{"id":9166,"date":"2024-12-23T20:06:49","date_gmt":"2024-12-23T19:06:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=9166"},"modified":"2024-12-23T21:02:23","modified_gmt":"2024-12-23T20:02:23","slug":"konference-a-seminare","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/konference-a-seminare\/","title":{"rendered":"Konference a semin\u00e1\u0159e"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"9166\" class=\"elementor elementor-9166\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1f4c375 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1f4c375\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-281ce7d\" data-id=\"281ce7d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-203a5b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"203a5b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na tomto m\u00edst\u011b uv\u00e1d\u00edme informace o n\u011bkter\u00fdch konferenc\u00edch a semin\u00e1\u0159\u00edch s meteorologickou nebo p\u0159\u00edbuznou tematikou a nejsou po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny a spoluo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny meteorologickou spole\u010dnost\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c651f4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c651f4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e4adf63\" data-id=\"e4adf63\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f4c49f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f4c49f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">KONFERENCE O STATISTICK\u00c9 KLIMATOLOGII<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0aa65d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0aa65d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-07af3d3\" data-id=\"07af3d3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cea873b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cea873b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve dnech 24. 6. a\u017e 28. 6. 2019 se v Toulouse ve Francii konalo ji\u017e 14. setk\u00e1n\u00ed klimatolog\u016f, meteorolog\u016f a statistik\u016f na konferenci \u201eThe 14th International Meeting on Statistical Climatology\u201c (IMSC). Tyto akce jsou po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny ka\u017ed\u00e9 3 roky ji\u017e od roku 1979 a d\u00e1vaj\u00ed prostor pro debatu mezi statistiky na stran\u011b jedn\u00e9 a klimatology, meteorology, pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed\u00admi v\u011bdci p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch obor\u016f na stran\u011b druh\u00e9. Leto\u0161n\u00ed konfe\u00adrence byla organizov\u00e1na V\u00fdborem IMSC (the IMSC Steering Committee) a podpo\u0159ena n\u011bkolika dal\u0161\u00edmi organizacemi, zej\u00adm\u00e9na francouzskou n\u00e1rodn\u00ed meteorologickou slu\u017ebou Meteo France, v jej\u00ed\u017e budov\u011b se akce konala.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5988975 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5988975\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8bd6e3f\" data-id=\"8bd6e3f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b106dc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b106dc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"254\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2019_05_158_Toulouse-1024x254.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9168\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2019_05_158_Toulouse-1024x254.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2019_05_158_Toulouse-300x74.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2019_05_158_Toulouse-768x190.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2019_05_158_Toulouse.jpg 1190w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b4d540\" data-id=\"1b4d540\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13f8e2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13f8e2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro zaj\u00edmavost, konference se konala za extr\u00e9mn\u011b tepl\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed, kdy v p\u0159\u00edlivu velmi tepl\u00e9ho vzduchu p\u016fvodem z Afriky, kter\u00fd proudil na JZ Evropy, byla dne 28. 6. 2019 p\u0159ekon\u00e1na nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teplota, kter\u00e1 kdy byla nam\u011b\u0159ena na \u00fazem\u00ed Francie.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-80843c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"80843c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ec0da2c\" data-id=\"ec0da2c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0905da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b0905da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Poprv\u00e9 byla na \u00fazem\u00ed tohoto st\u00e1tu nam\u011b\u0159ena teplota vy\u0161\u00ad\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 45 \u00b0C. Nov\u00fd absolutn\u00ed rekord s hodnotou 45,9 \u00b0C byl nam\u011b\u0159en na stanici Gallargues-Le-Montueux v departmentu Gard.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky byly rozd\u011bleny do n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch 12 sekc\u00ed:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Climate records: data homogenization, dataset creation, and uncertainty<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Interactions of weather and climate with human and natural systems<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Statistical issues working with large datasets and model outputs<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Space-time statistics for modeling and analyzing climate variability<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Weather\/climate predictability and forecast evaluation<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Statistics for climate models, ensemble design, uncertainty quantification, model tuning<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Statistical and machine learning in climate science<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Long-term D&amp;A and emergent constraints on future clima\u00adte projections<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Attribution and analysis of single weather events<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Changes in extremes including temperature, hydrologic, and multivariate compound events<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Extreme value analysis for climate applications<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">From global change to regional impacts, downscaling and bias correction<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvc\u00edch se objevily u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 informace o statistic\u00adk\u00fdch metod\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt vyu\u017eity p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed extr\u00e9\u00adm\u016f v klimatologick\u00fdch \u0159ad\u00e1ch. D\u016fraz byl kladen na nestacionaritu datov\u00fdch \u0159ad, kv\u016fli kter\u00e9 by se i pro anal\u00fdzu extr\u00e9\u00adm\u016f m\u011bly pou\u017e\u00edvat nestacion\u00e1rn\u00ed metody (nap\u0159. nestacion\u00e1rn\u00ed Generalized extreme value return levels nebo nestacion\u00e1rn\u00ed Peaks-Over-Threshold model pro extr\u00e9mn\u00ed teploty a sr\u00e1\u017eky). Byl prezentov\u00e1n nap\u0159\u00edklad i bal\u00ed\u010dek statistick\u00e9ho softwa\u00adru R pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed klimatick\u00fdch extr\u00e9m\u016f ClimexTremes (<a style=\"color: #003366;\" href=\"https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/climextRemes\/index\">https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/climextRemes\/index<\/a>.html).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Hodn\u011b p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f bylo v\u011bnov\u00e1no klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b, jej\u00edm dopad\u016fm (glob\u00e1ln\u00edm i region\u00e1ln\u00edm) a tak\u00e9 snaze o posouze\u00adn\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fdch extr\u00e9mn\u00edch jev\u016f (nap\u0159\u00edklad hork\u00e1 vlna 2013 v Evrop\u011b) pr\u00e1v\u011b v kontextu klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny (je ta extr\u00e9mn\u00ed ud\u00e1lost je\u0161t\u011b \u201ep\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed\u201c, v r\u00e1mci p\u0159irozen\u00e9 variability, nebo u\u017e je \u201eantropogenn\u00ed\u201c a lze ji p\u0159i\u010d\u00edst klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b?). Ve velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku J. Cattiauxe bylo prezentov\u00e1no, jak d\u016fle\u00ad\u017eit\u00e1 je prostorov\u011b-\u010dasov\u00e1 definice ud\u00e1losti, kdy r\u016fzn\u00e9 definice mohou zp\u016fsobit r\u016fzn\u00e9 interpretace jedn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti a posouzen\u00ed jej\u00ed extremity. To bylo demonstrov\u00e1no na hork\u00e9 vln\u011b v Evrop\u011b v l\u00e9t\u011b 2003, kdy sez\u00f3nn\u00ed evropsk\u00e1 teplota byla podle jedn\u00e9 stu\u00addie za\u0159azena u\u017e mezi studen\u00e9 extr\u00e9my po roce 2050, ale den\u00adn\u00ed a lok\u00e1ln\u00ed anom\u00e1lie teploty z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed podle dal\u0161\u00ed studie hor\u00adkou ud\u00e1lost\u00ed i v roce 2100. Rozd\u00edl je pr\u00e1v\u011b v prostorov\u011b-\u010dasov\u00e9 definici (sez\u00f3nn\u00ed\/evropsk\u00e1 versus denn\u00ed\/lok\u00e1ln\u00ed).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z hlediska dopad\u016f klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny byla v p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvc\u00edch vid\u011bt snaha popisovat ud\u00e1losti v\u00edce komplexn\u011b, proto\u017ee to je to, co u\u017eivatel\u00e9 pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed. Velkou v\u00fdzvou i pro klimatology jsou takzvan\u00e9 \u201ecompound events\u201c. Ty jsou definov\u00e1ny jako kombinace vz\u00e1jemn\u011b reaguj\u00edc\u00edch fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch proces\u016f (pro r\u016fzn\u00e1 prostorov\u00e1 i \u010dasov\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka), kter\u00e9 vedou k v\u00fdznamn\u00e9\u00admu dopadu (\u201ehazards\u201c &#8211; z\u00e1plavy, lesn\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ry, sucho, hork\u00e9 vlny). Nap\u0159\u00edklad na vzniku sucha se pod\u00edl\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eky, v\u00fdpar, histo\u00adrick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj p\u016fdn\u00ed vlhkosti a teplota. Tyto jednotliv\u00e9 \u201eclimatic drivers\u201c v\u0161ak nejsou nez\u00e1visl\u00e9, proto odhady pravd\u011bpodobnos\u00adti v\u00fdskytu \u201ehazards\u201c jsou je\u0161t\u011b slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro klimatick\u00e9 modelov\u00e1n\u00ed je kvalita klimatick\u00fdch model\u016f. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed projekt CMIP (Coupled Model Intercom- parison Project) od roku 1995 koordinuje experimenty klima\u00adtick\u00fdch model\u016f, v sou\u010dasnosti prob\u00edh\u00e1 ji\u017e f\u00e1ze 6 (<a style=\"color: #003366;\" href=\"https:\/\/www\">https:\/\/www<\/a>.wcrp-climate.org\/index.php\/wgcm-cmip\/wgcm-cmip6). Bylo konstatov\u00e1no, \u017ee kvalita modelov\u00fdch v\u00fdstup\u016f se zlep\u0161uje, nic\u00adm\u00e9n\u011b biasy a nejistoty st\u00e1le jsou, a to zejm\u00e9na v extr\u00e9mech. Problematick\u00fd je postprocessing modelov\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f, kdy\u017e jsou v\u00fdsledky p\u0159izp\u016fsobov\u00e1ny nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdm hodnot\u00e1m pro kon\u00adtroln\u00ed klima, proto\u017ee to m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit nekonzistenci mezi jed\u00adnotliv\u00fdmi prvky a naru\u0161it fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed vazby t\u011bchto v\u00fdsledk\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro n\u00e1zorn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed interpretaci dopad\u016f klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny pro u\u017eivateleje \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l t\u00edm popul\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed tzv. \u201estorylines\u201c, fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b zalo\u017een\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f dopad\u016f zejm\u00e9na na region\u00e1l\u00adn\u00ed \u00farovni. N\u011bkter\u00e9 region\u00e1ln\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 dopady jsou toti\u017e v\u00e1z\u00e1ny p\u0159\u00edmo na atmosf\u00e9rickou cirkulaci, jej\u00ed\u017e zm\u011bny nem\u00e1 smysl vyjad\u0159ovat pravd\u011bpodobnostn\u011b v r\u00e1mci souboru kli\u00admatick\u00fdch model\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad T. G. Stepherd prezentoval \u201estorylines\u201c pro \u00fabytek sr\u00e1\u017eek v chladn\u00e9 polovin\u011b roku ve St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed, kdy je nejprve zkoum\u00e1no pol\u00e1rn\u00ed oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed, tro\u00adpick\u00e9 oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed a zesilov\u00e1n\u00ed stratosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho v\u00edru v z\u00e1vis\u00adlosti na zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed teploty vzduchu pro 32 model\u016f CMIP5. R\u016fzn\u00e9 kombinace t\u011bchto cirkula\u010dn\u00edch zm\u011bn p\u0159in\u00e1\u00ad\u0161ej\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 dopady na sr\u00e1\u017eky ve St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed, kdy kombinace velk\u00e9ho tropick\u00e9ho oteplen\u00ed a siln\u00e9ho stratosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho v\u00edru znamenaj\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed modelovan\u00fd \u00fabytek sr\u00e1\u017eek. Je snaha se zam\u011b\u0159it na klimatick\u00e9 modely, kter\u00e9 modeluj\u00ed atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 cirkula\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my dob\u0159e, proto\u017ee to m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159in\u00e9st podstatn\u00e9 zlep\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f anal\u00fdz pro region\u00e1ln\u00ed dopady klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Stanislava Kliegrov\u00e1, Lenka Crhov\u00e1, MZ 2019\/5, ro\u010d. 72, str. 158-159<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6dcc1de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6dcc1de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-26c4c99\" data-id=\"26c4c99\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5422e0e elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5422e0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-divider{--divider-border-style:none;--divider-border-width:1px;--divider-color:#0c0d0e;--divider-icon-size:20px;--divider-element-spacing:10px;--divider-pattern-height:24px;--divider-pattern-size:20px;--divider-pattern-url:none;--divider-pattern-repeat:repeat-x}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider{display:flex}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{font-size:15px;line-height:1;max-width:95%}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__element{margin:0 var(--divider-element-spacing);flex-shrink:0}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-icon{font-size:var(--divider-icon-size)}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider-separator{display:flex;margin:0;direction:ltr}.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator{align-items:center}.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator:before,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator:before{display:block;content:\"\";border-bottom:0;flex-grow:1;border-top:var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color)}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider .elementor-divider-separator>.elementor-divider__svg:first-of-type{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:100}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider-separator:before{content:none}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider__element{margin-left:0}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider .elementor-divider-separator>.elementor-divider__svg:last-of-type{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:100}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider-separator:after{content:none}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider__element{margin-right:0}.elementor-widget-divider:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text):not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon) .elementor-divider-separator{border-top:var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color)}.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern{--divider-border-style:none}.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern.elementor-widget-divider--view-line .elementor-divider-separator,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:before,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not([class*=elementor-widget-divider--view]) .elementor-divider-separator{width:100%;min-height:var(--divider-pattern-height);-webkit-mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;-webkit-mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);background-color:var(--divider-color);-webkit-mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url);mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url)}.elementor-widget-divider--no-spacing{--divider-pattern-size:auto}.elementor-widget-divider--bg-round{--divider-pattern-repeat:round}.rtl .elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{direction:rtl}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-divider,.e-con>.elementor-widget-divider{width:var(--container-widget-width,100%);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-125f878 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"125f878\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3387330\" data-id=\"3387330\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c498c05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c498c05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">KONFERENCE HOSPODA\u0158EN\u00cd S VODOU V KRAJIN\u011a<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5455aa5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5455aa5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dcfab78\" data-id=\"dcfab78\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eed8bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eed8bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve dnech 13. a 14. \u010dervna 2019 se uskute\u010dnila Konference Hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s vodou v krajin\u011b v Kongresov\u00e9m a kulturn\u00edm centru Roh\u00e1\u010d v T\u0159eboni.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c88be34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c88be34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3b8816\" data-id=\"a3b8816\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6efe2b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6efe2b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2019_05_157.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"2019_05_157\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6OTE2OSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cDpcL1wvd3d3LmNtZXMuY3pcL3dlYlwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNFwvMTJcLzIwMTlfMDVfMTU3LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"579\" height=\"426\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2019_05_157.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9169\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2019_05_157.jpg 579w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2019_05_157-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 579px) 100vw, 579px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2a9f422\" data-id=\"2a9f422\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc65bf1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bc65bf1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed konference, jak ji\u017e n\u00e1zev napov\u00edd\u00e1, se v\u011bnovalo t\u00e9matu aktu\u00e1ln\u00edmu nejen v roce 2018, ale ji\u017e n\u011bkolik posledn\u00edch p\u00e1r let &#8211; extr\u00e9mn\u00ed projevy sucha, nedostatkem sr\u00e1\u017eek a n\u00e1sled\u00adn\u011b vody v krajin\u011b. Je nutn\u00e9 hledat cesty, jak ovlivnit f\u00e1ze ob\u011bhu vody v na\u0161\u00ed krajin\u011b, jak napravit negativn\u00ed z\u00e1sahy \u010dlov\u011bka, ale tak\u00e9 jak dal\u0161\u00edm p\u0159edch\u00e1zet, abychom m\u011bli v na\u0161\u00ed krajin\u011b dosta\u00adte\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vody. Proto je pot\u0159eba v\u011bnovat pozornost pod\u00adstat\u011b v\u00fdskytu povodn\u00ed, sucha i z\u00e1sah\u016f do krajiny, vyvodit z\u00e1v\u011b\u00adry a stanovit komplexn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. P\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch poznatk\u016f bylo c\u00edlem konference.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7e34715 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7e34715\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f452ed9\" data-id=\"f452ed9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9580868 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9580868\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Program za\u010dal plen\u00e1rn\u00edmi p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161kami:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u0160i\u0161ka, B., \u017dilinsk\u00fd, M., Zuzulov\u00e1, V.: Sucho a vegeta\u010dn\u00e9 obdobie na Slovensku v podmienkach klimatickej zmeny<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u010cerm\u00e1k, J.: Zahrani\u010dn\u00ed trendy v\u00fdzkumu a inovac\u00ed ve vod\u00adn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kulhav\u00fd, Z.: P\u0159edstaven\u00ed iniciativy k obnov\u011b vodn\u00edch dru\u017e\u00adstev v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cR<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Adam, \u0160., Reh\u00e1k, \u0160., Tak\u00e1\u010d, J.: Mo\u017enosti optimaliz\u00e1cie \u00farod vybran\u00fdch plodin z\u00e1vlahami<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-56098b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"56098b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-556ee6b\" data-id=\"556ee6b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-058a42a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"058a42a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"581\" height=\"427\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2019_05_158.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9170\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2019_05_158.jpg 581w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2019_05_158-300x220.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 581px) 100vw, 581px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-18d9e28\" data-id=\"18d9e28\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e516ab6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e516ab6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">A pak ji\u017e n\u00e1sledovaly jednotliv\u00e9 sekce, kter\u00e9 byly rozd\u011ble\u00adny do \u010dty\u0159 kategori\u00ed: Vodn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, Hydrologie a hydropedologie, Meliorace a Dynamika klimatu. Nem\u00e9n\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 byla tak\u00e9 posterov\u00e1 sekce, kter\u00e1 se konala v dopoledn\u00edch hodi\u00adn\u00e1ch druh\u00e9ho dne konference.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Po skon\u010den\u00ed odborn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 se z\u00fa\u010dastnit exkurze do st\u00e1tn\u00edho z\u00e1mku T\u0159ebo\u0148 a do Domu p\u0159\u00edrody T\u0159ebo\u0148ska, kter\u00fd provozuje Agentura ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody a krajiny \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Hana Stehl\u00edkov\u00e1, MZ 2019\/5, ro\u010d. 72, str. 157-158<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a760265 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a760265\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f5c58eb\" data-id=\"f5c58eb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-751cba0 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"751cba0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-be73e0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"be73e0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4b7571e\" data-id=\"4b7571e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec6c01a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ec6c01a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">18. KONGRES SV\u011aTOV\u00c9 METEOROLOGICK\u00c9 ORGANIZACE V \u010cERVNU 2019<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b5a2b13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b5a2b13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5c1cdb4\" data-id=\"5c1cdb4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e55c758 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e55c758\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve dnech 3. a\u017e 15. \u010dervna 2019 se v \u017denev\u011b uskute\u010dni\u00adlo 18. zased\u00e1n\u00ed kongresu Sv\u011btov\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 organiza\u00adce (WMO). Kongres WMO je hlavn\u00edm rozhodovac\u00edm org\u00e1nem organizace, sch\u00e1z\u00ed se periodicky 1x za \u010dty\u0159i roky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Hlavn\u00edm t\u00e9matem 18. kongresu bylo projedn\u00e1n\u00ed strategick\u00e9\u00adho pl\u00e1nu a schv\u00e1len\u00ed reformy struktury WMO tak, jak byla v pr\u016f\u00adb\u011bhu 17. finan\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed napl\u00e1nov\u00e1na V\u00fdkonn\u00fdm v\u00fdborem (Executive Council, d\u00e1le EC).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Strategick\u00fd pl\u00e1n pro obdob\u00ed 2020-2024 definuje vizi orga\u00adnizace: V roce 2030 vid\u00edme sv\u011bt, v n\u011bm\u017e jsou v\u0161echny n\u00e1rody, zejm\u00e9na ty nejv\u00edce zraniteln\u00e9, odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u016f\u010di socioekonomick\u00fdm dopad\u016fm extr\u00e9mn\u00edch meteorologick\u00fdch, hydrologick\u00fdch, klima\u00adtick\u00fdch a dal\u0161\u00edch environment\u00e1ln\u00edch jev\u016f a podporuj\u00ed sv\u016fj udr\u017ei\u00adteln\u00fd rozvoj prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm nejlep\u0161\u00edch mo\u017en\u00fdch slu\u017eeb na zemi, na mo\u0159i a ve vzduchu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro dosa\u017een\u00ed vize d\u00e1le pl\u00e1n uv\u00e1d\u00ed t\u0159i pr\u016f\u0159ezov\u00e9 priority:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">zlep\u0161ovat p\u0159ipravenost a sni\u017eovat ztr\u00e1ty na \u017eivotech a majet\u00adku v d\u016fsledku hydrometeorologick\u00fdch extr\u00e9m\u016f;<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">podporovat klimaticky vhodn\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed pro vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed odolnosti a adaptaci v\u016f\u010di klimatick\u00fdm rizik\u016fm; a<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">zlep\u0161ovat socioekonomick\u00e9 hodnoty slu\u017eeb v meteorologii, klimatologii, hydrologii a v p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch environment\u00e1ln\u00edch oblastech.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Strategick\u00fd pl\u00e1n rovn\u011b\u017e stanovuje p\u011bt dlouhodob\u00fdch strate\u00adgick\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">l\u00e9pe slou\u017eit pot\u0159eb\u00e1m spole\u010dnosti (poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed autoritativ\u00adn\u00edch, p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fdch, na u\u017eivatele orientovan\u00fdch a pro dan\u00fd \u00fa\u010del vhodn\u00fdch informac\u00ed a slu\u017eeb);<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">zlep\u0161it pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159edpov\u011bdi zemsk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu (pos\u00edlen\u00ed technick\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny pro budoucnost)<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">zlep\u0161it c\u00edlen\u00fd v\u00fdzkum (vyu\u017e\u00edt vedouc\u00edho postaven\u00ed pro zlep\u00ad\u0161en\u00ed porozum\u011bn\u00ed zemsk\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu s c\u00edlem zdokonalit slu\u017e\u00adby)<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">sn\u00ed\u017eit rozd\u00edl v kapacit\u00e1ch slu\u017eeb v oblasti meteorologie, hyd\u00adrologie, klimatologie a v p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch oborech (zlep\u0161it schop\u00adnosti poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed slu\u017eeb rozvojov\u00fdch zem\u00ed pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch informac\u00ed a slu\u017eeb);<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">strategick\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed struktury WMO a jej\u00edch program\u016f pro efektivn\u00ed rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed a implementaci v\u00fdstup\u016f vl\u00e1dami, eko\u00adnomick\u00fdm sektorem a obyvateli.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159edm\u011btem reforem je pro 18. finan\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed vznik pou\u00adze 2 technick\u00fdch komis\u00ed jako konstitu\u010dn\u00edch t\u011bles v r\u00e1mci struk\u00adtury WMO, a to nam\u00edsto p\u016fvodn\u00edch 8 technick\u00fdch komis\u00ed. Nov\u011b tedy budou technick\u00e9 aktivity WMO realizov\u00e1ny prost\u0159ednic\u00adtv\u00edm vznikl\u00e9:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Komise pro pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, infrastrukturu a informa\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my (Commission for Observation, Infrastructure and Information Systems) zkr\u00e1cen\u011b ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako Infrastructure Commission a<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Komise pro slu\u017eby a aplikace v oblasti po\u010das\u00ed, klimatu, vody a dal\u0161\u00edch oblastech \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed (Commission for Weather, Climate, Water and Related Environmental Services and Applications) ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako Services Commission.