010deskoslovensk\u00fd N\u00e1rodn\u00ed klimatick\u00fd program reali\u00adzov\u00e1n nebyl, i kdy\u017e se objevily pokusy o jeho vytvo\u0159en\u00ed. Z\u0159ej\u00adm\u011b se zde projevila okolnost, \u017ee Sv\u011btov\u00fd klimatick\u00fd program byl vyhl\u00e1\u0161en na obdob\u00ed 1980\u2014 1983, tedy z na\u0161eho hlediska na \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed rozhran\u00ed dvou \u010ds. p\u011btiletek. Proto\u017ee v\u0161ak lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee Sv\u011btov\u00fd klimatick\u00fd program bude pokra\u010dovat i po r. 1983, bude nutn\u00e9 tento probl\u00e9m vy\u0159e\u0161it.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na podneb\u00ed je nutn\u00e9 pohl\u00ed\u017eet jako na prom\u011bnn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroj krajiny [10]. Lze proto uv\u00edtat impuls z \u201eHlavn\u00edch sm\u011br\u016f hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho a soci\u00e1ln\u00edho rozvoje \u010cSSR na l\u00e9ta 1981\u20141975&#8243;, zam\u011b\u0159it v\u00fdzkum na p\u0159edv\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn. P\u0159edpo\u00adkladem dlouhodob\u00e9 p\u0159edpov\u011bdi podneb\u00ed je pozn\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1koni\u00adtost\u00ed jeho kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed. To v\u0161ak p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 z\u00edskat komplexn\u00ed faktografick\u00fd p\u0159ehled o dan\u00e9 oblasti, a to od v\u0161ech pou\u017eitel\u00adn\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f ze star\u0161\u00edch obdob\u00ed a\u017e po data z\u00edskan\u00e1 pomoc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstro\u00adj\u016f. Zat\u00edm se vych\u00e1z\u00ed z dat jedn\u00e9 stanice, a to Prahy-Klementina od roku 1775, ale prvn\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cSSR jsou z Pre\u0161ova z r. 1717 [9]. Kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed klimatu je pak nutn\u00e9 studovat nejen bodov\u011b, ale i prostorov\u011b. Domn\u00edv\u00e1m se, \u017ee tento \u010dl\u00e1nek nejen up\u0159esnil aktivitu a bibliografii prof. S. Hanzl\u00edka, ale m\u016f\u017ee slou\u017eit i jako v\u00fdchodisko p\u0159i formulov\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho postupu v\u00fdzkumu klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Literatura:<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[I] Be\u010dv\u00e1\u0159, A.: Die Typen des Niederschlagseffektes der Sonnenflecken periode und die jahrlichen Zuwachsringe der B\u00e4ume. Gerlands Beitrage zur Geophysik, 49, 1936, H. 1.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[2] Gregor, A.: Vzpom\u00ednka na univ. prof. PhDr. Stanislava Hanzl\u00edka a seznam jeho v\u011bdeck\u00fdch prac\u00ed. Meteorologick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, 10, 1957, \u010d. 1. s. 1 \u2014 2.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[3] Hanzl\u00edk, S.: Studium klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn v dob\u011b histo\u00adrick\u00e9; v\u00fdzva ke spolupr\u00e1ci. Vesm\u00edr, 9, 1930\u20141931, \u010d. 5, s. 119-120.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[4] Hanzl\u00edk, S.: N\u00e1vrh na z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed N\u00e1rodn\u00edho komit\u00e9tu pro studium zm\u011bn klimatick\u00fdch v dob\u011b historick\u00e9 v \u010cesko\u00adslovensk\u00e9 republice. In: Sborn\u00edk III. sjezdu \u010ds. geograf\u016f v Plzni 1935, s. 63-64. Praha 1935.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[5] Hanzl\u00edk, S.: Die Schwankungen der atmospharischen Zirkulation und Sonnentatigkeit. Gerlan\u010fs Beitrage zur Geophysik, 50, 1937, s. 264 ff.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[6] Hanzl\u00edk, S.: Zpr\u00e1va o n\u00e1rodn\u00edm komit\u00e9tu pro studium klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn. In: Sborn\u00edk IV. sjezdu \u010ds. geograf\u016f v Olomouci 1937. Brno 1938, s. 8.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[7] Hanzl\u00edk, J.: V\u00fdznam m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed letokruh\u016f p\u0159i studiu podnebn\u00fdch zm\u011bn. Meteorologick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, 2, 1948, \u010d. 4, s. 77-78.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[8] Hanzl\u00edk, S.: Dendrochronologie a jej\u00ed vztah ke klimatic\u00adk\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m. In: Sborn\u00edk dokument\u016f 1. celost\u00e1tn\u00ed me\u00adteorologick\u00e9 konference v Bratislav\u011b 1952. Praha, 1953, s. 84.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[9] Munzar, J.: Po\u010d\u00e1tky meteorologick\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v \u010cesko\u00adslovensku v 18. stolet\u00ed. D\u011bjiny v\u011bd a techniky, 2, 1969, \u010d. 3, s. 183-187.