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">D\u00e1le pro koordinaci v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch aktivit v p\u016fsobnosti WMO\u00a0je nov\u011b z\u0159\u00edzena Rada pro v\u00fdzkum (Research Board) a V\u011bdeck\u00fd poradn\u00ed org\u00e1n (Scientific Advisory Panel) a tak\u00e9 Spole\u010dn\u00e1 rada pro spolupr\u00e1ci WMO a Mezivl\u00e1dn\u00ed oce\u00e1nografick\u00e9 komise UNESCO (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, IOC). Koordinace nov\u011b vznikl\u00fdch t\u011bles bude prob\u00edhat prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm dvou pracovn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f EC (Policy Advisory Committee a Technical Coordination Committee). V pr\u016fb\u011bhu nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edho 18. finan\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed se tak\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 pro\u00adveden\u00ed adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed reformy struktury sekretari\u00e1tu WMO.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Obdob\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f a let tedy bude pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pro vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho pozorovatele pon\u011bkud nep\u0159ehledn\u00e9 a sou\u010dasn\u011b hek\u00adtick\u00e9, nebo\u0165 bude v\u011bnov\u00e1no pr\u00e1ci na p\u0159evodu aktivit ze star\u00e9 na novou strukturu, aby nebyly dot\u010deny produk\u010dn\u00ed aktivity, progra\u00admy a projekty zaji\u0161\u0165ovan\u00e9 WMO.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z d\u016fvodu nutnosti zachov\u00e1n\u00ed koordinace mezi hydrologick\u00fd- mi aktivitami v r\u00e1mci nov\u011b vznikl\u00fdch komis\u00ed (dosud byla koor\u00addinace hydrologick\u00fdch aktivit ve WMO zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1na technickou Komis\u00ed pro hydrologii) a pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed integrace hydro\u00adlogie do \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edch \u010dinnost\u00ed organizace Kongres rozhodl o z\u0159\u00edze\u00adn\u00ed Hydrologick\u00e9ho shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed (Hydrological Assembly), kter\u00e9 se stane st\u00e1lou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Kongresu a bude zaji\u0161\u0165ovat stra\u00adtegick\u00e9 sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed WMO v oblasti hydrologie. Sou\u010dasn\u011b byl z\u0159\u00edzen Hydrologick\u00fd koordina\u010dn\u00ed panel (Hydrological Coordination Panel), jeho\u017e funkc\u00ed bude zaji\u0161\u0165ovat koordinaci hydrologick\u00fdch aktivit v obdob\u00ed mezi kon\u00e1n\u00edm Kongresu, resp. Hydrological Assembly. P\u0159edsedou Hydrologick\u00e9ho shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed a Hydrologick\u00e9ho koordina\u010dn\u00edho panelu pro n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed obdob\u00ed byl jmenov\u00e1n z\u00e1stupce \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky a \u010cHM\u00da Jan Da\u0148helka. Hlavn\u00edm \u00fakolem Hydrologick\u00e9ho koordina\u010dn\u00edho panelu bude nejen p\u0159isp\u011bt ke zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed p\u0159echodov\u00e9 f\u00e1ze na novou strukturu v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hydrologick\u00fdch aktivit, ale i vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00edho pl\u00e1\u00adnu pro definici a realizaci vize organizace v oblasti hydrologie sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed k napln\u011bn\u00ed dlouhodob\u00fdch ambic\u00ed: (1) nikdo nen\u00ed p\u0159e\u00adkvapen povodn\u00ed, (2) ka\u017ed\u00fd je p\u0159ipraven na sucho, (3) hydrologick\u00e1, klimatologick\u00e1 a meteorologick\u00e1 data podporuj\u00ed agendu bez\u00adpe\u010dnosti zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed potravy, (4) kvalitn\u00ed data podporuj\u00ed v\u00fdzkum, (5) v\u011bda poskytuje solidn\u00ed z\u00e1klady pro operativn\u00ed hydrologii, (6) m\u00e1me celkovou znalost sv\u011btov\u00fdch vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f, (7) udr\u017eitel\u00adn\u00fd rozvoj je podporov\u00e1n hydrologick\u00fdmi informacemi, (8) zn\u00e1\u00adme kvalitu vod.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Obdobn\u011b byly z\u0159\u00edzeny i koordina\u010dn\u00ed panely pro oblast klima\u00adtologie a pro oblast pol\u00e1rn\u00edch a vysokohorsk\u00fdch oblast\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z technick\u00fdch v\u00fdstup\u016f Kongresu stoj\u00ed bezesporu za zm\u00ednku aktivity v oblasti v\u00fdstra\u017en\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f. Jedn\u00e1 se zejm\u00e9na o nov\u011b budovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m GMAS (Global Multi-hazard Early Warning System), kter\u00fd bude jakousi obdobou Evropsk\u00e9ho Meteoalarmu, ale jeho ambic\u00ed je zv\u00fd\u0161it viditelnost N\u00e1rodn\u00edch meteorolo\u00adgick\u00fdch a hydrologick\u00fdch slu\u017eeb jako autoritativn\u00edho zdroje v\u00fdstrah, zlep\u0161it p\u0159\u00edstupnost v\u00fdstra\u017en\u00fdch produkt\u016f na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni, zlep\u0161it kvalitu m\u00e9n\u011b rozvinut\u00fdch slu\u017eeb v oblasti v\u00fdstra\u017e\u00adn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f a poskytnout podklady pro humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed aktivity v r\u00e1mci OSN. Novou aktivitou je vytvo\u0159en\u00ed katalogiza\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu extr\u00e9mn\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed v\u010detn\u011b jejich klasifikace s c\u00edlem p\u0159i\u00adsp\u011bt k lep\u0161\u00edmu pozn\u00e1n\u00ed rizika hydrometeorologick\u00fdch jev\u016f pro\u00adst\u0159ednictv\u00edm lep\u0161\u00edho p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00ed dopad\u016f jednotliv\u00fdm ud\u00e1lostem v nadn\u00e1rodn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b obou aktivit se jedn\u00e1 o p\u0159\u00ed\u00adsp\u011bvek meteorologick\u00e9 a hydrologick\u00e9 komunity WMO k napl\u00ad\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f Sendajsk\u00e9ho r\u00e1mce pro sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed rizika katastrof.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V oblasti klimatologie stoj\u00ed za zm\u00ednku schv\u00e1len\u00ed manu\u00e1lu pro High Quality Global Data Management Framework for Climate a prezentace aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho seznamu tzv. stolet\u00fdch stanic, jimi\u017e WMO od roku 2016 oce\u0148uje stanice s dlouhodob\u00fdm pozorov\u00e1n\u00edm. Za \u010ceskou republiku jsou dosud v seznamu uvedeny dv\u011b stanice &#8211; Praha-Klementinum (m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed od 1775) a Opava (od 1887).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7f5ad66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7f5ad66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee8c874\" data-id=\"ee8c874\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcd0330 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bcd0330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"582\" height=\"400\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2019_04_122.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9171\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2019_04_122.jpg 582w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2019_04_122-300x206.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4cb5e40\" data-id=\"4cb5e40\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80dc691 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80dc691\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kongres zvolil nov\u00e9 veden\u00ed organizace pro n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed 18. finan\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed. Na pozici gener\u00e1ln\u00edho tajemn\u00edka WMO (Secretary-General) kandidoval pouze st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed gener\u00e1ln\u00ed tajem\u00adn\u00edk profesor Petteri Taalas (Finsko), kter\u00fd tak byl znovu jmeno\u00adv\u00e1n i pro n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na pozici prezidenta WMO kandidovali \u0159editel n\u011bmec\u00adk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby profesor Gerhard Adrian a \u0159editel n\u00e1rodn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f ame\u00adrick\u00fdch doktor Louis Uccellini. Tajnou volbou byl prezidentem WMO v\u00fdraznou v\u011bt\u0161inou hlas\u016f zvolen Gerhard Adrian (98:44). <br \/><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c62721f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c62721f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-80b562e\" data-id=\"80b562e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97f5aec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"97f5aec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Funkci prvn\u00edho viceprezidenta bude zast\u00e1vat Andrea Celeste Saulo z Argentiny, druh\u00fdm viceprezidentem bude Albert Asinto Eleuterio Martis ze Curacao a Saint Martin a t\u0159et\u00ed viceprezidentkou pak Agnes Kijazi (Tanzanie).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 rad\u011b (WMO Executive Council), kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 cel\u00adkem 36 k\u0159esel, z toho 9 k\u0159esel pro Region\u00e1ln\u00ed asociaci VI (Evro\u00adpa), bude region, jeho\u017e jsme \u010dlenem, zastupovat: Peter Bin\u00adder (\u0160v\u00fdcarsko), Silvio Cau (It\u00e1lie), Volkan Mutlu Coskun (Turecko), Penny Endersby (Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed), Jean-Marc Lacave (Francie), Miguel Angel Lopez Gonzalez (\u0160pan\u011blsko), Maxim Jakovenko (Rusko) a \u010dleny jsou rovn\u011b\u017e Gerhard Adrian (N\u011bmecko) a Michael Staudinger (Rakousko) jako prezident WMO, resp. jako prezident Region\u00e1ln\u00ed asociace VI.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prezidentem technick\u00e9 Komise pro pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, infrastruktu\u00adru a informa\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my bude dosavadn\u00ed prezident Komise pro z\u00e1kladn\u00ed syst\u00e9my Michel Jean z Kanady, prezidentem Komise pro slu\u017eby a aplikace v oblasti po\u010das\u00ed, klimatu, vody a dal\u0161\u00edch oblastech \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed bude dosavadn\u00ed prezident komise pro leteckou meteorologii Ian Lisk z Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kongres rovn\u011b\u017e rozhodl o kon\u00e1n\u00ed mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho Kongresu v roce 2021, jeho\u017e zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed bude: (a) vyhodnocen\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed sm\u011b\u00ad\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed reformy, (b) pos\u00edlen\u00ed v\u00fdznamu operativn\u00ed hydrologie v odpov\u011bdi na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdzvy v oblasti vody a (c) ur\u010dit a udr\u017eet relevantn\u00ed r\u00e1mec technick\u00fdch regulac\u00ed organizace.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Jan Da\u0148helka, MZ 2019\/4, ro\u010d. 72, str. 122-123<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dc615a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dc615a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7a7afce\" data-id=\"7a7afce\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3bb32b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f3bb32b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1defac9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1defac9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ca17f65\" data-id=\"ca17f65\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16cda3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"16cda3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">KONFERENCE EGU 2019 A SCH\u016eZKA PEP 725<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a136153 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a136153\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876e7cd\" data-id=\"876e7cd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4535767 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4535767\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve dnech 7. a\u017e 12. dubna 2019 se konala ve V\u00eddni v kon\u00adgresov\u00fdch prostor\u00e1ch Austria Center Vienna (ACV) v bl\u00edzkosti zast\u00e1vky metra U1 \u201eKaisermuhlen\/Vienna Int. Centre\u201c ka\u017edo\u00adro\u010dn\u00ed konference \u201eGeneral Assembly of European Geosciences Union (EGU)\u201c zn\u00e1m\u00e1 pod zkratkou EGU 2019. Jedn\u00e1 se o nej\u00adv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u201egeoscience\u201c konferenci v Evrop\u011b. Program t\u00e9to kon\u00adference byl opravdu nabit\u00fd, p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ky, posterov\u00e9 prezentace, workshopy a dal\u0161\u00ed formy prezentac\u00ed prob\u00edhaly ve v\u00edce\u00farov\u00ad\u0148ov\u00fdch kongresov\u00fdch prostor\u00e1ch od rann\u00edch a\u017e do ve\u010dern\u00edch hodin. Ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm jednac\u00edm jazykem konference byla angli\u010d\u00adtina, konference se z\u00fa\u010dastnilo v\u00edce ne\u017e 14 000 v\u011bdc\u016f z cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. Konference byla rozd\u011blena do 24 sekc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaly atmosf\u00e9ry, biosf\u00e9ry, hydrosf\u00e9ry, pedosf\u00e9ry, kryosf\u00e9ry, geomor\u00adfologie, oce\u00e1nografie, tektonick\u00e9 geologie, seismologie, mine\u00adralogie, vulkanologie, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch rizik, ale i nap\u0159. vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1\u00adn\u00ed. Velk\u00e1 pozornost byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na vyu\u017eit\u00ed satelitn\u00edch sn\u00edmk\u016f pro v\u011bdeck\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, modelov\u00e1n\u00ed a t\u00e9\u017e nap\u0159. komunikaci s m\u00e9dii. T\u00e9ma klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny se prol\u00ednalo nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d \u0161irok\u00fdm spektrem sekc\u00ed. V prostor\u00e1ch konference bylo z\u0159\u00edzeno tiskov\u00e9 centrum, kde prob\u00edhaly rozhovory s v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00fdmi v\u011bdci. Fenologick\u00e1 sekce prob\u00edhala ve st\u0159edu 10. dubna, bylo prezentov\u00e1no cel\u00adkem 13 p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaly zejm\u00e9na fenologick\u00e9ho modelov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u201eCitizen Science\u201c a vyu\u017eit\u00ed satelitn\u00edch sn\u00edmk\u016f pro fenologick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely. Je velmi dob\u0159e, \u017ee i v\u00fdsledky \u010cHM\u00da byly prezentov\u00e1ny na t\u00e9to konferenci.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sou\u010dasn\u011b ve stejn\u00e9m t\u00fddnu, dne 9. dubna, prob\u011bhlo setk\u00e1\u00adn\u00ed z\u00e1stupc\u016f meteorologick\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, univerzit \u010di v\u00fdzkum\u00adn\u00fdch instituc\u00ed z r\u016fzn\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed zapojen\u00fdch do mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed fenologick\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce PEP725 (Pan European Phenology) v r\u00e1mci programu EUMETNET. Jedn\u00e1n\u00ed se kona\u00adlo v reprezentativn\u00edch prostor\u00e1ch ZAMG (Zentralanstalt fur Meteorologie und Geodynamik). B\u011bhem \u201emanagement comittee meetingu\u201c prob\u011bhla bou\u0159liv\u00e1 diskuse ohledn\u011b mnoha fenologick\u00fdch t\u00e9mat, nap\u0159. o nutnosti za\u010d\u00edt p\u0159i\u0159azovat fenologick\u00fdm z\u00e1znam\u016fm \u201eflagy\u201c o po\u0161kozen\u00ed rostlin suchem \u010di mrazem z d\u016fvodu opakuj\u00edc\u00edch se epizod sucha \u010di v\u00fdskytu jar\u00adn\u00edch mraz\u00edk\u016f. D\u00e1le je nezbytn\u00e9 neust\u00e1le vyv\u00edjet webov\u00e9 str\u00e1n\u00adky PEP725 (<a style=\"color: #003366;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pep725.eu\">www.pep725.eu<\/a>) a poskytovat co nejv\u00edce fenologick\u00fdch informac\u00ed v aplikovan\u00e9 podob\u011b z d\u016fvodu zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed\u00adho se z\u00e1jmu o fenologick\u00e9 \u00fadaje, a to nejen z \u0159ad odborn\u00fdch skupin, ale t\u00e9\u017e \u0161irok\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti. D\u00e1le byla navr\u017eena mo\u017e\u00adnost intenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce nap\u0159. s organizac\u00ed Copernicus, kter\u00e1 je hlavn\u00edm organiz\u00e1torem mnoha evropsk\u00fdch konfe\u00adrenc\u00ed jako pr\u00e1v\u011b EGU \u010di EMS (European Meteorological Society). V z\u00e1v\u011bru jednodenn\u00edho setk\u00e1n\u00ed odborn\u00edk\u016f se kona\u00adlo odborn\u00e9 sympozium, kde bylo p\u0159edneseno p\u011bt fenologic- k\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f, v kulo\u00e1rech prob\u011bhla neform\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e1 diskuse.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Lenka H\u00e1jkov\u00e1, MZ 2019\/3, ro\u010d. 72, str. 94<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3824be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3824be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b40e6e1\" data-id=\"b40e6e1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42391e5 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"42391e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cfc1146 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cfc1146\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ddb0842\" data-id=\"ddb0842\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aab80d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aab80d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2005_5_154-158.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed konference ACID RAIN 2005<\/a><\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-78ab510 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"78ab510\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7caf4b0\" data-id=\"7caf4b0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60b3653 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"60b3653\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-694094d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"694094d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-323df38\" data-id=\"323df38\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-954882e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"954882e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">KONFERENCE 150 LET METEOROLOGICK\u00c9 SLU\u017dBY VE ST\u0158EDN\u00cd EVROP\u011a<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-236f883 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"236f883\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-231aa1a\" data-id=\"231aa1a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83ca9d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83ca9d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve dnech 9.-11. \u0159\u00edjna 2001 se na Slovensku ve Star\u00e9 Lesn\u00e9 konala mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed konference 150 let meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e bylo tak\u00e9 vzpomenuto \u0161edes\u00e1t let \u010dinnosti observato\u0159\u00ed na Skalnat\u00e9m plese a Lomnick\u00e9m \u0161t\u00edt\u011b a pades\u00e1t let aerologie v Popradu-G\u00e1novc\u00edch, kde se konala na z\u00e1v\u011br exkurze. Jedn\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u011bhlo ve \u010dty\u0159ech p\u016fldenn\u00edch sekc\u00edch. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edky byly odborn\u00edci ze Slovenska, \u010ceska, Polska, Ma\u010farska, Estonska, \u00cdr\u00e1nu a Kolumbie, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e posledn\u00ed dva pracuj\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u011b ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk obdr\u017eel bro\u017euru s abstrakty p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek a poster\u016f a tak\u00e9 CD-ROM s pln\u00fdm zn\u011bn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f. Tento je tak\u00e9 z\u00e1jemc\u016fm k dispozici v z\u00e1kladn\u00ed knihovn\u011b \u010cHM\u00da-SIS. V t\u00e9to informaci jsou uvedeny n\u00e1zvy p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Acosta, M. &#8211; Janou\u0161, D. &#8211; Marek, M. V.: The influence of temperature on Norway spruce woodytissue respiration.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Alexandrov, V.: Climate change impact on water use of maize in Bulgaria.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Alexandrov, V &#8211; Eitzinger, J.: Potential climate change impact on winter wheat and spring barley in Austria.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Bakowski, R.: Deformation of air flow over the Polish Carpathians Mountains.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">B\u00e1lint, G. &#8211; Albert, K. &#8211; Imecs, Z. &#8211; K\u00f3sa, E. R. &#8211; Mika, J.: Regional changes of precipitation in the Alpine and Carpathian regions with respect to global warming.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Bielec, Z.: Thunderstorms occurrence in Poland in the different stability of atmosphere.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Bochn\u00ed\u010dek, O.: Snow cover height drop modelling and drop prediction.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Braslavsk\u00e1, O.: Phenological events part of climatological monitoring.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Br\u00e1zdil, R. &#8211; P\u00edsek, J. &#8211; Luterbacher, J. &#8211; Tolasz, R. &#8211; Kv\u011bto\u0148, V.: Fluctuations of extremely cold and warm months in the Czech Republic during the period of instrumental records and their relation to the atmospheric circulation.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Chmel\u00edk, M.: 50 Years of upperair observations in Slovakia.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Chmel\u00edk, M.: Temperature changes in upper atmosphere over Poprad-G\u00e1novce station (1961-2000).<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Fa\u0161ko, P.- Hand\u017e\u00e1k, \u0160. &#8211; \u0160\u0165astn\u00fd, P.: Fifty years of atmospheric precipitation measurement by totalizers in the Tatras.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Fi\u0161\u00e1k, J. &#8211; \u0158ez\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, D. &#8211; Eli\u00e1\u0161, V. &#8211; Tesa\u0159, M. &#8211; Weignerov\u00e1, V.: Measurement of fog\/cloud and rime water chemistry at Mile\u0161ovka and Chur\u00e1\u0148ov stations.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Gera, M. &#8211; Ma\u0161ek, J.: Influence of mountains Mal\u00e9 Karpaty to meteorological flow fields.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Halenka, T.: On the sensitivity of ETA model to orography parametrization.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Halenka, T.: Use of regional climatological model for improvement of climate change impact estimation.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Havr\u00e1nkov\u00e1, K. &#8211; Hurtalov\u00e1, T. &#8211; Janou\u0161, D.: Deformation of air flow in the air layer affected by spruce forest stand.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Havr\u00e1nkov\u00e1, K. &#8211; \u0160alansk\u00e1, P &#8211; Pokorn\u00fd, R. &#8211; Matejka, F: (Evapo)transpiration of the Norway spruce stand: comparison of the model, eddy covariation and sap flow measurements.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Hesek, F: Modelling of the air pollution from the road traffic.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Hurtalov\u00e1, T. &#8211; Matejka, F.- Janou\u0161, D. &#8211; Ro\u017enovsk\u00fd, J.: Parametrization of dependence of the zero plane displacement and roughness length on air flow above a young spruce forest.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Huth, R.-Metelka, L. &#8211; Kliegrov\u00e1, S. &#8211; Sedl\u00e1k, P &#8211; Kysel\u00fd, J. &#8211; Ml\u00e1dek, R. &#8211; Halenka, T. &#8211; Kalvov\u00e1, J.: Regional climate model ALADIN CLIMATE &#8211; a tool for regionalization of climate change estimates in Central Europe: first results.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Janouch, M.: Monitoring of UV radiation in the Czech Republic.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00a0Kol\u00e1\u0159, M.: Multidimensional statistic analysis of air pollution with SO2 in Brno.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kostka, Z. &#8211; Holko, L.: Expected impact of climate change on snow cover in a small mountain catchment.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kowanetz, L. &#8211; Trepinska, J.: Using of meteorological series in the investigation of climate fluctuations.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kysel\u00fd, J. &#8211; Huth, R.: Extreme temperature events in Central Europe: are climatic models able to reproduce them?<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kullmann, E. &#8211; Po\u00f3rov\u00e1, J.: Evaluation of water amount in the border region of Morava River<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Lapin, M.: Possible impacts of climate change in the other sectors than agriculture, forestry and water cycle in Slovakia.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">La\u0161tovi\u010dka, J.: Impacts of climate change on the upper atmosphere and ionosphere.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Litynska, Z. &#8211; Kois, B.: The statistical characteristics and trends of temperature, humidity and ozone profiles over Legionowo.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Matejka, F. &#8211; Ro\u017enovsk\u00fd, J. &#8211; Chalupn\u00edkov\u00e1, B.- Hurtalov\u00e1, T.: Interrelations between a maize stand and atmosphere.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Melo, M.: Climate change scenarios according to CCCM 2000 model for Hurbanovo.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mika, J. &#8211; Kim, B. J. &#8211; Cho, C. H.: Classification of diurnal precipitation patterns in Korea<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mika, J.: Physical concepts and statistical methods for regional climate scenarios.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mi\u0161aga, O. &#8211; Luka\u010dko, J.: Technical support survey of upperair observations at station Poprad-G\u00e1novce.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00a0Nagy, J.: Atmospheric observation activity in Hungary.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nagy, Z.: The automatic surface meteorological network of Hungary.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nekov\u00e1\u0159, J. &#8211; Lipina, P.: Evaluation of selected long-term climatological series in Central Europe.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nieplov\u00e1, E. &#8211; \u0160\u0165astn\u00fd, P: Variability and trends in annual and seasonal mean air temperature in Slovakia.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Niklus, I.: Dependence of diffuse radiation on cloudiness and ground surface conditions in Estonia<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Petrovi\u010d, P.: Research evaporation stations in the Water Research Institute.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pishvaei, M.R.: Seasonality in precipitation time series over Slovakia regions.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podhorsk\u00fd, D.: Development of international technical standards from the viewpoint of climatic changes.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pribullov\u00e1, A. &#8211; Mi\u0161aga, O.: Calibration and stability checking of the UV-radiometer network of the SHMI.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro\u0161ek, P.: UV-B radiation at the King George Island (South Shetlands) between 1993 and 1998.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ro\u017enovsk\u00fd, J.: Climatic conditions at B\u00edl\u00fd K\u0159\u00ed\u017e, Moravian-Silesian Beskydy Mountains.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ro\u017enovsk\u00fd, J. &#8211; Hurtalov\u00e1, T. &#8211; Mat\u011bjka, F. &#8211; Janou\u0161, D.: Transmission of water vapour between a spruce stand and boundary air layer.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sedl\u00e1k, P &#8211; Havr\u00e1nkov\u00e1, K.: Flux footprint estimation for the current measurements above the B\u00edl\u00fd K\u0159\u00ed\u017e spruce stand.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Shumova, N.: An assessment of local heterogeneity in distribution of spring soil water storage over agricultural fields in the forest-steppe and steppe zones.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sl\u00e1dek, I. &#8211; Kri\u017ean, P.: Methods of determination of the date of start and end of drought spells.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sk\u0159iv\u00e1nkov\u00e1, P.: Aerological measurements in the Czech Republic (Goals, Results and Cooperation with the Aerological Station Poprad-G\u00e1novce).<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Smolen, F.- Ostro\u017el\u00edk, M.: Portion of water vapour emissivity to the total atmospheric emissivity.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Snopkov\u00e1, Z.: Cloudiness and sunshine duration in Zvolen basin.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u0160alansk\u00e1, P &#8211; Pokorn\u00fd, R.: Sap flux of the Norway spruce stand in relation to the global radiation.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Toman, F.: Envisaged impact of climate change on water erosion processes.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vani\u010dek, K.: Consistency of the long-term measurements of total ozone in Europe.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Ji\u0159\u00ed Nekov\u00e1\u0159, MZ 2002\/1, ro\u010dn\u00edk 55, str. 27-28<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36c701 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36c701\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2fedb89\" data-id=\"2fedb89\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c76fdf7 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c76fdf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1940556 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1940556\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-79e6a2c\" data-id=\"79e6a2c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c44ecd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0c44ecd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">III. TECHNICKOEKONOMICK\u00c1 KONFERENCE \u010cHM\u00da<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d96b6a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d96b6a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f8a8d0\" data-id=\"3f8a8d0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a203aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a203aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pod heslem \u201ePln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f XVI. sjezdu KS\u010c v \u010cHM\u00da&#8221; se 12 listopadu 1981 uskute\u010dnila v Praze ji\u017e t\u0159et\u00ed technickoekonomick\u00e1 konference \u010desk\u00e9ho hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu. Krom\u011b p\u0159edn\u00edch funkcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f \u00fastavu a vybran\u00fdm deleg\u00e1t\u016f, zastupuj\u00edc\u00edch v\u0161echna pracovi\u0161t\u011b \u00fastavu, se konference z\u00fa\u010dastnila cel\u00e1 \u0159ada v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch host\u016f, mimo jin\u00e9 z\u00e1stupce 10. odd\u011bleni \u00daV KS\u010c s. ing. Hynek Trnka, n\u00e1m. ministra lesn\u00edho a vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed s. ing. Josef Van\u010dura, n\u00e1m. \u0159editele HM\u00da Bratislava s. dr. Juraj Rak, CSc. a d\u00e1le z\u00e1stupci MNO, ministerstva zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, zdravotnictv\u00ed, stranick\u00fdch a odborov\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f, vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol a dal\u0161\u00edch spolupracu\u00adj\u00edc\u00edch organizac\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na konferenci, kter\u00e1 si vytkla za c\u00edl sezn\u00e1mit \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky s v\u00fdsledky pln\u011bn\u00ed \u00fakol\u016f zejm\u00e9na v n\u00e1vaznosti na p\u0159ijat\u00e9 roz\u00adpracov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f XVI. sjezdu a Souboru opat\u0159en\u00ed ke zdoko\u00adnalen\u00ed soustavy pl\u00e1novit\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, odezn\u011blo celkem 17 refer\u00e1t\u016f. Jak v \u00favodn\u00edm vystoupen\u00ed zd\u016f\u00adraznil \u0159editel \u010cHM\u00da s. ing. V. Richter, p\u0159es n\u011bkter\u00e9 objektivn\u00ed t\u011b\u017ekosti (prom\u00edtnut\u00ed \u00fasporn\u00fdch ekonomick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed do provozn\u00ed sf\u00e9ry \u00fastavu), dos\u00e1hl \u010cHM\u00da celou \u0159adu pozitivn\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f a nezanedbateln\u00fdch \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f. \u00dastav se mnohokr\u00e1t prezentoval ve sd\u011blovac\u00edch prost\u0159edc\u00edch a do pov\u011bdom\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti se zafixovalo, \u017ee \u010cHM\u00da nejen p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1 po\u010das\u00ed, ale vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 i mno\u017estv\u00ed jin\u00fdch, ekonomicky efektivn\u00edch prac\u00ed pro n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b nap\u0159. \u00fastav koordinuje \u010dty\u0159i st\u00e1tn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum\u00adn\u00e9 \u00fakoly, p\u0159ipravuje k vyd\u00e1n\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 komplexn\u011b pojat\u00e9 d\u00edlo \u201eZm\u011bny podneb\u00ed a vodn\u00edho re\u017eimu v \u010cSSR&#8221;, kter\u00e9 odbornou ve\u0159ejnost sezn\u00e1m\u00ed s v\u00fdsledky dosa\u017een\u00fdmi v pozn\u00e1n\u00ed atmo\u00adsf\u00e9ry, hydrosf\u00e9ry a \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. \u010cSSR i s progno\u00adstick\u00fdm odhadem v\u00fdvoje na p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch 20 a\u017e 30 let. N\u00e1r\u016fst zaznamenaly a podle koncep\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1m\u011br\u016f d\u00e1le zaznamenaj\u00ed \u010dinnosti bezprost\u0159edn\u011b souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00edmu hospo\u00add\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Jde zejm\u00e9na o \u010dinnosti vztahuj\u00edc\u00ed se k:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">vodn\u00edmu hospod\u00e1\u0159\u0161t\u00ed (zabezpe\u010den\u00ed rozvoje povrchov\u00fdch a podzemn\u00edch zdroj\u016f vody pro z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatelstva, zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a pr\u016fmyslu, protipovod\u0148ov\u00e9 informace na exponovan\u00fdch toc\u00edch, participace na zabezpe\u010den\u00ed splavnosti Labsk\u00e9 vodn\u00ed cesty apod.),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">energetice (meteorologick\u00e9 expert\u00edzy a zabezpe\u010den\u00ed jadern\u011b-energetick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, pomoc p\u0159i projektov\u00e1n\u00ed od\u00adsi\u0159ovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed tepeln\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren, vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed netra\u00addi\u010dn\u00edch energetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed (zlep\u0161en\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsko-meteorologick\u00e9ho zpra\u00advodajstv\u00ed, poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed operativn\u00edch meteorologick\u00fdch pod\u00adklad\u016f pro \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce apod.),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">stavebnictv\u00ed (meteorologick\u00e9 podklady pro projektov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00eddeln\u00edch a pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch celk\u016f),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">doprava (podklady slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti jed\u00adnotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f dopravy),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">ochrana \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed (progn\u00f3zn\u00ed a sign\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v Severo\u010desk\u00e9m Kraji).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vedle nesporn\u00fdch pozitivn\u00edch v\u00fdsledku bylo na konferenci konstatov\u00e1no, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00e1m\u011bry nejsou pln\u011bny podle p\u0159ed\u00adpoklad\u016f; nap\u0159. \u010d\u00e1st hydrometeorologick\u00fdch dat nen\u00ed opera\u00adtivn\u011b p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e1 pro odbornou ve\u0159ejnost, nen\u00ed do\u0159e\u0161en zp\u016fsob publikace re\u017eimov\u00fdch dat, re\u00e1ln\u00e1 limitace na \u00faseku strojn\u011b&#8211;v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed techniky omezuje rozvoj n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a zp\u016f\u00adsobuje provozn\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017ee.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00da\u010dastn\u00edci konference byli v speci\u00e1ln\u00edch refer\u00e1tech p\u0159ehledn\u011b sezn\u00e1meni s odbornou problematikou jednotliv\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed, hlavn\u00edmi \u00fakoly i nezbytn\u00fdmi p\u0159edpoklady pln\u011bn\u00ed. Organickou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed konference byly p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky, ve kter\u00fdch odezn\u011bla informace o \u00fa\u010dasti stranick\u00e9 organizace na pln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f a o soustavn\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ci odborov\u00e9 organizace, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i rozv\u00edjen\u00ed pracovn\u00ed aktivity.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V programu konference vystoupili i t\u0159i host\u00e9. O pln\u011bn\u00ed hlavn\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f HM\u00da Bratislava po XVI. sjezdu, koncep\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1m\u011brech a konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch form\u00e1ch spolupr\u00e1ce s \u010cHM\u00da, infor\u00admoval n\u00e1m\u011bstek \u0159editele dr. Rak, CSc. N\u00e1m\u011bstek ministra LVH ing. Van\u010dura ve sv\u00e9m vystoupen\u00ed ocenil kvalitu i \u0161\u00ed\u0159i slu\u017eeb, poskytovan\u00fdch \u010cHM\u00da pro n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, i aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch informac\u00ed pro resort lesn\u00edho a vodn\u00edho hospo\u00add\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Z\u00e1stupce 10. odd\u011blen\u00ed \u00daV KS\u010c ing. Trnka zd\u016fraznil aktu\u00e1lnost obsahov\u00e9ho zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed i projedn\u00e1van\u00e9 problematiky v souvislosti s p\u0159ijat\u00fdmi z\u00e1v\u011bry 4. plen\u00e1rn\u00edho zased\u00e1n\u00ed \u00daV KS\u010c v\u011bnovan\u00e9ho ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na z\u00e1v\u011br konference konstatoval \u0159editel \u010cHM\u00da ing. Richter, \u017ee i v slo\u017eit\u00fdch ekonomick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch existuje dostate\u010dn\u00fd prostor pro spln\u011bn\u00ed stanoven\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f a z\u00e1rove\u0148 i plnou sebe\u00adrealizaci pracovn\u00edk\u016f, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i pln\u00e9m pochopen\u00ed pro pr\u00e1ci \u00fastavu u stranick\u00fdch, st\u00e1tn\u00edch a odborov\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">S podrobn\u00fdm obsahem v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f bude ve\u0159ejnost sezn\u00e1mena vyd\u00e1n\u00edm sborn\u00edku v prvn\u00edm \u010dtvrtlet\u00ed 1982.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Zden\u011bk Hork\u00fd, MZ 1982\/1, ro\u010dn\u00edk 35, str. 29<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0ae23e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0ae23e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-730f9c3\" data-id=\"730f9c3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0feeaac elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"0feeaac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-618e9df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"618e9df\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-310661f\" data-id=\"310661f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62da116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"62da116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">II. TECHNICKOEKONOMICK\u00c1 KONFERENCE HM\u00da PRAHA<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdb581d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdb581d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-13f4605\" data-id=\"13f4605\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82c3e5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82c3e5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">26. listopadu 1979 se uskute\u010dnila v Praze ji\u017e druh\u00e1 technicko-ekonomick\u00e1 konference Hydrometeorologick\u00e9\u00adho \u00fastavu, v\u011bnovan\u00e1 v p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e problematice nov\u00e9 koncepce \u00fastavu do r. 1990 a jej\u00ed postupn\u00e9 reali\u00adzaci.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V z\u00e1kladn\u00edm refer\u00e1tu vyty\u010dil \u0159editel \u00fastavu ing. V\u00e1clav Richter t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sm\u011bry \u010dinnosti v n\u00e1sledu\u00adj\u00edc\u00edm obdob\u00ed:<\/span><\/p><ol><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pomoc intenzivn\u00edmu rozvoji zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed (zkvalit\u00adn\u011bn\u00ed, prohlouben\u00ed a zpohotoven\u00ed slu\u017eeb).<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Spolup\u016fsoben\u00ed p\u0159i zabezpe\u010den\u00ed efektivn\u00edho hospo\u00adda\u0159en\u00ed s vodou.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u010cinnost v oblasti tvorby a ochrany \u017eivotn\u00edho pro\u00adst\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159ipraven\u00e9 organiza\u010dn\u00ed zm\u011bny by ve sv\u00e9m d\u016fsledku m\u011bly v\u00e9st k racion\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu vyu\u017eit\u00ed pracovn\u00edch kapa\u00adcit, logi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu seskupen\u00ed pracovn\u00edch n\u00e1pln\u00ed, k od\u00adstran\u011bn\u00ed neod\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00fdch duplicit, k zlep\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu pracovi\u0161\u0165 k odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed technice a v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b k pos\u00edlen\u00ed mezioborov\u00fdch vazeb v \u00fastavu. Vytvo\u0159en\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch vnit\u0159n\u00edch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f, zakotven\u00e9 v nov\u00e9 struktu\u0159e, by se m\u011blo st\u00e1t p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdm z\u00e1kladem pro napln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch sm\u011br\u016f \u010dinnosti i pro aktivizaci na \u00faseku mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">S konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmi \u00fadaji p\u0159ipravovan\u00fdch zm\u011bn sezn\u00e1mili shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed referenti. Jedn\u00edm z d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch opa\u00adt\u0159en\u00ed na \u00faseku organiza\u010dn\u00edm bude vytvo\u0159en\u00ed praco\u00advi\u0161\u0165 s kompatibiln\u00ed pracovn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u00ed. Na stran\u011b jedn\u00e9 p\u016fjde o pracovi\u0161t\u011b tzv. technologick\u00e9 linky, zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed\u00adc\u00ed komplexn\u00ed a kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed toku informac\u00ed nezbytn\u00fdch pro \u010dinnost \u00fastavu pomoc\u00ed vysp\u011bl\u00fdch tech\u00adnick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Informa\u010dn\u00ed slu\u017eby budou saturovat dv\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pracovi\u0161t\u011b syntetick\u00e9ho charakteru. Na pracovi\u0161ti <strong>operativn\u00edch informac\u00ed<\/strong> budou sou\u00adst\u0159ed\u011bny v\u0161echny druhy p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed (leteck\u00e9 meteoro\u00adlogick\u00e9, v\u0161eobecn\u011b meteorologick\u00e9, hydrologick\u00e9, spe\u00adci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u2014 pro jednotliv\u00e1 odv\u011btv\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159\u00adstv\u00ed) a informace o sou\u010dasn\u00e9m stavu i o pr\u016fb\u011bhu &#8216;po\u00ad\u010das\u00ed v n\u011bkolika minul\u00fdch dnech u n\u00e1s i v Evrop\u011b. Z pracovi\u0161t\u011b <strong>re\u017eimov\u00fdch informac\u00ed<\/strong> budou u\u017ei\u00advatel\u016fm poskytov\u00e1ny p\u00edsemn\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed expert\u00edzy (nap\u0159. pro org\u00e1ny st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy, poji\u0161\u0165ovny apod.) a v\u0161echny z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed informace z oblast\u00ed, kde neexistuje meteo\u00adrologick\u00e1 stanice. U operativn\u00edch informac\u00ed se p\u0159ed\u00adpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 n\u00e1r\u016fst p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed ur\u010den\u00fdch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 praxi (uva\u017euje se nap\u0159. o zaveden\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00edch relac\u00ed v roz\u00adhlasu a televizi, kde by vedle zhodnocen\u00ed minul\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed byl i v\u00fdhled na nej bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vedle \u00fatvar\u016f s centr\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u00ed budou fungovat po\u00adbo\u010dky jako pracovi\u0161t\u011b odpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za komplexn\u00ed zaji\u0161\u0165o\u00adv\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fakol\u016f v p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9m regionu. Pobo\u010dky budou pra\u00adcovat v Praze (vznikne delimitac\u00ed \u010dinnosti), Hradci Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, \u010cesk\u00fdch Bud\u011bjovic\u00edch, Plzni (rozvojem dosa\u00advadn\u00edch deta\u0161ovan\u00fdch pracovi\u0161\u0165), v Brn\u011b, Ostrav\u011b a \u00dast\u00ed nad Labem (roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm komplexnosti \u010dinnosti ny\u00adn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pobo\u010dek).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jednozna\u010dn\u011b byly vymezeny pracovn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b i pro experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed pracovi\u0161t\u011b \u00fastavu:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9<\/em> \u2014 bude plnit funkci n\u00e1rodn\u00edho ra\u00addia\u010dn\u00edho centra (zejm\u00e9na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a mo\u017en\u00e9 ener\u00adgetick\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed);<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Ko\u0161etice<\/em> (okr. Pelh\u0159imov) \u2014 region\u00e1ln\u00ed stanice glob\u00e1l\u00adn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed;<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Jizersk\u00e9 hory<\/em> \u2014 experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed povod\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bude z\u0159\u00edzeno s c\u00edlem z\u00edskat podklady pro posouzen\u00ed vlivu les\u016f, po\u0161kozen\u00fdch imisemi, na vodn\u00ed re\u017eim v horsk\u00e9 oblasti;<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Praha\/Libu\u0161<\/em> \u2014 pro v\u00fdzkum a sledov\u00e1n\u00ed voln\u00e9 atmo\u00adsf\u00e9ry (aerologie, vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed radar\u016f, vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u00edmk\u016f z dru\u017eic);<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Praha<\/em> \u2014 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed laborato\u0159e \u00fastavu (p\u0159\u00edprava metod pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a vody);<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Doksany<\/em> \u2014 meteorologick\u00e9 pracovi\u0161t\u011b zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na po\u00admoc zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 praxi;<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Tu\u0161imice<\/em> \u2014 pilotovac\u00ed stanice pro v\u00fdzkum mezn\u00ed vrstvy ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a jeho kvality.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">O v\u00fdvoji a p\u0159ipravovan\u00fdch koncep\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1m\u011brech Hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu v Bratislav\u011b (koncepce se p\u0159ipravuje) podal na konferenci informaci \u0159editel \u00fastavu doc. \u0160amaj, DrSc.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nen\u00ed \u00fa\u010delem tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku podat zevrubnou infor\u00admaci o v\u0161ech organiza\u010dn\u00edch zm\u011bn\u00e1ch podle z\u00e1m\u011br\u016f koncepce. Konstituov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch pracovi\u0161\u0165 i souvisej\u00edc\u00ed probl\u00e9my k\u00e1drov\u00e9, materi\u00e1ln\u00ed a technick\u00e9, budou kl\u00e1st na v\u0161echny pracovn\u00edky \u00fastavu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 n\u00e1roky. C\u00edlem je, aby zm\u011bnou dosavadn\u00ed struktury se strnul\u00fdmi a na\u00admnoze anachronick\u00fdmi vazbami, se zm\u011bnila celkov\u00e1 efektivita \u010dinnosti a bylo dosa\u017eeno komplexn\u011b propo\u00adjen\u00fdch a kvalitativn\u011b lep\u0161\u00edch informac\u00ed. Informac\u00ed vy\u00adu\u017eiteln\u00fdch v n\u00e1rodn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed (alespo\u0148 v rozsa\u00adhu a na \u00farovni pozitivn\u00edho hodnocen\u00ed z okresu \u00dast\u00ed nad Orlic\u00ed, tak jak na konferenci zazn\u011blo z \u00fast m\u00edsto\u00adp\u0159edsedy Okresn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy) i v oblasti v\u011b\u00addeckov\u00fdzkumn\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Refer\u00e1ty z konference vyd\u00e1 Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav v Praze tiskem jako samostatnou publikaci.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Zden\u011bk Hork\u00fd, MZ 1979\/6, ro\u010dn\u00edk 32, str. 190<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1d271f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1d271f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-54fe578\" data-id=\"54fe578\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9394d8b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9394d8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-82287c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"82287c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a78eb38\" data-id=\"a78eb38\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-803ebd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"803ebd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">SEMIN\u00c1\u0158 Z KLIMATOLOGIE<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94eb682 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94eb682\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-897b138\" data-id=\"897b138\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-780ffee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"780ffee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V kouzeln\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed podzimn\u00edch Beskyd se\u0161el se ve dnech 2. a 3. listopadu 1977 ve Fren\u0161t\u00e1tu pod Radho\u0161t\u011bm 1, semin\u00e1\u0159 z klimatologie uspo\u0159\u00e1\u00addan\u00fd Hydrometeorologick\u00fdm \u00fastavem. C\u00edlem semi\u00adn\u00e1\u0159e bylo oslavit 60. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed V\u0158SR, vzpomenout desetilet\u00ed \u010dinnosti klimatologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby na praco\u00advi\u0161ti v Ostrav\u011b a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm sezn\u00e1mit pracovn\u00edky v\u0161ech zainteresovan\u00fdch obor\u016f se sou\u010dasn\u00fdm stavem a perspektivami klimatologie u n\u00e1s. Iniciativa k uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed semin\u00e1\u0159e vy\u0161la z ostravsk\u00e9ho odboru HMU, kter\u00fd tak\u00e9 na sebe vzal starost o jeho orga\u00adniza\u010dn\u00ed zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Vedle pracovn\u00edk\u016f Hydrometeoro\u00adlogick\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f CSR a SSR byli p\u0159\u00edtomni tak\u00e9 z\u00e1stupci \u00dastavu fyziky atmosf\u00e9ry \u010cSAV, Vyso\u00adk\u00fdch \u0161kol zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch v Praze i v Brn\u011b, Univer\u00adzity J. P. Purkyn\u011b v Brn\u011b, V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu balneologick\u00e9ho v Mari\u00e1nsk\u00fdch L\u00e1zn\u00edch, V\u00fdzkum\u00adn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu hum\u00e1nnej bioklimatol\u00f3gie v Bratisla\u00adv\u011b, V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho a \u0161lechtitelsk\u00e9ho \u00fastavu obiln\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho v Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017ei, \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edho kontroln\u00edho a zku\u00ad\u0161ebn\u00edho \u00fastavu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho v Brn\u011b a Chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 krajinn\u00e9 oblasti Vihorlat.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Semin\u00e1\u0159 byl zam\u011b\u0159en na uk\u00e1zku mo\u017enost\u00ed prak\u00adtick\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed klimatologick\u00fdch poznatk\u016f v r\u016fzn\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch n\u00e1rodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. T\u00e9matick\u00e9 d\u011b\u00adlen\u00ed refer\u00e1t\u016f zahrnovalo aplikaci klimatologie v ze\u00adm\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, v bioklimatologii \u010dlov\u011bka a v oblasti ochrany \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1n\u00ed semin\u00e1\u0159e za\u00adh\u00e1jil vedouc\u00ed odboru Ostrava doc. dr. V. K\u0159\u00ed\u017e, CSc., a po jeho vystoupen\u00ed n\u00e1sledovaly refer\u00e1ty zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na u\u017eit\u00ed klimatologie v kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 p\u0159ed\u00adpov\u011bdi v\u00fdskytu \u0161kodliv\u00fdch \u010dinitel\u016f rostlin (ing. A. Mu\u0161ka \u2014 UKZUZ Brno) a na vyu\u017eit\u00ed klimatologic\u00adk\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f p\u0159i programov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdnosu obilovin spojen\u00e9m s vytvo\u0159en\u00edm databanky klimatick\u00fdch hodnot (ing. M. Hlav\u00e1\u010d, ing. E. Hub\u00edk &#8211; V\u00daO Kro\u00adm\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017e). Pracovn\u00edci HMU Praha informovali p\u0159\u00ed\u00adtomn\u00e9 o sou\u010dasn\u00fdch tendenc\u00edch v\u00fdvoje agroklimatologie (ing. J. Hrbek) a problematice v\u00fdskytu kru\u00adpobit\u00ed v Jihomoravsk\u00e9m kraji (dr. J. Konicar) a o v\u00fdsledc\u00edch z\u00edskan\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm teploty p\u016fdy ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch hloubk\u00e1ch (ing. V. Lednick\u00fd). Bohat\u00e1 a \u017eiv\u00e1 diskuse uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee na tomto \u00faseku v\u00fdrobn\u00ed \u010dinnosti \u010dlov\u011bka je \u0161irok\u00e9 pole otev\u0159en\u00fdch mo\u017e\u00adnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zaslou\u017e\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed a podrobn\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Odborn\u00e9 refer\u00e1ty z oblasti bioklimatologie \u010dlo\u00adv\u011bka a vlivu \u010dlov\u011bka na utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed uk\u00e1zaly \u0159adu v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch aspekt\u016f ekologick\u00e9ho charakte\u00adru souvisej\u00edc\u00edch s vlivem pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 \u010dinnosti na podneb\u00ed. Byly to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm refer\u00e1ty dr. J. Forchtgotta (HMU Praha) o vztahu pr\u016fmyslu k biokli\u00admatologii, refer\u00e1t dr. J. Munzara, CSc. (Geogra\u00adfick\u00fd \u00fastav \u010cSAV) o tepeln\u00e9m ostrov\u011b Ostravy a jeho vztahu k z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed teplem a pr\u00e1ce doc. J. Jen\u00edka, CSc. (Botanick\u00fd \u00fastav \u010cSAV) o pot\u0159eb\u011b klimatologick\u00fdch dat v ochran\u011b p\u0159\u00edrody. Proble\u00admatikou biometeorologie se zab\u00fdval p\u0159ehledn\u011b dr. O. \u0160ebek (HMU Praha), kter\u00fd p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 sezn\u00e1mil s n\u011bkter\u00fdmi doporu\u010den\u00edmi celosv\u011btov\u00e9ho charakte\u00adru v t\u00e9to oblasti a dr. I. Pavl\u00edk, CSc. (V\u00fdskumn\u00fd \u00fastav hum\u00e1nnej bioklimatol\u00f3gie Bratislava), jen\u017e ve sv\u00e9m vystoupen\u00ed uk\u00e1zal na vazbu mezi barometrick\u00fdm tlakem a fyziologi\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vyu\u017eit\u00edm poznatk\u016f z klimatologie ve vodn\u00edm hos\u00adpod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed se zab\u00fdval refer\u00e1t doc. F. \u0160amaje, DrSc., a dr. S. Valovi\u010de o periodicit\u011b intenzit dlou\u00adhodob\u00fdch de\u0161\u0165\u016f a mo\u017enosti navazov\u00e1n\u00ed dat z kr\u00e1tko\u00addob\u00fdch \u00fa\u010delov\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na data standardn\u00ed kli\u00admatick\u00e9 stani\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b probral ve sv\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku dr. P. Prosek (UJEP Brno). Ot\u00e1zkou m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1\u00ad\u0159en\u00ed se zab\u00fdval ing. J. Klabzuba, CSc. (V\u0160Z Praha) a dr. J. Reichrt (HMU Bratislava) a v\u0161eobecnou problematiku o z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed meteorologick\u00fdch pod\u00adklad\u016f pro zabezpe\u010den\u00ed specializovan\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f n\u00e1rodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed rozeb\u00edral refer\u00e1t dr. N. Slab\u00e9 (HMU Praha). Region\u00e1ln\u00ed problematika se objevila v pr\u00e1ci dr. J. Hrd\u00e9, CSc. (HMU Praha) a dr. J. Reina (Ustav fyziky atmosf\u00e9ry \u010cSAV) na p\u0159\u00edkladu v\u00fdskytu teplotn\u00ed inverze v Praze, v refe\u00adr\u00e1tu dr. J. Solt\u00edse a dr. S. Petrovi\u010de (HMU Brati\u00adslava) o v\u011btrn\u00e9 r\u016f\u017eici na leti\u0161ti v Bratislav\u011b-Ivance a v rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 studii dr. Z. Korejse (HMU Praha), kter\u00e1 se zab\u00fdvala poznatky z oblasti dynamick\u00e9 klimatologie zpracovan\u00e9 pro n\u011bkter\u00e1 m\u00edsta v Se\u00adveromoravsk\u00e9m kraji. \u00davahu o mo\u017enostech rene\u00adsance Ro\u017enova pod Radho\u0161t\u011bm jako klimatick\u00fdch l\u00e1zn\u00ed p\u0159inesl refer\u00e1t dr. J. Matou\u0161ka (UK Plze\u0148) a dr. V. Kv\u011bton\u011b a Z. Sebesty (VUB Mari\u00e1nsk\u00e9 L\u00e1zn\u011b). Refer\u00e1ty byly dopln\u011bny diskus\u00ed, kter\u00e1 pro\u00adk\u00e1zala z\u00e1jem z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch na sd\u011blen\u00fdch poznat\u00adc\u00edch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Semin\u00e1\u0159 uk\u00e1zal vzr\u016fst praktick\u00e9ho zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vy\u00adu\u017eit\u00ed klimatick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech n\u00e1\u00adrodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. N\u00e1zorn\u011b byla prok\u00e1z\u00e1na po\u00adt\u0159eba prohlouben\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce mezi meteorologic\u00adkou slu\u017ebou a jednotliv\u00fdmi obory aplikace, kde vedle tradi\u010dn\u00edch partner\u016f se objevuj\u00ed i nov\u00ed u\u017ei\u00advatel\u00e9. Jedn\u00e1n\u00ed nazna\u010dilo i v\u00fdznamn\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed meteorologick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f v zem\u011b\u00add\u011blsk\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se objevila jako z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e1 problematika bioklimatologie \u010dlov\u011bka a v \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm pojet\u00ed i \u00fa\u010dast hydrometeorologick\u00fdch slu\u017eeb na \u0159e\u00ad\u0161en\u00ed cel\u00e9ho komplexu ekologick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek \u017eivotn\u00ed\u00adho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z jedn\u00e1n\u00ed vyplynula i pot\u0159eba zab\u00fdvat se ot\u00e1z\u00adkou vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed dlouhodob\u00e9ho programu odbor\u00adn\u00fdch semin\u00e1\u0159\u016f, na kter\u00fdch by se m\u011bli ve st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e pod\u00edlet i mimo\u00fastavn\u00ed pracovn\u00edci zainte\u00adresovan\u00fdch obor\u016f. Z jedn\u00e1n\u00ed semin\u00e1\u0159e vyplynula i nutnost \u0159e\u0161it \u0161irok\u00fd okruh nazna\u010den\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f v \u00fazk\u00e9 koordinaci a d\u011blb\u011b pr\u00e1ce mezi Hydrome\u00adteorologick\u00fdm \u00fastavem v Praze a v Bratislav\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Uveden\u00e9 poznatky a z\u00e1v\u011bry shrnul v z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010d\u00adn\u00e9m vystoupen\u00ed \u0159editel HMU Praha ing. V. Richter. Zhodnotil p\u0159\u00ednos semin\u00e1\u0159e jako skute\u010dn\u011b pracovn\u00ed oslavy 60. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed V\u0158SR a zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b vyzvedl jeho praktick\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na pot\u0159eby ekonomiky a eko\u00adlogie. Ing. Richter zd\u016fraznil, \u017ee v nazna\u010den\u00e9 cest\u011b je pot\u0159eba pokra\u010dovat a vytvo\u0159it tradici klimato\u00adlogick\u00fdch semin\u00e1\u0159\u016f s pracovn\u00edm charakterem, kter\u00e9 by se staly p\u0159\u00ednosem pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed n\u00e1rodohospod\u00e1\u0159\u00adsk\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>V\u00e1clav Lednick\u00fd, MZ 1978\/3, ro\u010dn\u00edk 31, str. 90<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-34a2ccb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"34a2ccb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0df544c\" data-id=\"0df544c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c005bb0 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c005bb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5b95bb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5b95bb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0f41c4c\" data-id=\"0f41c4c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecec987 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ecec987\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><h2><strong>IV. CELO\u0160T\u00c1TNA METEOROLOGICK\u00c1 KONFERENCIA <\/strong><\/h2><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>V BRATISLAV\u011a V D\u0147OCH 13. A\u017d 15. NOVEMBRA 1957<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V d\u0148och 13. a\u017e 15. XI. 1957 zi\u0161lo sa vy\u0161e 100 v\u011bdeck\u00fdch pracovnikov zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch odborov, ktor\u00e9 u\u017e\u0161ie s meteorol\u00f3giou spolupracuj\u00fa na IV. celo\u0161t\u00e1tnu meteorologick\u00fa konferenciu, ktor\u00e1 bola zadr\u017ean\u00e1 v Bratislav\u011b.<\/span><\/p><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Po ofici\u00e1lnom otvoren\u00ed riaditelom Hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fasta\u00advu J. Z\u00edtkom a preslovmi rezortn\u00fdch funkcion\u00e1rov, \u00favodom odzneli dva informa\u010dn\u011b refer\u00e1ty, ktor\u00e9 podali zpr\u00e1vu o stave a v\u00fdvoji meteorologickej slu\u017eby od poslednej konferencie v ro\u00adce 1954. Dr. \u0160t. Petrovi\u010d v svojom refer\u00e1te za klimatol\u00f3giu vyzdvihol, \u017ee klimatick\u00fd atlas \u010ceskoslovenska je u\u017e v tla\u010d\u00ed. A. D\u0159evikovsk\u00fd za synbptick\u00fa v leteck\u00fa poveternostn\u00fa slu\u017ebu uk\u00e1zal na stav v\u0161eobecnej p\u0159edpov\u011bdi po\u010dasia a na pot\u0159eby leteckej poveternostnej slu\u017eby, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa pri dne\u0161nom v\u00fdvoji leteckej dopravy zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 naliehav\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Odborn\u00e9 jednania na konferencii sa jednak s\u00fastredili do pl\u00e9na, kde sa predniesli refer\u00e1ty, ktor\u00e9 na seba s\u00fastredili \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1ujem, jednak sa d\u011blili do dvoch pracovn\u00fdch skupin, a to:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">do skupiny v\u0161eobecnej a aplikovanej klimatologie a<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">do skupiny synoptickej a leteckej meteorologie.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V pl\u00e9ne sa na prvom mieste prej\u011bdnal n\u00e1vrh na nov\u016f organiz\u00e1ciu v\u0161etk\u00fdch siet\u00ed pozoruj\u00facich pre meteorol\u00f3giu a klimatol\u00f3\u00adgiu v\u0161eobecn\u00e1 i u\u017eit\u00fa (Dr. Ing. Hrube\u0161 a V. Briedo\u0148). N\u00e1vrh vych\u00e1dza z n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee teraj\u0161ia sie\u0165 vznikla \u017eiveln\u00e9, viac z inicia\u00adtivy z\u00e1ujemcov pre pozorovania, \u017ee sa v nej dobr\u00e9 neuplat\u0148uje pot\u0159eba meteorologick\u00e9ho a klimatick\u00e9ho prieskumu podia kli\u00admatick\u00fdch a synoptick\u00fdch oblast\u00ed. N\u00e1vrh je ideov\u00fd, jeho realiz\u00e1cia si vy\u017eiada zna\u010dnej\u0161ie finan\u010dn\u011b prostriedky, preto sa e\u0161te raz presk\u00fa\u0161a v komisii odborn\u00edkov, kde sa tie\u017e navrhne postup p\u0159echodu z teraj\u0161ej siete stanic na nov\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Cel\u00e9 odpoludnie prv\u00e9ho d\u0148a sa v\u011bnovalo ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m r\u00e1dioaktivity ovzdu\u0161ia a zr\u00e1\u017eok. Bpli to refer\u00e1ty: 1. Metodika merania r\u00e1dioak\u00adtivity ovzdu\u0161ia pri biometeorologickom a hygienickom prieskume krajiny (Dr. V. Stru\u017eka), 2. Merania r\u00e1dioaktivity zr\u00e1\u017eok a ovzdu\u00ad\u0161ia v MGR (Dr. J. Podzimek a Hor\u00e1k), 3. Vz\u0165ah medzi radio\u00adaktivitou ovzdu\u0161ia a zr\u00e1\u017eok (Dr. J. Podzimek), 4. Z\u00e1sady sledovania r\u00e1dioaktivity v okol\u00ed atomov\u00e9ho reaktoru (Dr. M. Ha\u0161ek). Refer\u00e1ty uk\u00e1zali na na\u0161e pracovn\u011b metody v meran\u00ed r\u00e1dioaktivity, uk\u00e1zalo sa na niektor\u00e9 pot\u0159eby, najma na zjednotenie pr\u00e1ce v sledovan\u00ed r\u00e1dioaktivity.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Druh\u00fd de\u0148 jednania za\u010dal refer\u00e1tmi v\u011bnovan\u00fdmi predpovediam. Dr. Zd. Gregor hovo\u0159il o pou\u017eit\u00ed dynamickej klimatolo\u00adgie pre p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f po\u010dasia v region\u00e1lnom m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. Podstatnou \u010das\u0165ou refer\u00e1tu bol popis oblast\u00ed, na ktor\u00e9 bolo rozd\u011blen\u00e9 \u00fazemie \u010ciech a Moravy a popis met\u00f3dy, pomocou ktorej sa k tomuto rozdeleniu p\u0159i\u0161lo. Vo vn\u00fatri t\u00fdchto oblast\u00ed s\u00fa pri typick\u00fdch poveternostn\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch pom\u011brn\u00e9 mal\u00e9 rozdiely v priebehu po\u00ad\u010dasia. Region\u00e1ln\u011b predpovede sa bud\u00fa vyd\u00e1vat&#8217; pre ka\u017ed\u00fa z t\u00fdchto oblast\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165. V refer\u00e1te D. L. K\u0159ivsk\u00e9ho a M. Kopeck\u00e9ho sa vyzdvihli sekul\u00e1rn\u011b zm\u011bny v na\u0161ich klimatick\u00fdch rad\u00e1ch, pouk\u00e1\u00adzalo sa na pot\u0159ebu \u0161tudovat&#8217; dlhodob\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 v\u00fdkyvy, zabezpe\u010di\u0165 ich zachov\u00e1n\u00edm dlhodob\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch stanic. Dr. J. Br\u00e1dka v refer\u00e1te: P\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f po\u010dasia na 3 a\u017e 5 dni pouk\u00e1zal na trvanie prirodzen\u00fdch synoptick\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa v na\u0161ej oblasti uplat\u0148uj\u00fa a na mo\u017enosti, ako ich pou\u017ei\u0165 k st\u0159edn\u00e9 dlh\u00fdm predpovediam po\u010dasia. Dr. J. J\u00edlek v zpr\u00e1v\u011b \u201eDlhodob\u00e1 p\u0159ed\u00adpov\u011b\u010f&#8221; sa zmienil o d\u011blen\u00ed rok\u00e1 na ro\u010dn\u011b obdobia z hladiska v\u00fdskytu typickej cirkul\u00e1cie, zd\u016fraznil pot\u0159ebu zhodnotenia dlho\u00addob\u00fdch progn\u00f3z, navrhol, aby sa pre hodnotenie teplot a zr\u00e1\u017eok u\u017eili n\u011bjak\u00e9 konven\u010dn\u011b intervaly, ktor\u00e9 by umo\u017enili klasifik\u00e1ciu uplynul\u00fdch obdob\u00ed na norm\u00e1ln\u011b, tepl\u00e9, studen\u00e9, such\u00e9 a vlhk\u00e9 s p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm odstup\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm. Po refer\u00e1toch s tematikou p\u0159ed\u00adpov\u011bd\u00ed po\u010dasia sa prejednali v pl\u00e9ne e\u0161te refer\u00e1ty s prev\u00e1dzkov\u00fdm zameran\u00edm. Dr. St. Petrovi\u010d v zpr\u00e1v\u011b \u201ePorovnanie priemerov u klimatick\u00fdch prvkov z troj a \u0161tvorterm\u00ednov\u00fdch pozorovan\u00ed&#8221; uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee priemery teplot, vlhkosti, v tlaku vzduchu, po\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 podia pozorovan\u00ed v klimatick\u00fdch term\u00ednoch (07, 14, 21 hodin) a v synoptick\u00fdch term\u00ednoch (01, 07, 13 a 19 hodin) podia vyhodnotenia zo samopisn\u00fdch pr\u00edstrojov, s\u00fa prakticky zhodn\u00e9, \u017ee zavedenie no\u010dn\u00e9ho pozorovania a synoptick\u00fdch term\u00ednov pre klimatick\u00fa prax je mo\u017en\u00e9 bez dal\u0161\u00edch \u0165a\u017ekosti,- ale \u017ee nep\u0159ineste ni\u010d nov\u00e9 ani pre popis denn\u00e9ho ani ro\u010dn\u00e9ho chodu u klimatic\u00adk\u00fdch prvkov. J. Hrd\u00e1 referovala o pou\u017eit\u00ed dierko\u0161t\u00edtkov\u00fdch strojov v meteorologii, uk\u00e1zala na mo\u017enosti lep\u0161ieho vyu\u017eitia t\u00fdch\u00adto strojov pre r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie spracovanie materi\u00e1lu.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Druh\u00fd de\u0148 popoludn\u00ed pokra\u010dovalo jednanie v pracovn\u00fdch sku\u00adpin\u00e1ch. V skupin\u011b v\u0161eobecnej a aplikovanej klimatologie boli na programe vz\u0165ahy medzi po\u010das\u00edm a rastlinnou v\u00fdrobou. M. Kacvinsk\u00fd uk\u00e1zal na mal\u00fa tesnos\u0165 korel\u00e1cie medzi priemermi teplot a \u00fahrnov zr\u00e1\u017eok a v\u00fdnosmi. K. Pejml referoval o mikroklima\u00adtick\u00fdch meraniach v poraste zemiakov a o ich praktickej aplik\u00e1cii pre p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f zemiakov\u00fdch chorob a v\u00fdskyt \u0161kodcov. M. Kurpelov\u00e1 v zpr\u00e1v\u011b o lok\u00e1ln\u011b fenologick\u00fdch meraniach v okol\u00ed Hurbanova vysv\u011btlila metodiku merania a uk\u00e1zala na niektor\u00e9 zauj\u00edmavosti v z\u00e1vislosti v\u00fdvoja rastl\u00edn na po\u010das\u00ed, najma na p\u0159\u00edklade ome\u0161k\u00e1vania rastu ja\u010dme\u0148a za priazniv\u00fdm vplyvom po\u010dasia, ktor\u00e9 ome\u0161k\u00e1vanie sa prejavuje asi o 5 dn\u00ed. Ing. J. Hrbek na z\u00e1klade vyhodnotenia z\u00e1znamov zo samopisn\u00fdch pr\u00edstrojov uk\u00e1zal na mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eitia kombajnovej \u017eatvy, pri ur\u010dit\u00fdch stup\u0148och vlhkosti.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">K tematike z lek\u00e1rskej klimatol\u00f3gie prehovoril B. Bohm a Dr. B. Petr. Prv\u00fd predniesol v\u00fdsledok zhodnotenia meran\u00ed schladzovacej veli\u010diny katateplomerom, spracoval merania v \u010des\u00adk\u00fdch krajoch, uk\u00e1zal na mo\u017enost&#8217; pou\u017eitia katateplomerov pre bioklimatick\u00fa charakteristiku, druh\u00fd analyzoval schladzovanie z lek\u00e1rskeho hladiska. O s\u00favislosti r\u00fdchlych zmien u niektor\u00fdch prvkov meteorologick\u00fdch a v\u00fdskytom niektor\u00fdch chorob preho\u00advoril Ing. V. Picko. S\u00favislosti zhodnotil statisticky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u010eal\u0161ou samostatnou tematikou bolo vyu\u017eitie klimatol\u00f3gie pre priestorov\u00e9 pl\u00e1novanie. Prof. Dr. A. Gregor rozviedol mo\u017enosti bodovacieho vyhodnotenia krajiny v priestorovom klimatickom pl\u00e1novan\u00ed. Akademik \u010cSAZV Dr. Ing. V. Nov\u00e1k uk\u00e1zal na v\u00fd\u00adsledky priestorov\u00e9ho prieskumu pomocou putovn\u00fdch meteorolo\u00adgick\u00fdch stanic na okol\u00ed Luha\u010dovic a Ing. B. Ke\u0161ner hovo\u0159il o po\u00adt\u0159eb\u011b klimatick\u00fdch mapov\u00fdch podkladov pre \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fa v\u00fdrobu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pr\u00e1ca skupiny synoptickej a leteckej meteorologie za\u010dala prejedn\u00e1van\u00edm dvoch refer\u00e1tov o mo\u017enostiach praktick\u00e9ho vyu\u017eitia po\u010detn\u00fdch a grafick\u00fdch predpovedn\u00fdch met\u00f3d. Refer\u00e1ty p\u0159ed\u00adnesli V. Kop\u00e1\u010dek a kandid\u00e1t vied O. Zikmunda. Refer\u00e1ty i roz\u00adprava vyzn\u011bli v tom zmysle, \u017ee v s\u00fa\u010dasnej situ\u00e1cii na\u0161ej slu\u017eby praktick\u00e9 u\u017eitie nie je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba sledova\u0165 v\u00fdvoj v tomto odbore a zaobera\u0165 sa n\u00edm s\u00fastavne, ako i vlastn\u00fdm v\u00fdskumom na pr\u00edslu\u0161nom pracovi\u0161ti \u010cSAV.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Skupina dal\u0161\u00edch refer\u00e1tov sa zaoberala probl\u00e9mami leteckej meteorologie. A. D\u0159evikovsk\u00fd pouk\u00e1zal na s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd stav znalost\u00ed v odbore meteorologick\u00e9ho zabezpe\u010dovania reakt\u00edvnych lietadiel. Uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee metodika meteorologick\u00fdch p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed pre tento \u00fa\u010del je doteraz v po\u010diatkoch a je t\u0159eba hodn\u00e9 intenz\u00edvnej pr\u00e1ce, aby sa vyrie\u0161ili hlavn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky probl\u00e9mu. Dr. J. F\u00f6rchtgott prehovoril o nutnosti v\u00fdskumu vlnov\u00e9ho pr\u00fadenia v horsk\u00fdch oblastiach a navrhol sp\u00f3sob zjednania podmienok pre z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 merania. Zna\u00adlost vlastnost\u00ed tohoto pr\u00fadenia m\u00e1 velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam pre bezpe\u010dnost leteckej dopravy. Dr. A. Pape\u017e referoval o vyu\u017eit\u00ed dohladnosti v letectve a mo\u017enostiach merania tohoto meteorologick\u00e9ho prvku a vyjadrovania p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch \u00fadajov v leteck\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. Refer\u00e1t Dr. O. Kostku informoval o v\u00fdsledkoch srovn\u00e1vac\u00edch meran\u00ed r\u00e1diosond, p\u0159eveden\u00fdch z iniciativy Sv\u011bto\u00adv\u011bj meteorologickej organiz\u00e1cie minul\u00e9ho roku vo \u0160vaj\u010diarsku. Presnos\u0165 aerologick\u00fdch meran\u00ed nie je doteraz uspokojiv\u00e1 a je po\u00adt\u0159eba \u010falej pracovat na zlep\u0161en\u00ed a zjednotnen\u00ed radiosond\u00e1\u017en\u00fdch pr\u00edstrojov.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V z\u00e1v\u011bre jednania boli povedan\u00e9 e\u0161te dva refer\u00e1ty z odboru dynamickej meteorologie. Kandid\u00e1t vied V. V\u00edtek teoreticky od\u016f\u00advodnil existenciu ageostrofick\u00fdch zlo\u017eek v\u011btra v jet-streamu a N. V\u011bkov\u00e1 uk\u00e1zala niektor\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky v\u00fdpo\u010dtu vertik\u00e1lnych r\u00fdchlost\u00ed. V\u00fdpo\u010dty previedla tromi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi metodami.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V z\u00e1v\u011bre konferencie ako v\u00fdsledok o pot\u0159eb\u00e1ch a v\u00fdvoji mete\u00adorologie bolo sformulovan\u00fdch celkom 17 doporu\u010den\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00fac\u00edch sa:<\/span><\/p><ol><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">reorganiz\u00e1cie stani\u010dn\u00fdch sietl Hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">meteorologick\u00fdch pozorovan\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 by sa mali robi\u0165 na Mile\u0161ovke,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">pozorovac\u00edch term\u00ednov klimatick\u00fdch stanic,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">meran\u00ed vlhkosti v p\u016fd\u011b,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">meran\u00ed schladzovania,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">nov\u00e9ho vydania \u201eN\u00e1vodu pre pozorovanie na meteorolo\u00adgick\u00fdch staniciach&#8221;,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">spracovavania pozorovacieho materi\u00e1lu na diernych \u0161t\u00edtkoch,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">sp\u016fsob pou\u017eivania \u201enorm\u00e1lnych&#8221; klimatick\u00fdch hodnot pre informa\u010dn\u011b \u00fa\u010dely,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">vypracovania m\u00e1p klimatick\u00fdch oblast\u00ed pre v\u00fdstavbu v \u017eivo\u010di\u0161nej v\u00fdrob\u011b,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">publik\u00e1cie \u201eAtlasu podnebia \u010cSR&#8221;,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">merania priezra\u010dnosti vzduchu,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">zaveden\u00ed meteorologick\u00fdch pozorovan\u00ed meteorologick\u00fdm lietadlom,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">st\u00e1novenia ch\u00fdb pri meran\u00ed r\u00e1diosondami,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">objekt\u00edvnych met\u00f3d predpovedania po\u010dasia,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u0161t\u00fadia met\u00f3d klimatologick\u00fdch p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">merania r\u00e1dioaktivity vzduchu a zr\u00e1\u017eok,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">zriadenia meteorologick\u00e9ho m\u00fazea.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vo volnej rozprav\u011b v z\u00e1v\u011bre konferencie navrhol \u010dlen korespon\u00addent SAV Prof. Dr. M. Kon\u010dek, aby sa urobilo v\u0161etko pre vytvorenie meteorologick\u00e9ho m\u00fazea a aby sa u\u017e teraz s\u00fastredovali star\u0161ie p\u0159\u00edstroje a unik\u00e1me pom\u016fcky, ktor\u00e9 v\u00fdvoj meteorol\u00f3gie u n\u00e1s charakterizuj\u00fa.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00dasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd priebeh konferencie za \u00dastredn\u00fa spr\u00e1vu vodn\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva, ktor\u00e9mu podlieha meteorologick\u00e1 slu\u017eba, zhod\u00adnotil Ing. \u010cech.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jednanie zakon\u010dil za spr\u00e1vu Hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu ved\u00faci slu\u017eby na Slovensku J. Dan\u010d.<\/span><\/p><\/div><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>\u0160t. Petrovi\u010d a A. D\u0159evikovsk\u00fd, MZ 1957\/6, ro\u010dn\u00edk 10, str. 156-157<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3c7eeb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3c7eeb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5fc4b26\" data-id=\"5fc4b26\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d780abc elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d780abc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fd78d26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fd78d26\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a81b7ae\" data-id=\"a81b7ae\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-214bf32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"214bf32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><h2 class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>III. CELOST\u00c1TN\u00cd HYDROMETEOROLOGICK\u00c1 KONFERENCE<\/strong><\/span><\/h2><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1954 prob\u00edhala v Praze III celost\u00e1tn\u00ed hydrometeorologick\u00e1 konference. Na konferenci bylo p\u0159edneseno 28 meteorologic\u00adk\u00fdch a 22 hydrologick\u00fdch refer\u00e1t\u016f. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 byly refer\u00e1ty, vztahuj\u00edc\u00ed se k rozvoji zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 v\u00fdroby. V\u0161echny refer\u00e1ty byly doprov\u00e1zeny bohatou diskus\u00ed, ze kter\u00e9 vyplynula d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 usnesen\u00ed pro dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dinnost \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 hydrometeorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby. Obsahy refer\u00e1t\u016f n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mezi nekone\u010dnou \u0159adou faktor\u016f vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed \u010dinnost \u010dlov\u011bka, m\u011bly, maj\u00ed a st\u00e1le budou m\u00edt jeden z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch vliv\u016f zm\u011bny po\u010das\u00ed a podneb\u00ed. Proto s neust\u00e1le rostouc\u00ed snahou poznat z\u00e1konitosti v\u00fdvoje a pr\u016f\u00adb\u011bhu p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch jev\u016f je dnes na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b v\u011bnov\u00e1no i mnoho pozornosti fysice atmosf\u00e9ry a jej\u00ed praktick\u00e9 aplikaci na zlep\u0161en\u00ed podm\u00ednek \u017eivota.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V tomto velik\u00e9m z\u00e1polen\u00ed se \u017eivly, jejich\u017e energie a moc je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nep\u0159edstaviteln\u00e1, nestoj\u00ed samoz\u0159ejm\u011b stranou ani \u010desko\u00adsloven\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci. Velik\u00e9 \u00fakoly vyty\u010den\u00e9 perspektivou socialis\u00adtick\u00e9ho budov\u00e1n\u00ed si vy\u017e\u00e1daly, aby meteorologov\u00e9 svolali v \u0159\u00edjnu 1952 celost\u00e1tn\u00ed konferenci, b\u011bhem kter\u00e9 z\u00e1stupci nej-r\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch obor\u016f na\u0161eho hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho \u017eivota formulovali sv\u00e9 \u010detn\u00e9 po\u017eadavky na meteorologickou slu\u017ebu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">O rok pozd\u011bji byla svol\u00e1na konference druh\u00e1, je\u017e byla v\u0161ak ji\u017e p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b zam\u011b\u0159ena na metody pr\u00e1ce. V podstat\u011b \u0161lo o hle\u00add\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch cest, kter\u00e9 by umo\u017enily dan\u00e9 \u00fakoly zvl\u00e1dnout co nejrychleji, nejkvalitn\u011bji a nejhospod\u00e1rn\u011bji. Vzhledem k tomu se na t\u00e9to konferenci se\u0161li jen meteorologov\u00e9 a pracov\u00adn\u00edci t\u011bch slo\u017eek, kde bezprost\u0159edn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed meteorologick\u00fdch podklad\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ob\u011b zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 konference, je\u017e lze bez nads\u00e1zky pova\u017eovat za zda\u0159il\u00e9 a z\u00e1jmu celku prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9, byly po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny v nov\u00e9 p\u011bkn\u00e9 budov\u011b na\u0161eho odboru klimatologie Slovenska v Brati\u00adslav\u011b. Sloven\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 byli skute\u010dn\u011b pozorn\u00fdmi hostiteli.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Po zhodnocen\u00ed dosavadn\u00edch pracovn\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f a uv\u00e1\u017eeni nov\u011b p\u0159ibyv\u0161\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f bylo rozhodnuto svolat leto\u0161n\u00edho roku konferenci t\u0159et\u00ed; ta se konala ve dnech 20. a\u017e 25. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1954 v Praze a vstoupila do d\u011bjin na\u0161\u00ed slu\u017eby jako III. celost\u00e1tn\u00ed hydrometeorologick\u00e1 konference. Zm\u011bna n\u00e1zvu byla vyvol\u00e1na t\u00edm, \u017ee \u00fastav roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il n\u00e1pl\u0148 \u010dinnosti a p\u0159ijal do sv\u00e9ho organiza\u010dn\u00edho svazku slo\u017eky, obhospoda\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed republiky po str\u00e1nce hydrologick\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">T\u0159eba\u017ee k zased\u00e1n\u00ed byl vybr\u00e1n prostorn\u00fd s\u00e1l N\u00e1rodn\u00edho klubu Na P\u0159\u00edkop\u011b, byl po\u010det z\u00e1jemc\u016f tak velik\u00fd, \u017ee mnoh\u00fdm z nich musela b\u00fdt \u00fa\u010dast na konferenci s politov\u00e1n\u00edm odep\u0159ena.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference byla rozd\u011blena na dv\u011b \u010d\u00e1sti, meteorologickou a hydrologickou. Celkem bylo p\u0159edneseno 50 odborn\u00fdch refe\u00adr\u00e1t\u016f, z toho 28 meteorologick\u00fdch. Jednotlivci p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161eli po\u00adjedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou souvisela s p\u0159id\u011blen\u00fdmi pracovn\u00edmi \u00fakoly. Tak se jako y nastaven\u00e9m zrcadle uk\u00e1zalo, jak hluboko a do kolika r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1rodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch obor\u016f meteorologie a hydrologie zasahuj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference m\u011bla velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Potvrdila to p\u0159\u00edtomnost resortn\u00edho ministra a p\u0159edsedy \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed se o konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky \u017eiv\u00e9 zaj\u00edmali. N\u00e1zory t\u011bchto dvou odpov\u011bdn\u00fdch ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch \u010dinitel\u016f na na\u0161i slu\u017ebu i jimi vyty\u010den\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed \u00fakoly jsou uve\u0159ejn\u011bny v dal\u0161\u00edm.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konferenci zah\u00e1jil \u0159editel Hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu s. Z\u00edtek. Uv\u00edtal p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 a pak ve v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00e9m projevu informoval, jak se pln\u011bn\u00e1 usnesen\u00ed minul\u00fdch konferenc\u00ed odr\u00e1\u017eela v \u010dinnosti \u00fastavu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">S. Z\u00edtek ozn\u00e1mil, \u017ee I. a II. meteorologick\u00e1 konference do\u00adporu\u010dila 72 usnesen\u00ed, a to z klimatologie, bioklimatologie, mikroklimatologie, d\u00e1le z meteorologie zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9, synoptick\u00e9, leteck\u00e9 a l\u00e1ze\u0148sk\u00e9, z fenologie a z oboru meteorologick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f. Z celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu t\u011bchto usnesen\u00ed bylo spln\u011bno 62, zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch 10 bylo z provozn\u00edch nebo z materi\u00e1ln\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f prozat\u00edm odlo\u017eeno.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tato aktivn\u00ed bilance nezvratn\u011b dokazuje, \u017ee usnesen\u00ed kon\u00adference jsou pro \u00fastav z\u00e1vazn\u00e1 a \u017ee jsou tak\u00e9 respektov\u00e1na. Plen\u016fm konference je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za vrcholn\u00fd v\u011bdeck\u00fd org\u00e1n, kter\u00fd usm\u011br\u0148uje \u010dinnost \u00fastavu jak po str\u00e1nce pro\u00advozn\u00ed, tak i po str\u00e1nce pracovn\u00ed metodiky. Tato forma kolektivn\u00ed kritiky nejen \u017ee pom\u00e1h\u00e1 p\u0159i \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u00fastavu, ale odstra\u0148uje t\u00e9\u017e duplicitu pr\u00e1ce na jin\u00fdch m\u00edstech a p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch v\u011bdomost\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i revisi minul\u00fdch usnesen\u00ed je nutn\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee pln\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ech pracovn\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f vy\u017eaduje vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00fdch materi\u00e1ln\u00edch, person\u00e1ln\u00edch i organisa\u010dn\u00edch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f, a \u017ee v\u0161echny p\u0159edkl\u00e1dan\u00e9 po\u017eadavky mus\u00ed b\u00fdt z\u00e1sadn\u011b uplat\u0148o\u00adv\u00e1ny pod zorn\u00fdm \u00fahlem mo\u017enost\u00ed a \u00fanosnosti s celost\u00e1tn\u00edho hlediska.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">D\u00e1le se s. Z\u00edtek zm\u00ednil o ud\u00e1lostech, kter\u00e9 ovlivn\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bh leto\u0161n\u00ed konference. Byly to ur\u010dit\u00e9 organisa\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitosti vnitro\u00fastavn\u00ed a zejm\u00e9na v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost v na\u0161em cel\u00e9m n\u00e1rodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b \u2014 X. sjezd KS\u010c. Je na n\u00e1s v\u0161ech, abychom co nejv\u00edce p\u0159isp\u011bli k nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu dan\u00e9mu \u00fakolu, ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed efektivn\u00ed v\u00fdroby na\u0161eho zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. V tomto sm\u011bru mus\u00edme v\u00e9st v\u011bdeck\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f a methodik v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Bude na\u0161\u00ed snahou, aby v duchu marxleninsk\u00e9 ideologie m\u011bla konference nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeckou \u00farove\u0148 a aby jej\u00ed v\u00fdsledky poslou\u017eily praktick\u00e9mu \u017eivotu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1v\u011brem s. Z\u00edtek pod\u011bkoval p\u0159edsedovi \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed za pochopen\u00ed, s jak\u00fdm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed konference doporu\u010dil, a ministrovi les\u016f a d\u0159eva\u0159sk\u00e9ho pr\u016f\u00admyslu, kter\u00fd k uskute\u010dn\u011bn\u00ed konference dal sv\u016fj souhlas.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pak byla konference zah\u00e1jena.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jako prvn\u00ed vystoupil ministr les\u016f a d\u0159eva\u0159sk\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu s. Marek Smida. Z jeho projevu uv\u00e1d\u00edme v\u00fdtah, sestaven\u00fd podle stenografick\u00e9ho z\u00e1znamu:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00davodem s. ministr p\u0159\u00e1l III. celost\u00e1tn\u00ed hydrometeorologick\u00e9 konferenci zdar a vyslovil p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee sn\u011bmov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i\u00adsp\u011bje k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f, t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se budov\u00e1n\u00ed socialismu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tyto \u00fakoly nejsou lehk\u00e9. V\u0161eobecn\u011b mus\u00edme odstranit disproporce v hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, zv\u00fd\u0161it zem\u011bd\u011blskou v\u00fdrobu, roz\u00ad\u0161\u00ed\u0159it b\u00e1\u0148sk\u00e9 a energetick\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny. M\u00e1me-li zabezpe\u010dit v\u00fd\u00ad\u017eivu n\u00e1roda a nav\u00edc vytvo\u0159it p\u0159edpoklady pro dal\u0161\u00ed sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed cen, mus\u00edme podstatn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161it produktivitu pr\u00e1ce a racionalizovat v\u00fdrobu. Tak ku p\u0159\u00edkladu rostlinnou v\u00fdrobu mus\u00edme zv\u00fd\u0161it o 20 %, \u017eivo\u010di\u0161nou dokonce o 40 % oproti r. 1953.