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[10] Munzar, J.: Podneb\u00ed jako prom\u011bnn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroj kra\u00adjiny. In: Sborn\u00edk refer\u00e1t\u016f 15. sjezdu \u010cs. geografick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti p\u0159i \u010cSAV, \u010d\u00e1st \u201eProgresivn\u00ed ideje v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 geografii a jejich vyu\u017eit\u00ed v praxi&#8221;. Brno, \u010cSGS p\u0159i \u010cSAV 1981, s. 202-208.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[11] Pejml, K.: P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek ke kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed klimatu v\u00a0severo\u010desk\u00e9 vina\u0159sk\u00e9 a chmela\u0159sk\u00e9 oblasti v letech 1500\u20141900. In: Sborn\u00edk prac\u00ed Hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu v Praze. Praha 1966, s. 23\u201478.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[12] \u0160ebek, O.: Sv\u011btov\u00fd klimatick\u00fd program a n\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00fd\u00adsledky sekul\u00e1rn\u00ed \u0159ady Praha-Klementinum. Meteorolo\u00adgick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, 33, 1980. \u010d. 5, s. 131-133.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[13] Zikmunda, O.: V\u00fdznam profesora Hanzl\u00edka pro rozvoj meteorologie. Meteorologick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, 31, 1978. \u010d. 4, s. 97\u201499.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Jan Munzar, MZ 1982\/3, ro\u010dn\u00edk 35, str. 93-94<\/em><\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9a17af6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9a17af6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-047afd8\" data-id=\"047afd8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d1d50 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2d1d50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-661be27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"661be27\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-10892ae\" data-id=\"10892ae\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-271cb8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"271cb8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/MZ_165_158-161_upr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">V\u00fdzkum klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn_Karel Bayer (1965, pdf, 0,4 MB)<\/a><\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-40125e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"40125e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2293490\" data-id=\"2293490\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cea0e1a elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cea0e1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eb720c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eb720c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2dd616d\" data-id=\"2dd616d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66e2585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66e2585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/MZ_165_162-164_upr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Kol\u00edsanie kl\u00edmy od polovice minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia_Mikul\u00e1\u0161 Kon\u010dek (1965, pdf, 0,3 MB)<\/a><\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d9e2a6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d9e2a6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f6515af\" data-id=\"f6515af\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69d5472 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"69d5472\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b04f647 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b04f647\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d826629\" data-id=\"d826629\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3572c87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3572c87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/MZ_165_164-167_upr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed klimatu v 16. a v 17. stolet\u00ed v \u010desk\u00e9 vina\u0159sk\u00e9 a chmela\u0159sk\u00e9 oblasti_Karel Pejml (1965, pdf, 0,3 MB)<\/a><\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Publikovan\u00e9 historick\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky s touto problematikou P\u00e1t\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va IPCC Mezivl\u00e1dn\u00ed panel pro klimatickou zm\u011bnu (IPCC) vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 v letech 2013 a 2014 svou ji\u017e p\u00e1tou hodnot\u00edc\u00ed zpr\u00e1vu (tzv. AR5). Zpr\u00e1va bude [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9197","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9197","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9197"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9197\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9223,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9197\/revisions\/9223"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9197"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}