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Je t\u0159eba bedliv\u011b uva\u017eovat o tom, jak v\u0161echny tyto \u00fakoly souvis\u00ed s vlastn\u00edmi \u00fakoly hydrometeorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby, jej\u00ed\u017e v\u011bdeck\u00e9 i praktick\u00e9 pracovn\u00edky strana a vl\u00e1da vysoce hodnot\u00ed. Je spr\u00e1vn\u00e9, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina refer\u00e1t\u016f pro konferenci p\u0159ipraven\u00fdch se t\u00fdk\u00e1 na\u0161eho hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho a zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">S. ministr je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den, \u017ee v\u0161echny hydrologick\u00e9 i meteoro\u00adlogick\u00e9 \u00fakoly budou zd\u00e1rn\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161eny. K tomu \u00fa\u010delu je ov\u0161em t\u0159eba hledat zp\u016fsoby, kter\u00e9 by vedly ke zkvalitn\u011bn\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ce. Abychom vyu\u017eili z\u00e1konitost\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrody ve prosp\u011bch n\u00e1s v\u0161ech, mus\u00edme m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, \u017ee \u201ev\u0161e souvis\u00ed se v\u0161\u00edm&#8221;, a postupovat skute\u010dn\u011b dialekticky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Je nutno sledovat a pozn\u00e1vat klimatick\u00e9, meteorologick\u00e9 i hydrologick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, je nutno sledovat jejich zm\u011bny. Vy\u017eaduje to na\u0161e zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by pot\u0159ebovalo hlavn\u011b zlep\u0161en\u00e9 p\u0159edpov\u011bdi pro jednotliv\u00e9 kraje a pro n\u00e1stupy rostlin\u00adn\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00ed; vy\u017eaduje to p\u00e9\u010de o zdrav\u00ed a osv\u011b\u017een\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 pro na\u0161i spole\u010dnost nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam; vy\u017eaduje to energetika a jej\u00ed nov\u011b budovan\u00e1 velik\u00e1 vodn\u00ed d\u00edla; vy\u017eaduje to kone\u010dn\u011b i ochrana p\u0159ed n\u00e1hl\u00fdmi a ni\u010div\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi jevy, jako jsou povodn\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i v\u0161ech t\u011bchto ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch je spojitost v\u011bdy s prax\u00ed spojitost\u00ed bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed a prol\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed se. S. ministr poukazuje na slova s. Novotn\u00e9ho, kter\u00e1 byla pronesena na X. sjezdu KS\u010c: \u201eBude-li na\u0161e v\u011bda spojena s prax\u00ed socialistick\u00e9 v\u00fdstavby, dok\u00e1\u017eeme-li hovo\u0159it o kritice a sebekritice, osvoj\u00edme-li si na\u0161i v\u011bdeckou theorii marx-leninismu a budeme-li \u010derpat z v\u011bdy sov\u011btsk\u00e9, nen\u00ed pochyb o tom, \u017ee na\u0161e v\u011bda dos\u00e1hne dal\u0161\u00edch pronika\u00adv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f v na\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ci pro blaho lidu.&#8221;<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z t\u011bchto slov mus\u00ed b\u00fdt vyvozeny z\u00e1v\u011bry. Mus\u00edme v\u0161ichni pom\u00e1hat \u0159e\u0161it nal\u00e9hav\u00e9 probl\u00e9my na\u0161\u00ed socialistick\u00e9 v\u00fdstavby a p\u0159isp\u011bt k tomu, aby \u017eivot na\u0161ich lid\u00ed byl st\u00e1le \u0161\u0165astn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sna\u017e\u00edme-li se dostat p\u0159i budov\u00e1n\u00ed socialismu podle sov\u011bt\u00adsk\u00e9ho vzoru k vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm pracovn\u00edm form\u00e1m, mus\u00edme stejn\u011b postupovat i v meteorologii a v hydrologii. Ob\u011b tyto na\u0161e slu\u017eby maj\u00ed dnes ji\u017e svou tradici. Je t\u0159eba, aby na\u0161i mlad\u00ed v\u011bde\u010dt\u00ed i prakti\u010dt\u00ed pracovn\u00edci \u010derpali i ze zku\u0161enost\u00ed pracovn\u00edk\u016f star\u0161\u00edch, aby tyto zku\u0161enosti p\u0159eb\u00edrali a vhodn\u011b je uplat\u0148ovali v praktick\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">S. ministr d\u011bkuje v\u0161em pracovn\u00edk\u016fm hydrometeorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby za jejich zaj\u00edmavou a odpov\u011bdnou pr\u00e1ci a p\u0159eje jim mnoho \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f. Strana a vl\u00e1da p\u0159isp\u011bj\u00ed svou p\u00e9\u010d\u00ed i nad\u00e1le.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na \u0159e\u010d soudruha ministra nav\u00e1zal n\u00e1m\u011bstek ministra a p\u0159edseda \u00daSVH, s. Ing. Dr \u010c. \u0160toll:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00e1\u017een\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9, soudru\u017eky a soudruzi!<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1m prv\u00e9 t\u00e9to p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti k \u00fa\u010dasti na celost\u00e1tn\u00ed konferenci \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f v oboru hydro-meteorologie a klimatologie, abych v \u00favodu konference \u0159ekl n\u011bkolik slov za \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed spr\u00e1vu vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159edn\u011b pokl\u00e1d\u00e1m za spr\u00e1vn\u00e9, abych zde konstatoval, \u017ee Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav, kter\u00fd je po\u0159adatelem t\u00e9to konfe\u00adrence, pro\u0161el v minul\u00e9m roce v\u00fdznamnou organisa\u010dn\u00ed prom\u011b\u00adnou. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il se o slo\u017eku s n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuznou, o hydrologii, hydrogra\u00adfii, kter\u00e1 na meteorologii logicky navazuje. \u00dastav se p\u0159etvo\u0159il z p\u016fvodn\u00edho \u00fastavu meteorologick\u00e9ho na \u00fastav hydrometeoro\u00adlogick\u00fd. Stal se tak v n\u00e1plni sv\u00e9 \u010dinnosti \u00fapln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a zaujal m\u00edsto v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho org\u00e1nu \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy vodn\u00edho hospo\u00add\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Do\u0161lo tu pro \u00fastav k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed nejen lep\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f pro obohacen\u00ed jeho \u010dinnosti, ale zejm\u00e9na do\u0161lo k v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu jeho sbl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed s budovatelskou prac\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed republiky. V r\u00e1mci \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed se \u00fastav napoj\u00ed svoj\u00ed slu\u017ebou na velk\u00e9 \u00fakoly, kter\u00e9 jsou na\u0161emu vodn\u00edmu hospo\u00add\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed v\u0161emi hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi odv\u011btv\u00edmi ukl\u00e1d\u00e1ny. Jde nyn\u00ed o to, aby pracovn\u00edci obou slo\u017eek, kter\u00e9 nov\u00fd \u00fastav vytvo\u0159ily, se tak\u00e9 sv\u00fdmi sty\u010dn\u00fdmi m\u00edsty pracovn\u011b co nejt\u011bsn\u011bji vz\u00e1jemn\u011b propojili. Je nutn\u00e9, aby se pracovn\u00edci \u00fastavu co nejd\u0159\u00edve sezn\u00e1mili s n\u00e1pln\u00ed \u010dinnosti \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159\u00adstv\u00ed, aby se s\u017eili s jej\u00edmi \u00fakoly a aby u\u010dinili z \u00fastavu hydro\u00admeteorologick\u00e9ho dal\u0161\u00ed z nepostradateln\u00fdch pil\u00ed\u0159\u016f \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce na\u0161\u00ed \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Bohatost programu va\u0161\u00ed konference sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o pestr\u00e9m va\u0161em uplatn\u011bn\u00ed se a o \u0161irok\u00e9 problematice, ve kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eete pracovat. Ka\u017ed\u00fd refer\u00e1t ji\u017e podle sv\u00e9ho n\u00e1zvu nazna\u010duje p\u0159edstavy mo\u017enostech cenn\u00e9ho d\u00edla, zejm\u00e9na bude-li v\u017edy obsahovat jasn\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry, kter\u00e9 pomohou v praxi. Je povinnost\u00ed \u00fastavu db\u00e1t toho, aby v\u00fdsledky duchovn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce jeho pracovn\u00edk\u016f mohly b\u00fdt v\u017edy tak\u00e9 pln\u011b prakticky vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny \u2014 l\u00e9pe \u0159e\u010deno, aby n\u00e1m\u011bty a probl\u00e9my v\u017edy vych\u00e1zely z aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch podn\u011bt\u016f soudob\u00e9ho \u017eivota a z jeho \u00fakol\u016f. Je t\u0159eba se vyst\u0159\u00edhat akademick\u00e9ho diskutov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00bbv ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 nesouvis\u00ed s da\u00adn\u00fdmi hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi \u00fakoly a s pot\u0159ebami republiky. Proto pracovn\u00edci v oboru hydrometeorologie maj\u00ed b\u00fdt dob\u0159e se\u00adzn\u00e1meni s \u00fakoly na\u0161eho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, na\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdstavby, s probl\u00e9\u00admy, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1s t\u00ed\u017e\u00ed, aby mohli \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b pom\u00e1hat k jejich zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">M\u00e1m za to, \u017ee v\u0161ech 28 refer\u00e1t\u016f z oboru meteorologie a klimatologie a 22 refer\u00e1t\u016f z oboru hydrologie, kter\u00e9 jsou na programu konference, budou nejen zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, ale \u017ee se mohou i velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u011b projevit. R\u00e1d bych, pokud mi \u010das dovol\u00ed, je v\u0161echny vyslechl.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pokl\u00e1d\u00e1m za svoji povinnost t\u00e9\u017e sd\u011blit, \u017ee na n\u011bkolika refer\u00e1tech m\u00e1 \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed spr\u00e1va vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed mimo\u00ad\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00e1jem, zejm\u00e9na na jejich z\u00e1v\u011brech. O velik\u00fdch \u00fakolech pro na\u0161e zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed se tu zmi\u0148oval s. ministr Smida. Vy\u00adpl\u00fdvaj\u00ed z usnesen\u00ed X. sjezdu strany. Jist\u011b pracovnici oboru hydrometeorologie budou m\u00edti p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost a p\u0159isp\u011bj\u00ed sv\u00fdm \u017e\u00e1douc\u00edm pod\u00edlem.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed spr\u00e1va vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed m\u00e1 d\u00e1le vysok\u00fd z\u00e1jem o ty refer\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed anebo kter\u00e9 se dot\u00fdkaj\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed problematiky v\u00fdstavby rybn\u00edk\u016f, ot\u00e1zek o jejich \u00fa\u010dinku klimatotvorn\u00e9m a o jejich vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 u\u017eite\u010d\u00adnosti. D\u00e1le \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed spr\u00e1vu vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed nesm\u00edrn\u011b zaj\u00edm\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka lesa jako \u010dinitele ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edho klima a vodn\u00ed bilanci a v\u016fbec p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edho na vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 pom\u011bry. P\u0159\u00e1l bych si, abyste do\u0161li k jednozna\u010dn\u00fdm a jasn\u00fdm z\u00e1v\u011br\u016fm, o n\u011b\u017e bychom se mohli op\u00edrat ve sv\u00e9 vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a zejm\u00e9na pak v investi\u010dn\u00ed politice.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V posledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b let pro\u0161la na\u0161e republika citeln\u00fdmi obdob\u00edmi sucha, kter\u00e1 se projevila prokazateln\u00fdmi hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi \u0161kodami v zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, v pr\u016fmyslu i v z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatel\u00adstva vodou. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il se \u0161irok\u00fd z\u00e1jem o p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch sucha a ze\u00adjm\u00e9na o to, jak v budoucnu tomuto nebezpe\u010d\u00ed \u010delit. Na\u0161e vodn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed nese v prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b b\u0159\u00edm\u011b tohoto \u00fakolu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vol\u00e1 se po v\u00fdstavb\u011b rybn\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 se maj\u00ed projevit vedle prosp\u011bchu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9ho rybochovu i p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dinkem vodo\u00adhospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm. P\u0159i schvalov\u00e1n\u00ed investi\u010dn\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f na tyto akce se st\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee dokumentace zd\u016fvod\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159skou v\u00fdhodnost a rentabilnost investice nen\u00ed po pr\u016fkazn\u00e9 str\u00e1nce ekonomick\u00e9 posta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed. Tehdy se argumentov\u00e1v\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00edmi prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdmi \u00fa\u010dinky uva\u017eovan\u00e9ho rybn\u00edka, je\u017e v\u0161ak b\u00fdvaj\u00ed sporn\u00e9, op\u00edraj\u00ed se o nejednotn\u00e9 a v\u011bdecky neprok\u00e1zan\u00e9 n\u00e1zory, o domn\u011bnky. Nen\u00ed t\u0159eba podtrh\u00e1vat velikou odpov\u011bdnost investora, tj. \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, za realisaci akc\u00ed, do nich\u017e se maj\u00ed vkl\u00e1dat velik\u00e9 investi\u010dn\u00ed obnosy,plynouc\u00ed z n\u00e1rodn\u00edho d\u016fchodu na\u0161eho lidu a kter\u00e9 by potomnem\u011bly p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et onen blahod\u00e1rn\u00fd u\u017eitek s jak\u00fdm se po\u010d\u00edtalo, ba kter\u00e9 by se pozd\u011bji projevily jako v\u016fbec nerentabiln\u00ed a ztr\u00e1tov\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ot\u00e1zce vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu lesa je nutno v\u011bnovat rovn\u011b\u017e velikou pozornost. I zde se n\u00e1zory r\u016fzn\u00ed. Je t\u0159eba vyjasnit, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry les p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b ovliv\u0148uje vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed odtok\u016f z povod\u00ed, jak a kdy p\u016fsob\u00ed retarda\u010dn\u011b, jak se projevuje ve vodn\u00ed bilanci jeho vlastn\u00ed spot\u0159eba vody, jak\u00e9 jsou limity p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch a nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f, za kter\u00fdch podm\u00ednek mohou anebo nemohou nastat, jak p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd vliv lesa oce\u0148ovat atd.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">T\u00e9\u017e boj proti plavenin\u00e1m je v pop\u0159ed\u00ed na\u0161ich \u00fakol\u016f, je jedn\u00edm z nejobt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch, s jak\u00fdm se p\u0159i v\u00fdstavb\u011b n\u011bkter\u00fdch velk\u00fdch vodn\u00edch d\u011bl u n\u00e1s setk\u00e1v\u00e1me. Na poli v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu a theoretick\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed t\u011bchto probl\u00e9m\u016f u n\u00e1s jsme ve zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed \u2014 \u00fakoly v\u00fdstavby v\u0161ak na sebe ned\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u010dekat.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Toto jsou dnes \u010dty\u0159i velmi nal\u00e9hav\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy na\u0161eho vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a proto jsem si je dovolil ve sv\u00e9m \u00favodu pod\u00adtrhnout, aby konference a na\u0161i povolan\u00ed v\u011bde\u010dt\u00ed pracovn\u00edci a odborn\u00edci jim v\u011bnovali n\u00e1le\u017eitou pozornost.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Chci je\u0161t\u011b dodat, \u017ee dnes m\u00e1me \u0161irokou mo\u017enost v\u011bdeck\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce se v\u0161emi st\u00e1ty lidov\u011b demokratick\u00fdmi a zejm\u00e9na se Sov\u011btsk\u00fdm svazem. Nezapom\u00ednejme na ni a pou\u017e\u00edvejme ji v\u0161ude, kde jde o ot\u00e1zky vysok\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho v\u00fd\u00adznamu a kdy je n\u00e1m zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee v r\u00e1mci v\u011bdeckotechnick\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce by se dalo \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed usp\u00ed\u0161it a kdy\u017e dom\u00e1c\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce a mo\u017enosti nesta\u010d\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tolik jsem pokl\u00e1dal za pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 p\u0159ed zapo\u010det\u00edm va\u0161eho jed\u00adn\u00e1n\u00ed za \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed spr\u00e1vu vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b sd\u011blit.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00e1\u017een\u00ed soudruzi, kon\u010d\u00edm sv\u00e1 \u00favodn\u00ed slova s p\u0159\u00e1n\u00edm dobr\u00e9ho pr\u016fb\u011bhu va\u0161\u00ed konferenci a jej\u00edho pln\u00e9ho zdaru.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Po t\u011bchto dvou projevech se ujal \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed odborn\u00e9 meteorolo\u00adgick\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti konference dr. Petrovi\u010d. Informoval plen\u016fm zb\u011b\u017en\u011b o programu a sd\u011blil, \u017ee p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 refer\u00e1ty, z nich\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 jsou v\u00fdtahem \u0161ir\u0161\u00edch studi\u00ed, lze d\u011blit na informativn\u00ed a podn\u011btn\u00e9. Po\u017e\u00e1dal, aby byly posuzov\u00e1ny s pocitem odpo\u00adv\u011bdnosti a aby \u2014 zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b u refer\u00e1t\u016f podn\u011btn\u00fdch \u2014 bylo p\u0159i\u00adhl\u00e9dnuto k form\u00e1m pr\u00e1ce. Pot\u00e9 ud\u011blil slovo prvn\u00edmu referen\u00adtovi.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Abychom na\u0161i odborn\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti umo\u017enili z\u00edskat p\u0159edstavu o pr\u016fb\u011bhu konference d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e vlastn\u00ed refer\u00e1ty budou sou\u00adborn\u011b vyd\u00e1ny tiskem, p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1me roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 v\u00fdtahy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prof. Dr M. Kon\u010dek, \u010dlen korespondent SAV:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Krit\u00e9ria pre vymedzenie prirodzen\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch oblast\u00ed.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na II. celost\u00e1tn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 konferenci bylo usneseno pokusn\u011b vymezit p\u0159irozen\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 oblasti v na\u0161\u00ed republice. \u00dakolem byla pov\u011b\u0159ena komise, slo\u017een\u00e1 ze z\u00e1stupc\u016f Slovensk\u00e9 a Karlovy university a Hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu. \u010cinnost koordinoval Dr. Petrovi\u010d.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Probl\u00e9m, \u0159e\u0161en\u00fd komplexn\u011b, byl obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd. V\u00fdsledky, zn\u00e1\u00adzorn\u011bn\u00e9 na map\u00e1ch, nazna\u010duj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e1 krit\u00e9ria. T\u011bch bylo p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u011b p\u0159ijato p\u011bt. Jsou to: letn\u00ed dny, teplotn\u00ed sumy, sr\u00e1\u017eky ve vegeta\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed, slune\u010dn\u00ed svit ve vegeta\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed a Kon\u010dek\u016fv index zavla\u017een\u00ed. Jin\u00e9 zkou\u0161en\u00e9 methody nebyly uzn\u00e1ny za dosti v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Po\u010det letn\u00edch dn\u016f: na podklad\u011b map dlouhodob\u00fdch pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f (1926 \u20141950) se navrhuje volit iso\u010d\u00e1ru po\u010dtu letn\u00edch dn\u016f jako hranici, ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed oblast teplomiln\u00fdch rostlin. P\u0159i tom \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cSR se s hlediska tepeln\u00e9ho rozd\u011bluje na t\u0159i oblasti: teplou (60 letn\u00edch dn\u016f a v\u00edce), st\u0159edn\u00ed a chladnou.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Teplotn\u00ed suma vegeta\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed (dni s pr\u016fm\u011brnou teplotou 5 \u00b0C a v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed): \u00fadaj 3200 \u00b0C a v\u00edce se dosti shoduje s iso\u010d\u00e1rou 60 letn\u00edch dn\u016f a v\u00edce. Charakteru pastvin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed se zd\u00e1 odpov\u00eddat iso\u010d\u00e1ra 800 a\u017e 750 \u00b0C, kter\u00e1 tvo\u0159\u00ed hranici teplotn\u00ed sumy chladn\u00e9 oblasti; zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed oblast je p\u0159echodn\u00e1.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Slune\u010dn\u00ed svit: k vymezen\u00ed pou\u017eito Livathinosova zp\u016fsobu. Nejslunn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je oblast podunajsk\u00e1 (a\u017e 1600 hod. za veget. obdob\u00ed), d\u00e1le ji\u017en\u00ed Morava (kolem 1400 hod.) a kone\u010dn\u011b st\u0159edn\u00ed \u010cechy (1350-1400 hod.).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sr\u00e1\u017eky ve vegeta\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed od dubna do \u010dervna ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee such\u00e9 oblasti maj\u00ed celkem stejnou letn\u00ed hodnotu; ji\u017en\u00ed Slovensko je v\u0161ak pro vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teplotu a siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ventilaci su\u0161\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sn\u011bhov\u00e1 pokr\u00fdvka neposkytuje dosti v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho krit\u00e9ria. Nazna\u010duje jen dva extr\u00e9my: krajiny ohro\u017een\u00e9 holomrazy a krajiny ohro\u017een\u00e9 sn\u011bhovou pl\u00edsn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Navr\u017een\u00fd Kon\u010dek\u016fv index zavla\u017een\u00ed vyjad\u0159uje relativn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu vl\u00e1hy. Je stanoven na z\u00e1klad\u011b mno\u017estv\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek, pr\u016f\u00adm\u011brn\u00e9 teploty a rychlosti v\u011btru. \u010c\u00edseln\u00e9 hodnoty vzorce i mapy podle n\u011bj nakreslen\u00e9 odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed v hlavn\u00edch rysech Thornthwaitoyu indexu vlhka (I<sub>m<\/sub>). Kon\u010dek\u016fv vzorec, ur\u010den\u00fd pro cel\u00e9 vegeta\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed, lze s obm\u011bnou pou\u017e\u00edt i k vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1vlahov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f t\u0159ech nejteplej\u0161\u00edch letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. Nov\u00e1 methoda umo\u017e\u0148uje rychl\u00fd v\u00fdpo\u010det a pou\u017eit\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho klimatic\u00adk\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Nav\u00edc se porovn\u00e1n\u00edm hodnot cel\u00e9ho vege\u00adta\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed s vlastn\u00edm l\u00e9tem z\u00edsk\u00e1 p\u0159ehled o vystup\u0148o\u00adv\u00e1n\u00ed letn\u00ed suchosti.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prof. Dr. Ing. V. Nov\u00e1k (Vysok\u00e1 \u0161kola zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 v Brn\u011b):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Hydrologick\u00fd rok ve vztahu k vegeta\u010dn\u00ed dob\u011b a p\u016fdotvorn\u00fdm proces\u016fm.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ur\u010dit\u00e9 charakteristiky klimatick\u00e9ho roku se vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed souhrnem klimatick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f, kter\u00e9 neb\u00fdvaj\u00ed seskupeny sou\u00adhlasn\u011b s rokem kalend\u00e1\u0159n\u00edm. Z t\u011bchto souhrn\u016f se zde s hle\u00addiska sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f uva\u017euj\u00ed: hydrologick\u00fd rok, vegeta\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed a vegeta\u010dn\u00ed rok.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 manipulace s ro\u010dn\u00edmi sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdmi kvanty b\u00fdvaj\u00ed pochyben\u00e9. Bylo by t\u0159eba hodnotit jednotliv\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti roku ve spojitosti s p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi v\u00fddajov\u00fdmi a p\u0159\u00edjmov\u00fdmi hodnotami, z nich\u017e nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi jsou ovzdu\u0161n\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky a evapotranspirace. v<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u201eHydrologick\u00fd rok&#8221; m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam pro: a) z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy vodou (hlavn\u011b ze sn\u011bhov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek); b) omezen\u00ed ztr\u00e1t vody v obdob\u00ed Vegeta\u010dn\u00edho klidu. Po\u010d\u00e1tek hydrologick\u00e9ho roku se m\u00e1 kr\u00fdt s obdob\u00edm z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy vodou. Obecn\u00e1 charakte\u00adristika hydrologick\u00e9ho roku nem\u016f\u017ee samoz\u0159ejm\u011b platit pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky; p\u0159ece by v\u0161ak hydrologick\u00fd rok, po\u010d\u00edtan\u00fd hyn\u00ed od 1. listopadu do 31. \u0159\u00edjna, m\u011bl za\u010d\u00ednat ji\u017e 1. \u0159\u00edjna. M\u011bs\u00edc \u0159\u00edjen, kdy evapotranspirace pokles\u00e1 na n\u00edzk\u00e9 hodnoty, se toti\u017e st\u00e1v\u00e1 ji\u017e i v ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch z\u00e1sobovac\u00edm obdob\u00edm. P\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k tomu \u010dast\u00e9 mlhy a p\u0159e\u00adh\u00e1\u0148ky a d\u00e1le vydatn\u00e1 kondensace p\u00e1ry v p\u016fd\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pojem \u201evegeta\u010dn\u00ed doba&#8221; je rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n podle toho, zda je pou\u017eit ve smyslu rostlin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m nebo v\u0161eobecn\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9m. Prvn\u00ed pojet\u00ed nelze v\u0161ak vztahovat ke v\u0161em druh\u016fm rostlin.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">U rostlin jednolet\u00fdch se oba pojmy prakticky kryj\u00ed a lze je ozna\u010dit jako vegeta\u010dn\u00ed dobu \u201ebiologickou&#8221;, kterou uv\u00e1d\u00edme v soulad s klimatick\u00fdm rokem. U rostlin v\u00edcelet\u00fdch se vege\u00adta\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 od zevn\u00edch znak\u016f probuzen\u00ed \u017eivota do vyzr\u00e1n\u00ed d\u0159eva. Av\u0161ak s fysiologick\u00e9ho hlediska vegeta\u010dn\u00ed doba souhlas\u00ed \u2014 zanedb\u00e1me-li zimn\u00ed vegeta\u010dn\u00ed klid \u2014 s obdo\u00adb\u00edm asimilace. M\u011bli bychom tedy hovo\u0159it o \u201evegeta\u010dn\u00edm roku&#8221;, kter\u00fd se v\u0161ak nekryje s rokem kalend\u00e1\u0159n\u00edm.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V pojmu vegeta\u010dn\u00ed rok se respektuje i utajen\u00fd \u017eivot rostlin. Proti tomu pojem vegeta\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed je charakterisov\u00e1n jen vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi projevy \u017eivota.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro rostlinn\u00e1 spole\u010denstva a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely se zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 statick\u00e9 d\u00e9lky vegeta\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed, jako obdob\u00ed \u201eobiln\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9&#8221; a pod. Hledaj\u00ed se p\u0159i tom r\u016fzn\u00e9 vztahy mezi v\u00fdvojem rostlin a pr\u016fb\u011bhem pov\u011btrnosti. Berou-li se v \u00favahu ovzdu\u0161n\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky, pak tento postup je p\u0159i posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00ed bilance ne\u00adopr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00fd. Aplikace \u0161ablonovit\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch charak\u00adteristik na biologick\u00e9 pom\u011bry je \u010dasto jen statistickou ozdobou.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00fdvoj jednolet\u00fdch rostlin je mnohdy, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pak v na\u0161ich zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch pom\u011brech s nestejnom\u011brn\u011b rozd\u011blen\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017e\u00adkami, z\u00e1visl\u00fd v\u00edce na p\u016fdn\u00ed vl\u00e1ze ne\u017e na sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch. Plat\u00ed to zejm\u00e9na pro pln\u00fd vegeta\u010dn\u00ed rozvoj a pro hluboko ko\u0159en\u00edc\u00ed rostliny.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nelze proto vodn\u00ed bilanci rostlin posuzovat jen se z\u0159etelem k sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdm pom\u011br\u016fm vegeta\u010dn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f a nep\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eet k p\u0159edvegeta\u010dn\u00edmu z\u00e1sobovac\u00edmu \u00fadob\u00ed vlhkostn\u00edmu od \u0159\u00edjna do b\u0159ezna. V t\u00e9to \u00favaze nem\u00e1 b\u00fdt zapomenuto ani na v\u00fdpar.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i bilancov\u00e1n\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek jednotliv\u00fdch let m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam po\u010d\u00edtat s obdob\u00edm vegeta\u010dn\u00edho roku, kter\u00fd by zahrnoval jak z\u00e1sobovac\u00ed \u00fadob\u00ed vlhkostn\u00ed, tak i \u00fadob\u00ed ztr\u00e1tov\u00e9 po biologick\u00e9 str\u00e1nce. Jeho po\u010d\u00e1tek by se kryl s nov\u011b navrhovan\u00fdm po\u010d\u00e1tkem hydrologick\u00e9ho roku (1. \u0159ijna).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Krom\u011b vegetace je v \u00fazk\u00e9 souvislosti s klimatick\u00fdmi a pov\u011btrnostn\u00edmi pom\u011bry t\u00e9\u017e v\u00fdvoj a \u017eivot p\u016fdy. P\u016fdotvorn\u00fd proces i dynamika \u00fazce souvis\u00ed s pr\u016fb\u011bhem roku hydrologic\u00adk\u00e9ho, respektive vegeta\u010dn\u00edho. V klimatick\u00e9m faktoru p\u016fdotvorn\u00e9m maj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou \u00falohu pom\u011bry sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9, kter\u00e9 jsou nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm \u010dinitelem pro ob\u011bh a vyluhov\u00e1n\u00ed vody v p\u016fd\u011b. Pro hloubkov\u00e9 zasakov\u00e1n\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 vody jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 pom\u011bry chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti roku. Proplach p\u016fdy je z\u00e1visl\u00fd na nasycen\u00ed kapil\u00e1rn\u00ed vodou. Nasycen\u00ed p\u016fdy na vodn\u00ed kapil\u00e1rn\u00ed kapacitu je nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed po z\u00e1soben\u00ed p\u016fdy zimn\u00ed vl\u00e1hou, co\u017e u n\u00e1s plat\u00ed ve v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch a\u017e do 800 m. Pom\u011bry ob\u011bhu vodn\u00edho v p\u016fd\u011b nejsou jednotn\u00e9 a z\u00e1vis\u00ed velkou m\u011brou na p\u016fdn\u00edm druhu.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prof. Dr Ing. J. Dokl\u00e1dal (Vysok\u00e1 \u0161kola stavitelstv\u00ed v Brn\u011b):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek k pozn\u00e1n\u00ed vlivu rybn\u00edk\u016f na podneb\u00ed u n\u00e1s s hlediska zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ne\u00farodn\u00e1 l\u00e9ta vyvolala zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd z\u00e1jem o mnoh\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00fdmi by se m\u011blo \u010delit such\u00fdm obdob\u00edm zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v kraj\u00edch, trp\u00edc\u00edch \u010dasto nedostatkem sr\u00e1\u017eek. V souboru t\u011bchto opat\u0159en\u00ed, odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch celkov\u00e9mu travopoln\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu Viljamse, je tak\u00e9 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1no zalo\u017een\u00ed a obnova rybn\u00edk\u016f, od kter\u00fdch se o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed zlep\u0161en\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 a mikroklimatick\u00e9 pom\u011bry v okoln\u00ed krajin\u011b. Po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 se zejm\u00e9na se zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm vlhkosti vzduchu a t\u00edm i s omezen\u00edm transpirace v dob\u00e1ch, kdy rostlina nem\u00e1 dostatek vl\u00e1hy v p\u016fd\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Plochy t\u011bchto rybn\u00edk\u016f se maj\u00ed u n\u00e1s velik\u00fdmi n\u00e1klady roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it o desetitis\u00edce hektar\u016f. P\u0159itom z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00fdrobn\u00ed pro\u00adst\u0159edek \u2014 p\u016fda \u2014 kter\u00e9 nem\u00e1me nadbytek, m\u00e1 byt od\u0148ata v\u00fdrob\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 a p\u0159ed\u00e1na hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed rybni\u010dn\u00e9mu v domn\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 velik\u00e9 investice se n\u00e1m po p\u0159edpokl\u00e1\u00addan\u00e9m zlep\u0161en\u00ed klimatu vr\u00e1t\u00ed ve zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdch v\u00fdnosech zem\u011b\u00add\u011blsk\u00fdch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee z\u00e1sahy takov\u00e9ho dosahu mohou b\u00fdt \u010din\u011bny jen na podklad\u011b d\u016fkladn\u00fdch \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 by ov\u011b\u0159ila, zda zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9ho c\u00edle lze skute\u010dn\u011b dos\u00e1hnout. Kdy\u017e z povolan\u011bj\u0161\u00edch stran se o tato \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed nejevil z\u00e1jem, v\u011bnoval se autor probl\u00e9mu s\u00e1m, nebo\u0165 m\u011bl st\u00e1le na mysli vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hledisko n\u00e1rodohospod\u00e1\u0159\u00adsk\u00e9. V\u00fdsledky byly uve\u0159ejn\u011bny v pojedn\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eKlimatick\u00e9 rybn\u00edky a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed&#8221;, kter\u00e9 bylo vyd\u00e1no pro pot\u0159ebu rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edch \u010dinitel\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V \u0161irok\u00e9m r\u00e1mci tohoto probl\u00e9mu muselo b\u00fdt ov\u0161em tak\u00e9 vy\u0161et\u0159eno, zda se vliv rybn\u00edk\u016f na klimatick\u00e9 pom\u011bry a v\u00fdrobu zem\u011bd\u011blskou projev\u00ed v oblastech, kde rybn\u00edky maj\u00ed b\u00fdt zalo\u017eeny. To bylo mo\u017eno zjistit jen srovn\u00e1n\u00edm. K takov\u00e9mu \u00fa\u010delu se uk\u00e1zala velmi vhodnou Jiho\u010desk\u00e1 rybni\u010dn\u00e1 rovina. V t\u00e9to oblasti jsou d\u00e1ny ke studiu zkouman\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f v\u0161echny p\u0159edpoklady v m\u00ed\u0159e a kombinaci, jak\u00fdch nedos\u00e1hneme v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 na\u0161\u00ed such\u00e9 oblasti ani po p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9m zalo\u017een\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f a v\u011btrolam\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u0160et\u0159en\u00ed a porovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdnos\u016f se suchou oblast\u00ed ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy v\u0161ak uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee v t\u0159ebo\u0148sk\u00e9 rovin\u011b nebyl vliv vodn\u00edch ploch na hlavn\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 faktory takov\u00fd, aby se p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b projevil v natur\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00fdnosech tamn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 v\u00fdroby. Tento poznatek jen potvrzoval v\u00fdsledky \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, konan\u00fdch jinou slo\u017ekou (\u00dastavem zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a lesnictv\u00ed na Vysok\u00e9 \u0161kole technick\u00e9 v Brn\u011b) ve v\u0161ech obdob\u00edch Jiho\u010desk\u00e9 rybni\u010dn\u011b roviny kolem r. 1947. Tehdy p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st jiho\u010desk\u00fdch obc\u00ed odpov\u011bd\u011bla, \u017ee v tomto mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b such\u00e9m roce se vliv rybn\u00edk\u016f na natur\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdnosy zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch plodin nijak neprojevil.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pozd\u011bji byl sledov\u00e1n stav hlavn\u00edch klimatick\u00fdch faktor\u016f v t\u00e9to oblasti v obdob\u00ed 1946\u20141952, kter\u00e9 v sob\u011b zahrnuje l\u00e9ta such\u00e1 i norm\u00e1ln\u00ed, a srovn\u00e1v\u00e1n se stavem klimatick\u00fdch faktor\u016f na ji\u017en\u00ed Morav\u011b. Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee stav t\u011bchto faktor\u016f, ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b vodn\u00edmi plochami, se nijak v\u00fdrazn\u011b od sebe neodli\u0161oval. \u0160et\u0159en\u00ed v tomto sm\u011bru je\u0161t\u011b pokra\u010duje. Na podklad\u011b v\u0161ech dosavadn\u00edch studi\u00ed se p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm rybn\u00edk\u016f nem\u016f\u017eeme o\u010dek\u00e1vat zm\u011bnu klimatic\u00adk\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f v na\u0161ich such\u00fdch oblastech do t\u00e9 m\u00edry, kter\u00e1 by se m\u011bla znateln\u011b projevit ve zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9. (J. D.)<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prof. Dr Ladislav Smol\u00edk (\u00dastav vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 klimato\u00adlogie \u010cV\u00daT v Praze):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Pozn\u00e1mky k mikroovzdu\u0161\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Funkce rybn\u00edk\u016f v m\u00edstn\u00edm mikroovzdu\u0161\u00ed nen\u00ed st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b dostate\u010dn\u011b vysv\u011btlena. Z popudu na\u0161ich vodohospod\u00e1\u0159\u016f byla proto provedena n\u011bkter\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed se data, vztahuj\u00edc\u00ed se k rybn\u00edku v Ji\u010d\u00edn\u011bvsi a z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00e1 za vza\u0159ovac\u00edho (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b radia\u010dn\u00edho) typu po\u010das\u00ed. Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed se konala u rybn\u00edka na \u010dty\u0159ech bodech a sledovaly se hlavn\u011b: a) teplota a relativn\u00ed vlhkost vzduchu a d\u00e1le teplota povrchu vody i okoln\u00ed p\u016fdy; b) m\u00edstn\u00ed v\u011btry; c) pra\u0161nost; d) obsah CO<sub>2<\/sub>. Teplota a relativn\u00ed vlhkost se zji\u0161\u0165ovaly b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby a p\u0159\u00edstroji, z nich\u017e pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 byly st\u00edn\u011bny a ventilov\u00e1ny. Sm\u011bry nejslab\u0161\u00edch m\u00edstn\u00edch v\u011btr\u016f ur\u010dovaly p\u00e1ry salmiaku z d\u00fdmavky vlastn\u00ed konstrukce. Sm\u011br pohybu par salmiaku byl sledov\u00e1n ka\u017edou minutu. Pra\u0161nost zji\u0161\u0165ovaly cukrov\u00e9 filtry proh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 aspiro\u00advan\u00fdm vzduchem. K zji\u0161t\u011bni obsahu CO<sub>2<\/sub> se pou\u017eilo metody Pettenhoferovy s Liebigovou p\u0159edlohou. V\u00fdsledky \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed:<\/span><\/p><ol><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">r\u00e1no a nave\u010der je hladina rybn\u00edku teplej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e povrch bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho ter\u00e9nu, odpoledne je hladina rybn\u00edku chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (oba p\u0159\u00edpady se sou\u010dasn\u011b t\u00fdkaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho mikroovzdu\u0161\u00ed);<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">r\u00e1no a nave\u010der sm\u011b\u0159uje v\u00edtr v 67 % zaznamenan\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f k rybn\u00edku, odpoledne v 61 % od rybn\u00edku do bezvod\u00e9 krajiny;<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">v\u011btry, sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed k rybn\u00edku, jsou o n\u011bco pra\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u011btry opa\u010dn\u00e9ho sm\u011bru;<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">v\u011btry, sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed r\u00e1no a ve\u010der od rybn\u00edka, obsahuj\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b CO<sub>2<\/sub>, ne\u017e v\u011btry opa\u010dn\u00e9ho sm\u011bru.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. V. Kre\u010dmer (V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav lesn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, Zbraslav-Stmady):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Klimatick\u00e1 funkce les\u016f (se z\u0159etelem k ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m vodohospo\u00add\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm).<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ot\u00e1zka vlivu lesa na podneb\u00ed, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pak na sr\u00e1\u017eky, je velice slo\u017eit\u00e1 a st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b dosti nejasn\u00e1. V neoby\u010dejn\u011b po\u010detn\u00e9 literatu\u0159e najdeme velik\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1zor\u016f. Jen m\u00e1lokter\u00e9 z nich jsou v\u0161ak zalo\u017eeny na faktech v\u011bdecky z\u00edskan\u00fdch a ov\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdch; p\u0159es to jsou st\u00e1le tradov\u00e1ny a uv\u00e1\u00add\u011bny jako d\u016fkazy pro i proti.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Historii v\u011bdecky formulovan\u00fdch n\u00e1zor\u016f lze za\u010d\u00edt od \u00fadob\u00ed francouzsk\u00e9 revoluce. V \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed se ji\u017e konaj\u00ed prvn\u00ed soustavn\u00e1 lesnicko-meteorologick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, jimi\u017e za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed v\u00fdvoje ot\u00e1zky vztah\u016f les \u2014 klima. To sv\u00fdm v\u00fdznamem zasahuje a\u017e do dne\u0161ka. Vyvinuly se pozorovac\u00ed metody: metoda srovn\u00e1vac\u00edch stanic, metoda vy\u00adu\u017eit\u00ed norm\u00e1ln\u00ed stani\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, metoda speci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b lesn\u00edch stanic; d\u00e1le se vyu\u017eilo velk\u00fdch zm\u011bn lesnatosti a theorie vodn\u00edho kolob\u011bhu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Metoda srovn\u00e1vac\u00edch stanic nem\u016f\u017ee p\u0159in\u00e9st doklad\u016f o vlivu lesa na podneb\u00ed a sr\u00e1\u017eky. Prakticky stejn\u011b ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 je i me\u00adtoda vyu\u017eit\u00ed norm\u00e1ln\u00ed stani\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b. \u00dasp\u011bch v pozn\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edst\u00adn\u00edho vlivu les\u016f na sr\u00e1\u017eky m\u011bla jedin\u011b metoda speci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b stanic (Schubert).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dlouho zr\u00e1la my\u0161lenka, \u017ee lesy transpirac\u00ed obohacuj\u00ed atmo\u00adsf\u00e9ru vodn\u00edmi parami v\u00edce ne\u017e jin\u00fd druh pokryvu povrchu zemsk\u00e9ho. Tuto my\u0161lenku prvn\u011b formuloval Kasatkin a pozd\u011bji p\u0159evzal Vysockij. Podn\u00edtil ji Vojejkov sv\u00fdm n\u00e1zorem o v\u00fdznamu mal\u00e9ho kolob\u011bhu vl\u00e1hy nad pevninou pro z\u00e1sobo\u00adv\u00e1n\u00ed vodou vnit\u0159n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti kontinent\u016f. Metodice v\u00fdzkumu vztah\u016f mezi lesem a podneb\u00edm se otev\u0159elo nov\u00e9 pole; nebylo ji\u017e daleko ke snaze ovliv\u0148ovat podneb\u00ed c\u00edlev\u011bdom\u00fdmi z\u00e1sahy \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prvn\u00ed sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou bylo ukon\u010deno klasick\u00e9 obdob\u00ed lesnick\u00e9 meteorologie, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed dob\u011b zanechalo n\u011bkolik kladn\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f: byla to zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 theorie o vlivu les\u016f na kolob\u011bh vody a stanoven\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00edho vlivu lesa na sr\u00e1\u017eky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Po prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce se vyhranily dv\u011b st\u0159ediska lesnick\u00e9 meteorologie: jedno v Sov\u011btsk\u00e9m svazu a druh\u00e9 ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Ve druh\u00e9m st\u0159edisku p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u00fdt vztah lesa k pod\u00adneb\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem. Podstatn\u00e9 o\u017eiven\u00ed projevuje teprve literatura sou\u010dasn\u00e1. Vyvolaly to zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 n\u00e1roky na z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou a d\u00e1le exploatace les\u016f za druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky a po n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V Sov\u011btsk\u00e9m svazu, kde pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed d\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u011bd\u00adc\u016fm perspektivu pro jejich pr\u00e1ci a kde nutnost \u00fapravy podnebn\u00e9ho a vodn\u00edho re\u017eimu vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z po\u017eadavku vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch v\u00fdnos\u016f, jsou d\u00e1ny k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu \u201eles \u2014 podneb\u00ed&#8221; nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edpoklady.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kasatkinova theorie m\u011bla v SSSR dlouhou dobu v\u00fdsadn\u00ed postaven\u00ed. T\u0159eba\u017ee ji meteorologov\u00e9 a klimatologov\u00e9 ji\u017e vy\u00advr\u00e1tili, udr\u017eela se mezi lesn\u00edky, zem\u011bd\u011blci a z \u010d\u00e1sti i vodo\u00adhospod\u00e1\u0159i a\u017e dodnes. Jej\u00ed hlavn\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed obh\u00e1jce Cinzerling zavedl staronov\u00fd pojem \u201eohrani\u010den\u00e9ho are\u00e1lu kolob\u011bhu vody&#8221; a op\u011bt p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina sr\u00e1\u017eek nad pevninou poch\u00e1z\u00ed z vodn\u00edch par pevninsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdparu. \u010c\u00edslo ud\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed kolikr\u00e1t mus\u00ed vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ra p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161en\u00e1 od mo\u0159\u00ed prod\u011blat kolob\u011bh nad pevninou (t. zv. koeficient obratu vl\u00e1hy) \u010din\u00ed pro \u00fazem\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti SSSR podle Cinzerlinga v ro\u010dn\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011bru 2,3. P\u0159\u00edvr\u017eenci Kasatkinovy theorie a Cinzerlingov\u00fdch n\u00e1zor\u016f vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1vaj\u00ed toto \u010d\u00edslo jednodu\u0161e pomoc\u00ed rozd\u00edlu mezi pr\u016fm\u011brnou ro\u010dn\u00ed odtokovou v\u00fd\u0161kou a pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdmi ro\u010d\u00adn\u00edmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami (ro\u010dn\u00ed odtok se podle nich rovn\u00e1 mno\u017estv\u00ed vody, p\u0159inesen\u00e9mu parami od mo\u0159\u00ed).<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">T\u00e9mu\u017e kolob\u011bhu by byla ov\u0161em podrobena i vl\u00e1ha z do\u00adpl\u0148kov\u00e9 z\u00e1vlahy. Transpirace les\u016f nab\u00fdv\u00e1 v tomto sv\u011btle vskutku velik\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Propo\u010dty vlivu les\u016f na sr\u00e1\u017eky podle uveden\u00e9 theorie vod\u00adn\u00edho kolob\u011bhu byly dosti \u010dast\u00e9, ale v\u0161echny jsou zat\u00ed\u017eeny z\u00e1va\u017enou chybou: zanedb\u00e1vaj\u00ed odnos vodn\u00edch par z uva\u017eova\u00adn\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, t. zv. atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd odtok. \u010c\u00edm men\u0161\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed je ov\u0161em uva\u017eov\u00e1no, t\u00edm jsou v\u00fdsledky skreslen\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed ot\u00e1zky, zda se lesy \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed tvorby sr\u00e1\u017eek na rozlehl\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch (d\u00e1lkov\u00fd vliv lesa), je podm\u00edn\u011bno vy\u0159e\u0161e\u00adn\u00edm t\u011bchto probl\u00e9m\u016f: kolikr\u00e1t projde vl\u00e1ha nad ur\u010dit\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm mal\u00fdm kolob\u011bhem, jak se zv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed vl\u00e1hy v kolob\u011bhu vlivem les\u016f, a kope\u010dn\u011b zda se dopl\u0148kov\u00e1 vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ra m\u016f\u017ee srazit a spadnout k zemi jako sr\u00e1\u017eky. Sov\u011bt\u0161t\u00ed meteorologov\u00e9 zodpov\u011bd\u011bli ot\u00e1zku prvn\u00ed (koeficient obratu) a druhou (dopl\u0148kov\u00e1 z\u00e1vlaha), \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b i t\u0159et\u00ed (mo\u017enost kondensace a sr\u00e1\u017eek).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Koeficient obratu pro evropskou \u010d\u00e1st SSSR byl stanoven na 1,13 a\u017e 1,14. Z v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee zm\u011bn\u00e1m v re\u017eimu v\u00fdparu nelze p\u0159i\u010d\u00edtat tak velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam v tvorb\u011b sr\u00e1\u017eek, jak\u00fd jim byl p\u0159i\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n doposud. V\u00fdznam stoup\u00e1 s velikost\u00ed uva\u017eovan\u00e9 plochy, pro mal\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed je zanedbateln\u00fd.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Odhad mno\u017estv\u00ed vl\u00e1hy, kter\u00e1 se dostane vlivem les\u016f (zem\u011bd\u011blsko-lesnick\u00fdch meliora\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed) do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed nav\u00edc, je obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Podle sov\u011btsk\u00fdch meteorolog\u016f se obsah vl\u00e1hy v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed v dob\u011b, b\u011bhem n\u00ed\u017e vzduch proud\u00ed nad oblast\u00ed meliorac\u00ed podle Pl\u00e1nu p\u0159em\u011bny p\u0159\u00edrody, asi o 2 %. Efekt v tvorb\u011b sr\u00e1\u017eek bude pak z\u00e1viset na pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 relativn\u00ed vlhkosti vzduchu. Je-li tato dostate\u010dn\u00e1, pak zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed obsahu vl\u00e1hy m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek asi o 20 mm; p\u0159i pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 relativn\u00ed vlhkosti pod 50 % se sr\u00e1\u017eky prakticky nezm\u011bn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd m\u00edstn\u00ed vliv les\u016f byl vysv\u011btlov\u00e1n vzestupem proud\u00edc\u00edho vzduchu na okraji les\u016f a zv\u00fd\u0161enou turbulenc\u00ed nad jejich drsn\u00fdm povrchem. Praktick\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy sov\u011btsk\u00e9, pro\u00adv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 aparatury nad syst\u00e9mem vzrostl\u00fdch lesn\u00edch ochrann\u00fdch p\u00e1s\u016f, potvrdily dosavadn\u00ed theoretick\u00e9 v\u00fdvody a poskytly ur\u010dit\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla. Znalost kvantitativn\u00edch zm\u011bn sr\u00e1\u017eek byla ned\u00e1vno roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena prac\u00ed Kalinina, jeho\u017e v\u00fdsledky v podstat\u011b souhlas\u00ed s d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi m\u011b\u0159en\u00edmi Schuberta.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Souhrnem lze asi \u0159\u00edci:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V tomto refer\u00e1tu byla probr\u00e1na historie v\u00fdzkum\u016f, zhodno\u00adceny jednotliv\u00e9 metody a kriticky pod\u00e1ny n\u00e1zory nov\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mechanismus vlivu les\u016f na sr\u00e1\u017eky spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve vlivu na cel\u00fd soubor klimatick\u00fdch a hydrologick\u00fdch \u010dinitel\u016f. Pova\u017eujeme-li lesy za v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho dodavatele vlhkosti ne\u017e jin\u00e9 druhy zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu nebo zm\u011bn\u00edme-li re\u017eim v\u00fdparu, projev\u00ed se to v re\u017eimu sr\u00e1\u017eek tehdy, jde-li o \u00fazem\u00ed plo\u0161n\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bry \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b milion\u016f km<sup>2<\/sup>. Na mal\u00fdch ploch\u00e1ch nelze o\u010dek\u00e1vat upot\u0159ebiteln\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek \u2014 d\u00e1lkov\u00fd vliv les\u016f se neprojev\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">M\u00edstn\u011b ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed lesy mno\u017estv\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek nucen\u00fdm v\u00fdstupem vzduchu a zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm dynamick\u00e9 turbulence. \u00da\u010dinek m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pon\u011bkud zv\u00fd\u0161en za ur\u010dit\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed zv\u011bt\u0161enou pom\u011brnou labilnost\u00ed vlhk\u00e9ho vzduchu a konvergenc\u00ed vzdu\u0161n\u00e9ho proud\u011bn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Je mo\u017en\u00e9 s velkou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee na\u0161e lesy ne\u00admaj\u00ed v\u00fdznam pro vznik dodate\u010dn\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek nad \u00fazem\u00edm st\u00e1tu. Lze p\u0159ipustit ur\u010dit\u00e9 zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek vlivem zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00e9 drsnosti zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu, kterou lesy p\u016fsob\u00ed. D\u016fsledn\u00e9 a \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 zalesn\u011bn\u00ed v cel\u00fdch kraj\u00edch (lesn\u00ed p\u00e1sy) by patrn\u011b m\u011blo za n\u00e1sle\u00addek n\u011bkolikaprocentn\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fahrnu sr\u00e1\u017eek, av\u0161ak toto zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed by samo o sob\u011b nezmen\u0161ilo nebezpe\u010d\u00ed sucha pro zem\u011bd\u011blskou v\u00fdrobu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pop\u0159en\u00edm vlivu les\u016f na sr\u00e1\u017eky se ani v nej men\u0161\u00edm nesni\u017euje jejich ohromn\u00fd v\u00fdznam vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd, p\u016fdoochrann\u00fd a mikroklimatick\u00fd, kter\u00fd maj\u00ed lesy vedle sv\u00e9 funkce producenta d\u0159\u00edv\u00ed. Tyto \u00fa\u010dinky by tak\u00e9 m\u011bly b\u00fdt u n\u00e1s intensivn\u011b zkoum\u00e1ny.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">M. Kurpelov\u00e1 (Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Fenologick\u00fd pr\u00edspevok k vymedzeniu prirodzen\u00fdch klimatic\u00adk\u00fdch oblast\u00ed na Slovensku.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159irozen\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 oblasti mohou b\u00fdt mezi jin\u00fdm vy\u00admezeny tak\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed fenologick\u00fdch hodnot z rostlinn\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Tak je vyj\u00e1d\u0159en nejen souhrnn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek klimatu, ale zachycen i vliv p\u016fdy, \u010dlenitost ter\u00e9nu a pod.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">K vykreslen\u00ed \u00fazemn\u00edch rozd\u00edl\u016f podle fenologick\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f bylo pou\u017eito poznatku, \u017ee ro\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdvojov\u00fd rytmus rostlin v n\u00ed\u017einn\u00fdch oblastech Slovenska nen\u00ed jednotn\u00fd. Vych\u00e1zelo se z vegeta\u010dn\u00edho \u00fadob\u00ed, omezen\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00e1tkem jarn\u00edch prac\u00ed a set\u00edm ozim\u00e9ho \u017eita. Za d\u011blic\u00ed bod tohoto celkov\u00e9ho \u00fadob\u00ed se vzal po\u010d\u00e1tek \u017en\u00ed zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 obiloviny.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Charakteristiku fenologick\u00fd jednotn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed ur\u010duj\u00ed odchylky pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch hodnot od jejich spole\u010dn\u00e9ho pr\u016fm\u011bru. Ro\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdvojov\u00fd rytmus u jednotliv\u00fdch stanic se vyjad\u0159uje graficky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tak byly zji\u0161t\u011bny t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 typy, ur\u010dovan\u00e9 rozd\u00edln\u00fdm pr\u016fb\u011bhem v\u00fdvoje. Prvn\u00ed typ (oblast I) s nejdel\u0161\u00edm vegeta\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00edm zab\u00edr\u00e1 jz n\u00ed\u017einnou oblast. Druh\u00fd typ (oblast II) s vegeta\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00edm znateln\u011b krat\u0161\u00edm vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u00ed n\u00ed\u017einn\u00e1 oblast a Jihoslovensk\u00e9 kotliny. Do t\u0159et\u00edho, vegeta\u010dn\u011b nejm\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9ho typu, pat\u0159\u00ed cel\u00e1 severn\u00ed polo\u00advina \u00fazem\u00ed (oblast III).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00dazemn\u00ed hranice vyjmenovan\u00fdch ohlast\u00ed se uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed na map\u011b. Pou\u017eit\u00edm pent\u00e1d se hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 typy rozt\u0159i\u010fuj\u00ed na men\u0161\u00ed \u00fazemn\u00ed celky s pom\u011brn\u00e9 shodn\u00fdmi fenologick\u00fdmi pom\u011bry v jarn\u00edm a letn\u00edm obdob\u00ed. F\u00e1ze po\u010d\u00e1tku set\u00ed ozim\u00e9ho \u017eita zachycuje i v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 pom\u011bry v podzimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ka\u017ed\u00e1 mal\u00e1 \u00fazemn\u00ed jednotka je tedy charakterisov\u00e1na t\u0159emi \u010dleny: v\u00fdvojov\u00fdm typem, podtypem a okrskem. Do vymezen\u00fdch oblast\u00ed nebyly pojaty velk\u00e9 komplexy horsk\u00fdch les\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u2022 Podan\u00e1 klasifikace umo\u017enila rozd\u011blit cel\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed Slovenska podle fenologick\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f. Z jednotliv\u00fdch v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch typ\u016f se v uveden\u00e9m vyzdvihly p\u0159\u00edpady skute\u010dn\u011b typick\u00e9. T\u0159eba\u017ee pr\u00e1ce byla pouze klimatografick\u00fdm podkladem, jist\u011b tak\u00e9 poskytuje souhrnnou a u\u017eite\u010dnou p\u0159edstavu pro zem\u011bd\u011blskou praxi.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dr E. Trefn\u00e1 (Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav) a Ing. F. Mare\u010dek (V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav pro rostlinnou v\u00fdrobu, Ruzyn\u011b u Prahy):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Meteorologie pomocn\u00edkem p\u0159i p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch rostlin.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 produkce klade v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u017eadavky i na na\u0161i zelin\u00e1\u0159skou v\u00fdrobu. Za t\u00edm \u00fa\u010delem bude zapot\u0159eb\u00ed postavit dal\u0161\u00ed rychl\u00edrny zeleniny. Dosud se u n\u00e1s pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 sklen\u00edk\u016f p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b hang\u00e1rov\u00e9ho typu. Stavby jsou velmi n\u00e1\u00adkladn\u00e9, tak\u017ee mus\u00ed b\u00fdt vyu\u017eity co nejhospod\u00e1rn\u011bji.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Proto se zkoum\u00e1 jejich mikroklimatick\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Ke stu\u00addiu sklen\u00edkov\u00e9ho mikroklimatu dala popud \u010cSAZV. Pokus byl um\u00edst\u011bn v hang\u00e1rov\u00fdch sklen\u00edc\u00edch \u010cSS v Jen\u010di (okres Kladno). Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed za\u010dalo v listopadu lo\u0148sk\u00e9ho roku. Hlav\u00adn\u00edm \u00fakolem meteorolog\u016f je nal\u00e9zt optim\u00e1ln\u00ed mikroklimatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky pro ka\u017ed\u00fd druh p\u011bstovan\u00e9 zeleniny a poskytnout podklady k zlep\u0161en\u00ed dosavadn\u00edch i p\u0159ipravovan\u00fdch staveb\u00adn\u00edch konstrukc\u00ed. P\u0159i pokusu se vyst\u0159\u00eddalo n\u011bkolik kultur r\u016fz\u00adn\u00fdch druh\u016f zeleniny. Tato pr\u00e1ce pojedn\u00e1v\u00e1 o v\u00fdsledc\u00edch po\u00adzorov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u0159\u00ed sklizn\u00ed sal\u00e1tu ze zimn\u00edho, p\u0159edjarn\u00edho a jarn\u00edho obdob\u00ed. Pr\u016fb\u011bh pozorovan\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f je vy\u00adj\u00e1d\u0159en grafy, kter\u00e9 jsou dopln\u011bny k\u0159ivkou zm\u011bn denn\u00ed spot\u0159e\u00adby paliva, a d\u00e1le fenologick\u00fdmi z\u00e1znamy o v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00edch sal\u00e1tu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed umo\u017enila vysv\u011btlit n\u011bkter\u00e9 dosavadn\u00ed agrotech\u00adnick\u00e9 ne\u00fasp\u011bchy a potvrdila n\u00e1zor zahradn\u00edk\u016f, \u017ee dlouh\u00e1 vegeta\u010dn\u00ed doba sal\u00e1tov\u00e9 kultury v zimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed je zp\u016fsobena pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00edzkou teplotou vzduchu a mal\u00fdm kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00edm vlhkosti vzduchu zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v obdob\u00ed po v\u00fdsadb\u011b. Ze t\u0159\u00ed uva\u017eovan\u00fdch sklizn\u00ed sal\u00e1t\u016f se jev\u00ed nejp\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sadba jarn\u00ed. D\u00e1le se zpraco\u00adv\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00fdsledky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed rozlo\u017een\u00ed teplot v rychl\u00edme. Ji\u017e dnes je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee za \u00fa\u010delem zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed vegeta\u010dn\u00ed doby bude nutno l\u00e9pe um\u00edstit topn\u00e1 t\u011blesa a ut\u011bsnit v\u011btr\u00e1ky v objektu v Jen\u010di. Ve v\u00fdzkumech, jejich\u017e dosavadn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky se hned p\u0159e\u00adn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed do vlastn\u00ed zelin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 praxe, se pokra\u010duje. Budou ov\u011b\u0159o\u00adv\u00e1ny i n\u00e1roky jin\u00fdch druh\u016f zeleniny na prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">K. Pejml (Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>O pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed empirick\u00fdch vzorc\u016f v p\u0159edpov\u011bdi no\u010dn\u00edch mraz\u016f.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Metody p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed no\u010dn\u00edch mraz\u016f lze zhruba d\u011blit do t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch skupin. Jsou to:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">a) Metody, jako t\u0159eba metoda Faustova a Kammermannova, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed na podklad\u011b m\u00edstn\u00edch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed empiricky odvozen\u00fdch vzorc\u016f. P\u0159edpokladem t\u011bchto metod jsou jasn\u00e9 bezv\u011btrn\u00e9 noci a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed konstanty (index ohro\u017een\u00ed mrazem), vypo\u010dten\u00e9 za del\u0161\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e9 obdob\u00ed pro ka\u017ed\u00e9 m\u00edsto zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">b) Komplexn\u00ed metody, ku p\u0159. metoda Sinjavsk\u00e9bo, kde odhad no\u010dn\u00edch mraz\u016f se op\u00edr\u00e1 o sledov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkolika meteorolo\u00adgick\u00fdch prvk\u016f ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nez\u00e1visle ke zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 metod\u011b je p\u0159ipojena p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f relativn\u00ed vlhkosti ve 21,00 h, co\u017e jest pro odhad mo\u017enosti no\u010dn\u00edho mrazu \u00fa\u010deln\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">c) Metody, p\u0159edpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed slo\u017eky tepeln\u00e9 bilance. Tento druh metod, zalo\u017een\u00fdch na matematicko-fysik\u00e1ln\u00edm sledov\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9ho procesu vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam pro budoucnost; v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se v\u0161ak vzhledem ke sv\u00e9 slo\u017eitosti zat\u00edm do praxe nezav\u00e1d\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Proto je nutn\u00e9 se spokojit s pom\u011brn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b dokonal\u00fdmi metodami skupiny a) a b), a to i kdy\u017e neberou v \u00favahu v\u0161echny \u010dinitele podmi\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed mr\u00e1z, tak\u017ee nejsou zcela p\u0159esn\u00e9 a vy\u017eaduj\u00ed proti skute\u010dn\u011b nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 hodnot\u011b n\u011bkolikastup\u0148o\u00advou toleranci. Je sice snaha tyto nedostatky vyrovnat zav\u00e1\u00add\u011bn\u00edm representativn\u00edch konstant, av\u0161ak p\u0159i takov\u00e9m postupu se pouze hledaj\u00ed statistick\u00e9 souvislosti, kter\u00e9 mohou velmi m\u00e1lo odpov\u00eddat skute\u010dn\u00fdm pom\u011br\u016fm v jednotliv\u00fdch m\u00edstech.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V r\u00e1mci zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017eitelnosti jednotliv\u00fdch vzorc\u016f p\u0159i p\u0159edpov\u011bdi no\u010dn\u00edch mraz\u016f byla pro\u0161et\u0159ena pomoc\u00ed pozorova\u00adc\u00edho materi\u00e1lu na\u0161\u00ed observato\u0159e \u0159ada metod pro jasn\u00e9 bezv\u011btrn\u00e9 noce. Ur\u010ditou nev\u00fdhodou byla pom\u011brn\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 pozorovac\u00ed \u0159ada a pon\u011bkud i poloha stanice.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">K ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159esnosti zkouman\u00fdch metod\u00a0\u00a0 byly v\u00fdsledky, pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za dobr\u00e9 tehdy, jestli\u017ee rozd\u00edl mezi skute\u010dnou a nam\u011b\u0159enou hodnotou \u010dinil m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e \u00b11,5 \u00b0C, a za uspo\u00adkojiv\u00e9 tehdy, jestli\u017ee rozd\u00edl nep\u0159esahoval \u00b1 3 \u00b0C.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed Kammermannovy metody se dosp\u011blo k n\u00e1\u00adzoru, \u017ee konstanta 4 a\u017e 4,5 \u00b0C je n\u00edzk\u00e1, a d\u00e1le \u017ee v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je ode\u010d\u00edtat p\u0159\u00edstroje ne jak doporu\u010dov\u00e1no ve 14,00 hod., ale hlavn\u011b v 21,00 hod.; druh\u00fd term\u00edn d\u00e1val p\u0159i p\u0159esnosti 1,5 %podstatn\u011b lep\u0161i v\u00fdsledky. S p\u0159esnost\u00ed \u00b1 3 % pracovala p\u0159ed\u00adpov\u011b\u010f pom\u011brn\u00e9 velmi dob\u0159e p\u0159i obou \u010dten\u00edch, ale i tu bylo pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed (v 21,00 hod.) v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Nevy\u017eaduje-li se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 velk\u00e9 p\u0159esnosti, pak Kammermannovu metodu lze skute\u010dn\u011b doporu\u010dit. Podm\u00ednkou je v\u0161ak pe\u010dliv\u00fd v\u00fdpo\u010det konstant.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed metody rosn\u00e9ho bodu se p\u0159\u00edstroje podle Kesslerova doporu\u010den\u00ed ode\u010d\u00edtaly ve\u010der. Byly zji\u0161t\u011bny v\u00fdhody takov\u00e9ho \u010dten\u00ed, av\u0161ak pravideln\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh denn\u00edho chodu rosn\u00e9ho bodu nebyl shled\u00e1n. Dosa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky byly m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159esn\u00e9 ne\u017e v\u00fdsledky metody Kammermannovy. Pou\u017eit\u00ed me\u00adtody rosn\u00e9ho bodu hy snad vyhovovalo pro n\u00ed\u017einy, ale v pahorkat\u00e9m ter\u00e9nu nebude tato metoda asi p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sinjavsk\u00e9ho metoda p\u0159edstavuje zaj\u00edmav\u00fd pokus o kom\u00adplexn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Odhad no\u010dn\u00edho mrazu p\u0159i pokusn\u00e9m sledov\u00e1n\u00ed vych\u00e1zel, av\u0161ak pon\u011bkud rozd\u00edln\u00e9 byly odhady t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se obla\u010dnosti a v\u011btru.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z uveden\u00e9ho p\u0159ehledu m\u016f\u017eeme doj\u00edt k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee i s dosa\u00advadn\u00edmi pom\u011brn\u011b nedokonal\u00fdmi metodami lze sestavovat dobr\u00e9 p\u0159edpov\u011bdi no\u010dn\u00edho mrazu, av\u0161ak \u017ee je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u011b vypo\u010d\u00edtat konstanty a nav\u00edc v\u017edy p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eet k mikro\u00adklimatick\u00fdm charakteristik\u00e1m.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prof. Dr A. Gregor (Ustav pro meteorologii a klimatologii Karlovy university):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Klimogramy v bioklimatologii.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Klimogramy graficky zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br z\u00e1kladn\u00edch meteoro\u00adlogick\u00fdch prvk\u016f po m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch z del\u0161\u00edho \u010dasov\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed v uza\u00adv\u0159en\u00fdch obrazc\u00edch. Geograficky n\u00e1zorn\u00e9 jsou klimogramy Landsbergovy. Hrudi\u010dka sv\u00fdmi metaklimogramy a Nosek sv\u00fdmi hythergrafy, kter\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed vztah mezi teplotou a sr\u00e1\u017e\u00adkami, volili postup pon\u011bkud odli\u0161n\u00fd, av\u0161ak vhodn\u00fd pro kli\u00admatologii zem\u011bd\u011blskou.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">S hlediska pou\u017eitelnosti v l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme klimogramy rozd\u011blit na obecn\u00e9 a speci\u00e1ln\u00ed. Do prvn\u00ed skupiny lze za\u0159adit ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 hythergrafy, je\u017e by daly vhodn\u00fd obrazec tak\u00e9 pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edst s r\u016fznou nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161kou u n\u00e1s. Do druh\u00e9 skupiny pat\u0159\u00ed podle Hillova vzorce sestaven\u00e9 isofrigidy Domovy, vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed stupn\u011b zchlazov\u00e1n\u00ed. Tento klimogram upravil Gregor pomoc\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed stupnice tak, aby bylo mo\u017eno p\u0159\u00edmo \u010d\u00edst stupe\u0148 tepeln\u00e9 pohody venku v r\u016fzn\u00fdch ro\u010dn\u00edch dob\u00e1ch na r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00edstech. Stupnice byla pozd\u011bji je\u0161t\u011b pon\u011bkud zm\u011bn\u011bna Petrovi\u010dem. Nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 odli\u0161n\u00e9ho zobrazen\u00ed pou\u017eil tak\u00e9 Stru\u017eka. K zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 pohody uzav\u0159en\u00fdch prostor\u016f se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 klimogram\u016f, zalo\u017een\u00fdch na podobn\u00fdch principech jako klimogramy ji\u017e uveden\u00e9. P\u00ed\u0161\u00ed o nich \u010cubukova Schmidt.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 je pr\u00e1ce n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho l\u00e9ka\u0159e Beckera, kter\u00fd zavedl \u201ebioklimogram&#8221;, graficky zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bh po\u010das\u00ed den po dni v ur\u010dit\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b v z\u00e1vislosti na v\u00fdvoji pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch d\u011bj\u016f. Po\u017eadavek je pr\u00fd d\u00e1n citlivost\u00ed vegetativn\u00ed nervov\u00e9 soustavy na podstatn\u00e9 zdroje vzruch\u016f, vyvol\u00e1van\u00e9 za ur\u010dit\u00fdch situac\u00ed celou \u0159adou pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pomoc\u00ed klimograf\u016f Becker zji\u0161\u0165uje, jak pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed sy\u00adnoptick\u00e9 d\u011bje p\u016fsob\u00ed na pozorovanou osobu. Klinick\u00fd rozbor pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch bioklimogram\u016f uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee stovky z n\u011bkolika tis\u00edc vy\u0161et\u0159ovan\u00fdch osob z\u0159eteln\u011b reagovaly na pr\u016fchody front. Fronty, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b studen\u00e9, p\u016fsob\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017ee, tak\u017ee je \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed jejich kalend\u00e1\u0159n\u00ed registrace. L\u00e9ka\u0159 by m\u011bl m\u00edt mo\u017enost z\u00edskat od meteorologa zpr\u00e1vy o p\u0159edv\u00eddan\u00fdch a skute\u010dn\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch d\u011bj\u00edch. U n\u00e1s by se mohl z\u00edskat z\u00e1klad pro tento druh klimogram\u016f podle Beckera z pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed observa\u00adto\u0159e Praha Karlov. Zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed by nemuselo b\u00fdt tak slo\u017eit\u00e9 jako Beckerovo, zato v\u0161ak p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ve stupnic\u00edch. K tomu by p\u0159istoupil pravideln\u00fd rozbor situaci za \u00fa\u010dasti synoptika.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">MUDr B. Petr (Hygienicko-l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 fakulta Karlovy uni\u00adversity):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Pokusy o stanoven\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 pohody lidsk\u00e9ho organismu v z\u00e1\u00advislosti na meteorologick\u00fdch \u010dinitel\u00edch.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Lidsk\u00fd organismus je vystavov\u00e1n vliv\u016fm nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch \u010di nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch \u010dinitel\u016f vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Mezi z\u00e1kladn\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edmo p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed \u010dinitele pat\u0159\u00ed sv\u00fdm slo\u017een\u00edm a pro\u00adm\u011bnami tak\u00e9 ovzdu\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Velk\u00e9ho vlivu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na \u010dlov\u011bka lze \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edt k \u00fa\u010del\u016fm l\u00e9\u010debn\u011b-preventivn\u00edm i k vlastn\u00ed l\u00e9\u010db\u011b. Zna\u010dnou pomoc p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdznamu n\u011bkter\u00fdch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch \u010dinitel\u016f pro \u010dlov\u011bka poskytlo pavlovsk\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed o nervov\u00e9 soustav\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee subjektivn\u00ed teplotn\u00ed pocity, je\u017e jsou zp\u016fso\u00adbov\u00e1ny zm\u011bnou teploty k\u016f\u017ee, v\u017edy nesouhlas\u00ed s teplotou okol\u00adn\u00edho vzduchu. Na p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed ko\u017en\u00edch \u010didel reaguje nervov\u00e1 soustava sv\u00fdm thermoregula\u010dn\u00edm \u00fast\u0159ed\u00edm, kter\u00e9 je citliv\u00e9 na v\u00fdkyvy teploty krve. Teplotu pom\u00e1h\u00e1 upravovat tak\u00e9 \u00fast\u0159ed\u00ed vasomotorick\u00e9. T\u011blesn\u00e1 thermoregulace je v pod\u00adstat\u011b chemick\u00e1 (tvorba tepla) a fysik\u00e1ln\u00ed (v\u00fddej a p\u0159\u00edjem tepla).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zpravidla se nach\u00e1z\u00edme v prost\u0159ed\u00ed chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e na\u0161e t\u011blo. Teplo z t\u011bla nebo k t\u011blu je p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bno souvislou, n\u011bkolik milimetr\u016f silnou vrstvou vzduchu. Za klidov\u00e9ho stavu pro\u00adst\u0159ed\u00ed je vrstva siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, za proud\u011bn\u00ed pak zesl\u00e1bne, tak\u017ee v\u00fddej tepla se zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti tepeln\u00e9 pohody na meteorologick\u00fdch \u010dinitel\u00edch se vych\u00e1zelo z p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee optim\u00e1ln\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 pohody dos\u00e1hneme, budou-li tvorba a v\u00fddej tepla v organismu v rovnov\u00e1ze p\u0159i minimu thermoregula\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1sah\u016f. K m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed velikosti zchlazov\u00e1n\u00ed byla sestrojena \u0159ada p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f, v nich\u017e prvenstv\u00ed m\u00e1 katateplom\u011br Hill\u016fv. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se t\u00e9\u017e p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f registra\u010dn\u00edch. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd fysik\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroj nelze ov\u0161em spolehliv\u011b porovn\u00e1vat s \u017eiv\u00fdm organismem, proto zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 \u00fadaje maj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 nedostatky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i srovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed velikosti zchlazov\u00e1n\u00ed s tepeln\u00fdmi pocity se n\u011bkdy tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00fdch stupnic. Ty v\u0161ak nejsou v souladu a jejich auto\u0159i neuv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, jak\u00e9 z pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f byly br\u00e1ny v \u00favahu. K spr\u00e1vn\u00e9mu vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed subjektivn\u00edch teplotn\u00edch pocit\u016f je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed sestavit celou \u0159adu nov\u00fdch stupnic.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V souvislosti s t\u00edmto po\u017eadavkem byla pokusn\u011b stanovena tepeln\u00e1 pohoda lidsk\u00e9ho organismu p\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch meteorologic\u00adk\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. Pokusy jsou zat\u00edm v po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 a s Oparinov\u00fdmi experimenty souhlasn\u00e9 jsou d\u016fkazy, \u017ee d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm sign\u00e1ln\u00edm \u010dinitelem vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed je i v\u00edtr. Psychick\u00fd vliv r\u00e1zu po\u010das\u00ed na na\u0161i tepelnou pohodu byl potvrzen zkoum\u00e1n\u00edm slune\u010dn\u00edho svitu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Cel\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka zdaleka je\u0161t\u011b nen\u00ed uzav\u0159ena. \u00dadaj\u016f meteoro\u00adlogick\u00fdch stanic o zchlazov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme v l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvat sice d\u00e1le, ale mus\u00edme je pat\u0159i\u010dn\u011b opravovat. P\u0159ipravovan\u00e9 teplotn\u00ed pocitov\u00e9 tabulky maj\u00ed svou ur\u010ditou formu ji\u017e dnes. V pokusech se pokra\u010duje a p\u0159ib\u00edraj\u00ed se dal\u0161\u00ed slo\u017eky, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed vliv na subjektivn\u00ed pocity.<\/span><\/p><\/div><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">MUDr \u0160. \u0160vorcov\u00e1:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed horn\u00edch cest d\u00fdchac\u00edch v souvislosti s n\u00e1hl\u00fdmi p\u0159echody front.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Meteorotropismus je popisov\u00e1n \u010dasto a to zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b u nemoc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se projevuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdmi z\u00e1chvaty, a d\u00e1le u t. zv. nemoc\u00ed z nachlazen\u00ed. U n\u00e1s nen\u00ed v\u00fdzkum vztah\u016f mezi po\u010das\u00edm a chorobami, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt zna\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdznam hlavn\u011b v prevenci, doposud pln\u011b rozvinut.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Za spolupr\u00e1ce odborn\u00e9 kliniky a s pou\u017eit\u00edm z\u00e1znam\u016f meteorologick\u00e9 observato\u0159e se proto za\u010dala v hradeck\u00e9m kraji studovat souvislost mezi vznikem n\u011bkter\u00fdch chorob z nachla\u00adzen\u00ed a mo\u017en\u00fdm vlivem pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch prvk\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9m kraji se vyskytuje zna\u010dn\u00fd po\u010det chorob hor\u00adn\u00edch cest d\u00fdchac\u00edch, chorob u\u0161n\u00edch a d\u00e1le \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed t. zv. ch\u0159ipko\u00adv\u00fdch katar\u016f. Tyto choroby maj\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b tak\u00e9 vztah ke klimatick\u00fdm zvl\u00e1\u0161tnostem severov\u00fdchodn\u00edch \u010cech, je\u017e se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed rozkyvy teplot a zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm ovzdu\u0161\u00ed; v podstat\u011b je v\u0161ak nutno se zam\u011b\u0159it na d\u016fsledky p\u0159echod\u016f front.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jak zn\u00e1mo, vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed fronty u sensibilisovan\u00fdch osob ur\u010dit\u00e9 reakce. Nesta\u010d\u00ed-li se organismus p\u0159izp\u016fsobit zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m, pak doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke stav\u016fm pathologick\u00fdm. Mechanis\u00admus sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed odolnosti organismu proti infekc\u00edm p\u0159i nachlazen\u00ed nen\u00ed doposud p\u0159esn\u011b zn\u00e1m. Podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch n\u00e1zor\u016f \u00fa\u010dinkem chladu na povrch t\u011bla se mezi jin\u00fdm tak\u00e9 odkrv\u00ed sliznice horn\u00edch cest d\u00fdchac\u00edch, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vzniknou vhodn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky k rozmno\u017een\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdch \u0161kodliv\u00fdch z\u00e1rodk\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vliv p\u0159echodu front byl studov\u00e1n u osmi druh\u016f onemocn\u011bn\u00ed akutn\u00edch i u komplikac\u00ed. Aby se vylou\u010dil mo\u017en\u00fd sez\u00f3nn\u00ed v\u00fdskyt t\u011bchto chorob, kter\u00e9 se nej\u010dast\u011bji objevuj\u00ed v lednu a \u00fanoru, uv\u00e1d\u00ed se p\u0159\u00edkladem sedm v\u00edcedenn\u00edch \u00fadob\u00ed z leto\u0161\u00adn\u00edho kv\u011btna. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010dtu p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f onemocn\u011bn\u00ed ve dnech s front\u00e1ln\u00edmi p\u0159echody a t\u011bsn\u011b po nich v\u017edy uk\u00e1zalo zna\u010dn\u00fd vzr\u016fst onemocn\u011bn\u00ed proti p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00fdm dn\u016fm bez front. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u00fd je vliv p\u0159echodu studen\u00e9 fronty a sou\u010dasn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f akutn\u00edch r\u00fdm a hnisav\u00fdch z\u00e1n\u011btu st\u0159edou\u0161n\u00edch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sd\u011blen\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky jsou pouze d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed, ve v\u00fdzkumu se pokra\u010duje. Krom\u011b jin\u00e9ho zb\u00fdv\u00e1 tak\u00e9 vy\u0161et\u0159it, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry se jednotliv\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 prvky na vzniku onemocn\u011bni pod\u00edlej\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dr K. Kacvinsk\u00e1 (Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Zhodnotenie aktinometrick\u00fdch meran\u00ed v Hurbanove za rok 1939-1953.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Slune\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed je pramenem \u017eivota na zemi. Je proto nutn\u00e9 registrovat, kolik t\u00e9to energie dost\u00e1v\u00e1 plo\u0161n\u00e1 jednotka n\u011b\u00adjak\u00e9ho m\u00edsta na zemi.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ze slovensk\u00fdch aktinometrick\u00fdch stanic m\u00e1 nejdel\u0161\u00ed pozo\u00adrovac\u00ed \u0159adu Hurbanovo (47\u00b052&#8217;N; 18\u00b012&#8217;E; 120 m n. m.), kter\u00e9 vzhledem ke sv\u00e9 poloze m\u016f\u017ee representovat celou slo\u00advenskou \u010d\u00e1st Podunajsk\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017einy. Okoln\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed stanice je pom\u011brn\u011b velmi \u010dist\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na stanici se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 bimetalick\u00e9ho aktinometru Michelson-Marten, a to od 1939 do b\u0159ezna 1942 p\u0159\u00edstroj MM 335 a po\u00adzd\u011bji a\u017e do nyn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed doby MM 625. Intensita z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00edho spektra se zji\u0161\u0165ovala pomoc\u00ed Schottov\u00fdch filtr\u016f. V\u0161echna m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed se prov\u00e1d\u011bla upravenou metodou Martenovou, ka\u017ed\u00e1 s\u00e9rie se dvakr\u00e1t opakovala.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jednotliv\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm, kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak nebyla pl\u00e1novit\u00e1, byla na z\u00e1vadu samoz\u0159ejm\u011b obla\u010dnost. \u00dapln\u00e9 p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed v\u016fbec si vy\u00adnutily neurovnan\u00e9 pom\u011bry v \u00fadob\u00ed konce v\u00e1lky. Po kritick\u00e9m zhodnocen\u00ed materi\u00e1lu zbylo 493 dn\u00ed se 1725 z\u00e1znamy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1vislost intensit z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed na v\u00fd\u0161ce slunce byla pro roky 1939 \u2014 1944 ur\u010dena podle Schutteova monogramu, pro zb\u00fd\u00advaj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e9ta se vypo\u010d\u00edtala pomoc\u00ed vzorce sf\u00e9rick\u00e9 trigonometrie. Nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 intensity z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed byly graficky nebo po\u010detn\u011b redu\u00adkov\u00e1ny na v\u00fd\u0161ku slunce po 5\u00b0 pro ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edc a jednotliv\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed. Intensity nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed \u017elut\u00e9ho nebo \u010derve\u00adn\u00e9ho filtru byly redukov\u00e1ny zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm grafick\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z tabulek lze vid\u011bt n\u011bkter\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 hodnoty:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Intensita p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159i kolm\u00e9m dopadu paprsk\u016f m\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u00fd denn\u00ed a ro\u010dn\u00ed chod. P\u0159i stejn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce slunce je intensita nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v zim\u011b a nejmen\u0161\u00ed v letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00ed\u00adc\u00edch; p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou toho je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed obsah vodn\u00edch par v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v letn\u00ed dob\u011b. Ro\u010dn\u00ed chod intensity slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed podle poledn\u00edch z\u00e1znam\u016f m\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hodnoty pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b v jarn\u00edm obdob\u00ed a dosahuje maxima v kv\u011btnu, tedy nikoli v \u010dervnu \u2014 p\u0159i nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm stavu slune\u010dn\u00edm. To se vysv\u011btluje t\u00edm, \u017ee v \u010dervnu je absolutn\u00ed vlhkost vzduchu u n\u00e1s daleko v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v kv\u011btnu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Rozlo\u017een\u00edm intensity p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed se dostanou hodnoty, z kter\u00fdch lze pro praktick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely vypo\u010d\u00edtat oz\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed libovoln\u00e9 roviny. Vyn\u00e1soben\u00edm intensit slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed pro jednotliv\u00e9 hodiny sinem v\u00fd\u0161ky slunce nad obzorem se do\u00adstaly hodnoty, z kter\u00fdch bylo mo\u017eno vypo\u010d\u00edtat oz\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed vodo\u00adrovn\u00e9 plochy jako za jasn\u00e9 oblohy. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed denn\u00ed sou\u010det p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed je v souladu se zm\u011bnou v\u00fd\u0161ky slunce nad obzorem v m\u011bs\u00edci \u010dervnu, minimum p\u0159ipad\u00e1 na prosinec. Z\u00e1v\u011brem lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee Hurbanovo a tud\u00ed\u017e Podunajsk\u00e1 n\u00ed\u017eina je na slune\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed velmi bohat\u00e1 (Hurbanovo m\u00e1 p\u0159es 2000 hodin slune\u010dn\u00edho svitu za rok) a \u017ee p\u0159edem vypo\u00ad\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 hodnoty z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed u\u017eitou metodou se v podstat\u011b mnoho neli\u0161ily od hodnot skute\u010dn\u011b nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch aktinometrem,<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dr V. Stru\u017eka (\u00dastav hygieny, Praha):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>N\u011bkter\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky dne\u0161n\u00ed biometeorologie.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">St\u00e1l\u00e1 meteorologick\u00e1 stani\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 se neust\u00e1le vyv\u00edj\u00ed, tak\u017ee dnes m\u016f\u017ee vyhov\u011bt t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161em z\u00e1kladn\u00edm po\u017eadavk\u016fm lidsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce. V posledn\u00ed dob\u011b zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se snaha co nejdoko\u00adnaleji poznat \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed rostlinstva i \u017eivo\u010di\u0161stva posta\u00advila p\u0159ed meteorologii mnoho nov\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Klimatologov\u00e9 reagovali na nov\u00e9 po\u017eadavky zaveden\u00edm \u0159ady opat\u0159en\u00ed, mezi jin\u00fdm tak\u00e9 nov\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch method. Jednou z nich je dostate\u010dn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9 Gregorovo bodov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed. P\u016fvodn\u00ed ur\u010den\u00ed tohoto bodovac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu pro turisti\u00adku bylo roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eno tak\u00e9 na z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed podklad\u016f v klimatologick\u00fdch studi\u00edch. Zp\u016fsob na\u0161el zna\u010dn\u00e9ho uplatn\u011bn\u00ed a to i v za\u00adhrani\u010d\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kone\u010dn\u011b je Gregorovo bodov\u00e1n\u00ed u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 v biometeorologii. R\u016fzn\u00e9 men\u0161\u00ed \u00fapravy, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 t\u0159eba p\u0159i posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed volby m\u00edsta k l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 choroby nebo v\u00fdsadb\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 kultury, mohou n\u011bkdy tuto metodu je\u0161t\u011b up\u0159esnit, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161it jej\u00ed \u201ecitlivost&#8221;.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jedn\u00edm \u010d\u00edslem bodovac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu m\u016f\u017eeme vyj\u00e1d\u0159it i jin\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti, jako jsou t\u0159eba pr\u016fb\u011bh po\u010das\u00ed a nemocnost obyva\u00adtelstva. Jin\u00fdm, ji\u017e odlehlej\u0161\u00edm pou\u017eit\u00edm je bodov\u00e1n\u00ed odchylek jednotliv\u00fdch prvk\u016f od klimatick\u00fdch norm\u00e1l\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zd\u016fraz\u0148uje se, \u017ee po \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9m vyu\u017eit\u00ed a zlep\u0161en\u00ed pracovn\u00edch metod by se m\u011bla v\u011bnovat zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 pozornost tak\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed; bylo by vhodn\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it s\u00ed\u0165 aktinometrick\u00fdch stanic a s\u00ed\u0165 heliografickou.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">S. Kozumpl\u00edk (Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Sou\u010dtov\u00e1 metoda pro klimatick\u00e1 a agrometeorologick\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u2014 n\u00e1vrh na jednotn\u00e9 zaveden\u00ed.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">B\u011b\u017en\u00e1 term\u00ednov\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed meteorologick\u00e1 se obvykle zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm aritmetick\u00fdch pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f. Ve v\u00fdsled\u00adc\u00edch se \u010dasto odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed subjektivn\u00ed vliv pozorovatele a nav\u00edc se projevuj\u00ed mezery, vyvolan\u00e9 do\u010dasn\u00fdm p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00edm m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 registra\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l ze stanic nelze pln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt pro ne\u00addostatek person\u00e1lu, nutn\u00e9ho k vyhodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1znam\u016f (\u00fakaz mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u0161eobecn\u011b roste v\u00fdznam \u00fahrn\u016f hodnot prvk\u016f. Tyto se b\u011b\u017en\u011b z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed sou\u010dtem pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch hodnot, co\u017e neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 sku\u00adte\u010dnosti. Tento n\u00e1vrh se vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1 s problematikou tak, \u017ee doporu\u010duje zaveden\u00ed sou\u010dtov\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed metody. Pro budouc\u00ed aparaturu bylo by v\u00fdhodn\u00e9, kdyby suma m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 veli\u010diny nar\u016fstala s \u010dasem po kvantech, p\u0159i \u010dem\u017e kvantum by zna\u00admenalo neprom\u011bnn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 veli\u010diny. M\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 kvanta by zaznamen\u00e1vala elmagnetick\u00e1 dekadick\u00e1 po\u010ditadla (tak, jak se d\u011bje na p\u0159\u00edklad z\u00e1znam telefonn\u00edch hovor\u016f). Stav po\u010ditadla byl by ode\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n v pozorovac\u00edm term\u00ednu; z rozd\u00edl\u016f dvou po sob\u011b n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch ode\u010dt\u016f po\u010ditadla z\u00edskala by se term\u00ednov\u00e1 suma m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 veli\u010diny. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem bylo by tedy mo\u017eno z\u00edskat sumu term\u00ednovou, denn\u00ed, desetidenn\u00ed, m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed, ro\u010dn\u00ed atd.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro speci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely, kde nutno zn\u00e1t pr\u016fb\u011bh hodnoty prvk\u016f v z\u00e1vislosti na \u010dase podrobn\u011bji, bylo by mo\u017eno volit term\u00edny krat\u0161\u00ed; navrhuje se v\u0161ak t\u00e9\u017e p\u0159ipojen\u00ed zoubkov\u00e9ho chronografu, jeho\u017e z\u00e1znam lze rychle vy\u010d\u00edslit a kde mo\u017eno t\u00e9\u017e pohodln\u011b sledovat prom\u011bnlivost intensity.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">K \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1znam\u016f byla by zavedena metoda impulsn\u00ed \u2014 s prom\u011bnnou hustotou impuls\u016f v \u010dasov\u00e9 jednotce \u2014 jeliko\u017e sc p\u0159i n\u00ed nekladou n\u00e1roky na spojovac\u00ed cestu mezi m\u00edstem m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a m\u00edstem z\u00e1znamu. V podstat\u011b jde o elektrickou metodu kondens\u00e1torovou. M\u011brn\u00e9 \u010didlo ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 nab\u00edjec\u00ed proud kondens\u00e1toru, kter\u00fd se nab\u00edj\u00ed na konstantn\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed elektric\u00adk\u00e9, \u00fam\u011brn\u00e9 kvantu m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 veli\u010diny. Po dosa\u017een\u00ed konstantn\u00edho kvanta se kondens\u00e1tor v okam\u017eiku vybije. Vybit\u00edm konden\u00ads\u00e1toru vznikne elektrick\u00fd proudov\u00fd impuls, kter\u00fd je zazname\u00adn\u00e1n po\u010ditadlem nebo chronografem. Jeliko\u017e vyb\u00edjec\u00ed \u010das kon\u00addens\u00e1toru je zanedbateln\u00fd, je ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed slo\u017ekou nab\u00edjec\u00ed \u010das kondens\u00e1toru; tento \u010das je prom\u011bnn\u00fd, \u00fam\u011brn\u00fd m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 veli\u00ad\u010din\u011b tak, \u017ee se nab\u00edj\u00ed kondens\u00e1tor na konstantn\u00ed kvantum prom\u011bnn\u00fdm proudem, v d\u016fsledku \u010deho\u017e je i \u010das prom\u011bnn\u00fd.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Aparatura by sest\u00e1vala z \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed vys\u00edlac\u00ed, p\u0159ij\u00edmac\u00ed (tato by byla um\u00edst\u011bna v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v m\u00edstnosti), spojovac\u00ed cesty a nap\u00e1jec\u00edho zdroje. K nap\u00e1jec\u00edmu zdroji bylo by mo\u017eno p\u0159ipojit libovoln\u00fd po\u010det p\u0159ijima\u010d\u016f s vysila\u010di, a to podle po\u010dtu m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f. Nutno zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee jde v podstat\u011b o integraci okam\u017eit\u00fdch hodnot m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 veli\u010diny ka\u017ed\u00e9ho prvku, jeho\u017e mno\u017estv\u00ed st\u00e1le nar\u016fst\u00e1, a \u017ee tedy term\u00ednov\u00e9 (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b i meziterm\u00ednov\u00e9) ode\u010dty s\u00e9 d\u011bj\u00ed jen proto, aby se z\u00edskal p\u0159ehled o sum\u011b v krat\u0161\u00edm \u010dasov\u00e9m intervalu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro speci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely (rostlinn\u00e9 biologie atd.) se navrhuje z\u00e1veden\u00ed sum \u00b0C efektivn\u00edch a deficitn\u00edch. Suma \u00b0C efektiv\u00adn\u00edch je s klimatick\u00e9ho hlediska nad 0 \u00b0C, s jin\u00e9ho, na p\u0159\u00edklad v biologii rostlinn\u00e9, n\u011bkter\u00e1 plus hladina. Deficitn\u00ed suma je pod touto zavedenou hladinou. Nulovou hladinu bylo by mo\u017e\u00adno nastavit libovoln\u011b. Pom\u011brn\u011b snadno dala by se aparatura upravit i pro \u00fa\u010dely mikroklimatick\u00e9ho pr\u016fzkumu. Zaveden\u00ed navr\u017een\u00e9 aparatury do stani\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b by si vy\u017e\u00e1dalo jen spe\u00adci\u00e1ln\u00ed vlo\u017eky do m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdkazu, na kterou by pozorovatel zaznamen\u00e1val stav po\u010ditadel v term\u00ednech pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00fdhodou navr\u017een\u00e9 metody a v hrub\u00fdch rysech nazna\u010den\u00e9 aparatury (detailn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed m\u00e1 b\u00fdt p\u0159edlo\u017eeno pozd\u011bji) by bylo, \u017ee s pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkonem by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bt nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b z\u00e1znam tak, aby kvanta m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 veli\u010diny rostla do sumy s \u010dasem plynule bez p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed. Jev\u00ed se tedy dokonce i mo\u017enost \u0159e\u0161it touto cestou automaty. Cel\u00fdm n\u00e1vrhem odstranila by se kone\u010dn\u011b problematika registra\u010dn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f v s\u00edti, toti\u017e pracn\u00e9 vy\u010d\u00edslov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1znam\u016f \u2014 sumy se tvo\u0159\u00ed dodate\u010dn\u011b v\u00fdpo\u010dtem. Zaveden\u00edm realisovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1vrhu do praxe z\u00edskal by se tedy nutn\u00fd materi\u00e1l bez dal\u0161\u00edho roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed stav\u016f person\u00e1ln\u00edch. (S. K.)<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. S. Krhounek (Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed promrz\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy s v\u00fdsledky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00edmi teplom\u011bry.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">R\u016fzn\u00e9 slo\u017eky rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edho se n\u00e1rodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed kladou st\u00e1le \u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dotazy na hloubku promrznut\u00ed p\u016fdy v zimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed. Ani dosavadn\u00ed zp\u016fsob m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, ani ojedin\u011ble prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00fdkopy nemohly podat v \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm rozsahu po\u017eadovan\u00e9 informace. Pou\u017eit\u00ed hloubkov\u00fdch p\u016fdn\u00edch teplom\u011br\u016f pak vy\u017eaduje po\u00adm\u011brn\u011b zna\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1klad.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jednoduch\u00fd a dostupn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed hloubky pro\u00admrzl\u00e9 p\u016fdy byl vloni sestrojen v Hydrometeorologick\u00e9m \u00fastavu podle n\u00e1vodu Danilina a pokusn\u011b zaveden na \u010dty\u0159ech stanic\u00edch. Konstrukce p\u0159\u00edstroje \u2014 nazvan\u00e9ho mrazom\u011br \u2014 je jednoduch\u00e1: z\u00e1klad tvo\u0159\u00ed gumov\u00e1 hadi\u010dka, upevn\u011bn\u00e1 na z\u00e1klopce br\u00e1nici p\u0159\u00edstupu vzduchu. Hadi\u010dka je chr\u00e1n\u011bna obalem, u n\u00e1s vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fdm z um\u011bl\u00e9 hmoty vinidur. Obal je souhlasn\u011b s hadi\u010dkou ozna\u010den stupnic\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mrazom\u011br, jeho\u017e d\u00e9lka je d\u00e1na p\u0159edpokl\u00e1danou hloubkou promrznut\u00ed, se umis\u0165uje v p\u016fd\u011b do p\u0159edem vyvrtan\u00e9ho otvoru. Po vyta\u017een\u00ed z\u00e1klopky a hadi\u010dky se hmatem zji\u0161\u0165uje v\u00fd\u0161ka promrzl\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho sloupce, je\u017e m\u00e1 odpov\u00eddat hloubce promrznut\u00e9 p\u016fdy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i porovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017eiteln\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee mrazom\u011br na\u0161\u00ed konstrukce i m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed jim prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e1 trp\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdmi z\u00e1vadami, kter\u00e9 br\u00e1n\u00ed dosa\u017een\u00ed \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed p\u0159esnosti. Navrhuj\u00ed se proto hlavn\u011b tyto \u00fapravy: vyrobit mrazom\u011br, jeho\u017e hadi\u010dka by m\u011bla ten\u010d\u00ed st\u011bnu a ochrann\u00fd obal men\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btlost; stupnici d\u011blit po 1 cm; vyrobit pokusn\u011b mrazom\u011br s tenkost\u011bnn\u00fdm obalem m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdm; p\u0159i pokusn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00edch instalovat mrazom\u011bry v r\u016fzn\u00fdch nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch; p\u0159i zaveden\u00ed mrazom\u011br\u016f volit m\u00edsta v r\u016fzn\u00fdch druz\u00edch p\u016fdy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">J. Brablec (Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>P\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00e1tku \u017en\u00ed ozim\u00e9ho \u017eita v r. 1954.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Theorie stadijn\u00edho v\u00fdvoje rostlin u\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee ze v\u0161ech \u010dinitel\u016f vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed je teplota \u010dinitelem nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm. Na tomto podklad\u011b byl s pou\u017eit\u00edm pozorovac\u00edho materi\u00e1lu z feno\u00adlogick\u00fdch a klimatick\u00fdch stanic pokusn\u011b p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bn po\u010d\u00e1tek \u017en\u00ed ozim\u00e9ho \u017eita.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9m \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed bylo shled\u00e1no, \u017ee doba po\u010d\u00e1tku \u017en\u00ed zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 obiloviny je p\u0159\u00edmo z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na \u00fahrnech teplot, po\u010d\u00edtan\u00fdch od jarn\u00edho trvalej\u0161\u00edho p\u0159echodu pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 denn\u00ed teploty p\u0159es 3 \u00b0C. Uk\u00e1zalo se tak\u00e9, \u017ee k dozr\u00e1n\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00fd \u00fahrn teplot je s p\u0159ib\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161kou men\u0161\u00ed. \u00dahr\u00adny teplot u n\u00e1s v jednotliv\u00fdch letech pon\u011bkud kol\u00edsaj\u00ed a to v\u011bt\u0161inou vlivem abnorm\u00e1ln\u00edch zm\u011bn pom\u011br\u016f teplotn\u00edch a vl\u00e1hov\u00fdch, projevuj\u00edc\u00edch se v dob\u011b po ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 zralosti obi\u00adloviny.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jsou-li zn\u00e1my v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 \u00fahrny teplot pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k uzr\u00e1n\u00ed, lze s pomoc\u00ed dlouhodob\u00e9 prognosy po\u010das\u00ed odhadnout datum, kdy v jednotliv\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bude pot\u0159ebn\u00fd \u00fahrn dosa\u017een. K realisaci p\u0159edpov\u011bdi mus\u00ed b\u00fdt stanoveno jednotn\u00e9 v\u00fdchoz\u00ed datum (na p\u0159. 10. kv\u011btna), k n\u011bmu\u017e po\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 \u00fahrny teplot p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fd stav v\u00fdvoje rostlin.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed prognosy se s pou\u017eit\u00edm teplotn\u00edho faktoru p\u0159e\u0161lo na hospod\u00e1rnou fenologicko-klimatickou metodu. P\u0159i t\u00e9 se nejd\u0159\u00edve zjist\u00ed \u00fahrny teplot, pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro uzr\u00e1n\u00ed ozim\u00e9ho \u017eita, a d\u00e1le letn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed norm\u00e1ly teplot pro jednotliv\u00e9 stanice. Nejsou-li po ruce tyto \u00fadaje, lze v obou p\u0159\u00edpadech pou\u017e\u00edt \u00fadaj\u016f odvozen\u00fdch a graficky upraven\u00fdch podle nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161ek. S p\u0159esnost\u00ed dodan\u00e9 dlouhodob\u00e9 p\u0159edpov\u011bdi, kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nahrazena, stoup\u00e1 i p\u0159esnost p\u0159edpov\u011bdi za\u010d\u00e1tku doby \u017en\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f \u017eni se ur\u010duje podle vzorce, kter\u00fd obsahuje: \u00fahrn teplot, pot\u0159ebn\u00fd k uzr\u00e1n\u00ed; \u00fahrn teplot k v\u00fdchoz\u00edmu datu; p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fd \u00fahrn teplot do 30. \u010dervna a kone\u010dn\u011b pr\u016fm\u011brnou m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed teplotu m\u011bs\u00edce dozr\u00e1n\u00ed. V praxi lze vzorec zjednodu\u0161it zaveden\u00edm norm\u00e1lu \u00fahrnu teplot. V\u00fdsledek v\u00fdpo\u010dtu ozna\u010d\u00ed, za kolik dn\u00ed po 30. \u010dervnu za\u010dnou \u017en\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na uveden\u00fdch p\u0159edpokladech byla letos za\u010d\u00e1tkem \u010dervna uve\u0159ejn\u011bna prvn\u00ed pokusn\u00e1 p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f \u017en\u00ed ozim\u00e9ho \u017eita. Ne\u00adpravideln\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh po\u010das\u00ed na ja\u0159e ned\u00e1val velkou nad\u011bji na \u00fasp\u011bch. Nav\u00edc se dostavily, jak zn\u00e1mo, abnorm\u00e1ln\u011b vysok\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky a chladn\u00e9 dny v \u010dervenci, kter\u00e9 tak\u00e9 po\u010d\u00e1tek \u017eni o n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed opozdily. T\u0159eba\u017ee p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f \u017en\u00ed byla pro jed\u00adnotliv\u00e1 m\u00edsta spr\u00e1vn\u00e1, nelze je\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 informace pova\u017eo\u00advat za ur\u010den\u00ed \u201ev\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00e1tku \u017en\u00ed&#8221; a v \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u00fakolu je nutno pokra\u010dovat.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">J. Brablec (Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Pozn\u00e1mky z komplexn\u00ed kombajnov\u00e9 sklizn\u011b v B\u00fdkvi u M\u011bln\u00edka.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Po\u017eadavky na mechanisaci sklizn\u011b jsou neust\u00e1le zvy\u0161ov\u00e1ny. P\u0159i tomto p\u0159erodu na\u0161eho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed nesm\u00ed z\u016fstat stranou ani meteorologick\u00e1 slu\u017eba.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Po sklizni obilovin kombajny, kdy se sou\u010dasn\u011b ml\u00e1t\u00ed, je zrno pozd\u011bji dosu\u0161ov\u00e1no. MSS-Praha po\u017e\u00e1dal n\u00e1\u0161 \u00fastav o spolupr\u00e1ci p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed vlivu po\u010das\u00ed na jakost pr\u00e1ce vysoce mechanisovan\u00e9ho poln\u00edho mlatu v B\u00fdkvi (okres M\u011bln\u00edk). M\u011bly b\u00fdt sledov\u00e1ny n\u011bkter\u00e9 z hlavn\u00edch prvk\u016f po\u010das\u00ed a d\u00e1le pod\u00e1v\u00e1na m\u00edstn\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pr\u00e1ce, kter\u00e1 byla v podstat\u011b v\u00fdzkumnickou, byla velice zaj\u00edmav\u00e1. Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky se je\u0161t\u011b zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed, ale ji\u017e dnes lze uv\u00e9st alespo\u0148 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Neru\u0161en\u00e1 \u010dinnost kombajn\u016f je z\u00e1visl\u00e1 nejen na fysik\u00e1ln\u00edm stavu p\u016fdy, ale tak\u00e9 na vlhkosti porostu obil\u00ed, kter\u00e1 je v\u011bt\u0161inou vyvol\u00e1na vlhkost\u00ed vzduchu. Hled\u00e1n\u00edm vztahu mezi touto vlhkost\u00ed a tvo\u0159en\u00edm se rosy bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee rosa se za dosta\u00adte\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1soby p\u016fdn\u00ed vl\u00e1hy tvo\u0159\u00ed nave\u010der tehdy, jestli\u017ee rela\u00adtivn\u00ed vlhkost v budce se zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed nad 60 \u00b0\/<sub>0<\/sub>. Klesnut\u00edm vlhkosti pod tuto hranici r\u00e1no rosa op\u011bt zmiz\u00ed. Zd\u00e1 se tedy, \u017ee v\u00fdskyt uveden\u00e9 relativn\u00ed vlhkosti lze podm\u00edne\u010dn\u011b pova\u017eovat za v\u00fdstra\u017en\u00e9 znamen\u00ed n\u00e1stupu obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 sklizn\u011b (ucp\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed stroj\u016f a pod.). Zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed denn\u00edho chodu vlhkostn\u00edch pom\u011br\u016f v obdob\u00ed sklizn\u011b obilovin m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam pro pl\u00e1no\u00adv\u00e1n\u00ed sklizn\u011b obiln\u00edmi kombajny i pro organisaci pou\u017eit\u00ed skliz\u0148ov\u00fdch stroj\u016f v\u016fbec. Za vlhk\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed bylo by jist\u011b vhodn\u00e9 uva\u017eovat o sklizni kombinovan\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zrno, sklizen\u00e9 kombajnem, nesm\u00ed m\u00edt p\u0159ed p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00edm do skladu vlhkost v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e asi 15 %. Z n\u011bkolika zp\u016fsob\u016f su\u0161en\u00ed zrna bude zde pojedn\u00e1no o dvou zp\u016fsobech v B\u00fdkvi pou\u017eit\u00fdch: o su\u0161en\u00ed hork\u00fdm vzduchem a o su\u0161en\u00ed na slunci.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i su\u0161en\u00ed hork\u00fdm vzduchem v ml\u00e1ti\u010dce a v komorov\u00e9 su\u0161i\u010dce nebyl hned sledov\u00e1n teplotn\u00ed re\u017eim. Nam\u00e1tkou bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee zrno vych\u00e1z\u00ed velmi tepl\u00e9, tak\u017ee by se mohla naru\u0161it kl\u00ed\u010divost. Bylo proto prosazeno m\u011b\u0159it nejen teplotu su\u0161\u00edc\u00edho vzduchu, ale i teplotu zrna. Cel\u00fd re\u017eim byl sledov\u00e1n a \u0159\u00edzen pomoc\u00ed sestrojen\u00fdch graf\u016f. D\u00e1le bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee vyh\u0159\u00e1t\u00e9 zrno m\u016f\u017ee pozb\u00fdt je\u0161t\u011b a\u017e 1 % vlhkosti ochlazen\u00edm v siln\u00e9m proudu vzduchu trierky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zkoum\u00e1n\u00edm su\u0161en\u00ed zrna na slunci se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee povrchov\u00e1 vrstva zrna se \u010dasto oh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e je p\u0159\u00edpustno. Mus\u00ed se proto prohazovat v z\u00e1vislosti na teplot\u011b a vlhkosti asi n\u00e1sle\u00addovn\u011b: z r\u00e1na v intervalech 2 hod., k poledni 1 y<sub>2<\/sub> hod., \u010dasn\u011b-odpoledne po 1 hod.; s p\u0159ib\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm dnem lze intervaly op\u011bt prodlu\u017eovat. Doporu\u010duje se tak\u00e9 zv\u011bt\u0161it povrchovou plochu rozprost\u0159en\u00e9ho zrna vytvo\u0159en\u00edm m\u011blk\u00fdch br\u00e1zdi\u010dek sm\u011brem sever\u2014jih. ,<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pr\u00e1ce meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby v zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 praxi byla p\u0159ijata se z\u00e1jmem a snad i s povd\u011bkem. Z\u00e1v\u011brem se nazna\u010duj\u00ed \u00fakoly, jejich\u017e spln\u011bn\u00ed by bylo prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9:<\/span><\/p><ol><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">vyd\u00e1vat ve \u017e\u0148ov\u00e9m obdob\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011bdi po\u010das\u00ed s vyhl\u00edd\u00adkou na 2\u20143 dny;<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">prostudovat vliv \u010dasn\u00e9 podm\u00edtky na zachov\u00e1n\u00ed vl\u00e1hy v p\u016fd\u011b;<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">neprodlen\u011b zpracovat vlhkostn\u00ed pom\u011bry v dob\u011b \u017en\u00ed aspo\u0148 pro representativn\u00ed stanice.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dr J. Podzimek (Geofysik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastav \u010cSAV, Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Fysika oblak\u016f a jej\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Fysiku oblak\u016f lze rozd\u011blit na mikrofysiku, zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se hlavn\u011b tvo\u0159en\u00edm a strukturou oblak\u016f, a na v\u00fdvojov\u011b star\u0161\u00ed makrofysiku, je\u017e si v\u0161\u00edm\u00e1 oblak\u016f jako celku.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou mikrofysiky oblak\u016f je jejich vznik, kter\u00fd je nerozlu\u010dn\u011b spjat s kondensa\u010dn\u00edmi j\u00e1dry. Ta sv\u00fdm chemick\u00fdm slo\u017een\u00edm i geometrick\u00fdm tvarem umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed kondensaci vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry i p\u0159i nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 nasycen\u00e9m vzduchu. Nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi jsou j\u00e1dra, slo\u017een\u00e1 z l\u00e1tek hygroskopick\u00fdch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Se slo\u017een\u00edm kondensa\u010dn\u00edch jader souvis\u00ed i ot\u00e1zka jejich p\u016fvodu. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed domn\u011bnky j$ou dv\u011b: a) j\u00e1dra vznikaj\u00ed roz\u00adst\u0159ikov\u00e1n\u00edm a odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm mo\u0159sk\u00e9 vody; b) j\u00e1dra vznikaj\u00ed, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b jako produkty spalov\u00e1n\u00ed, nad pevninou.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam pro osv\u011btlen\u00ed vzniku kondensa\u010dn\u00edch jader maj\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 analysy de\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 vody; \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky umo\u017enila analytick\u00e1 metoda polarografick\u00e1. Analysy v\u0161ak p\u0159inesou v\u0161eobecn\u00fd u\u017eitek teprve tehdy, a\u017e budou zpracov\u00e1ny vzorky z velk\u00fdch ploch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">R\u016fst kapi\u010dek je ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1n kondensaci vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry a koagulac\u00ed. Zkondensov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry na j\u00e1d\u0159e je v\u00fdsledkem n\u011bkolika pochod\u016f. M\u00e1-li kapka v\u016fbec nar\u016fstat, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159ivedena do takov\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m se p\u0159em\u016f\u017ee jej\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e1 schopnost se vypa\u0159ovat. P\u016fsob\u00ed-li na nejmen\u0161\u00ed kapi\u010dky hygroskopick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky nebo elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj, mohou tyto kapi\u010dky nar\u016fstat i p\u0159i relativn\u00ed vlhkosti ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 100 %.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i r\u016fstu z\u00e1rodku kapi\u010dky odn\u00edm\u00e1 kondensa\u010dn\u00ed j\u00e1dro sv\u00e9mu okol\u00ed vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ru; t\u00edm se koncentrace j\u00edmav\u00e9 l\u00e1tky zmen\u0161uje a nap\u011bt\u00ed vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry nad povrchem zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edho se kapkovit\u00e9ho z\u00e1rodku stoup\u00e1. Po p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed kritick\u00e9 velikosti, dosa\u017een\u00e9 se zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edm se p\u0159esycen\u00edm, roste kapka vzhledem k sv\u00e9mu ji\u017e dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00e9mu polom\u011bru d\u00e1le sama, a to i kdy\u017e pak p\u0159esycen\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 konstantn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Probl\u00e9m koagulace kapek je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed ot\u00e1zek vzniku sr\u00e1\u017eek p\u0159irozen\u00fdch i um\u011bl\u00fdch. Koagulace m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobena r\u016fznou rychlost\u00ed p\u00e1du kapek, d\u00e1le pohybem v turbulentn\u00edm proudu a tak\u00e9 jin\u00fdmi vlivy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z theoretick\u00fdch \u00favah lze odvodit, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 velikost ka\u00adpek je t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm je pomalej\u0161\u00ed ochlazov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed teplota a \u010d\u00edm ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed je tlak. S t\u00edm \u00fazce souvis\u00ed vzhled a hlavn\u011b obrysy oblak\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00daloha tuh\u00e9 f\u00e1ze v oblac\u00edch a nar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed ledov\u00fdch krystalk\u016f byly nazna\u010deny ji\u017e Bergeronem. Findeisen vysv\u011btloval vznik krystalk\u016f v oblac\u00edch o\u017eiven\u00edm hypothesy o sublima\u010dn\u00edch j\u00e1drech. T\u00edm sou\u010dasn\u011b objas\u0148oval v\u00fdskyt p\u0159echlazen\u00fdch mlh a sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch oblak\u016f. Av\u0161ak p\u0159i rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch \u0161et\u0159en\u00edch nebyla sublima\u010dn\u00ed j\u00e1dra v p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 form\u011b zji\u0161t\u011bna.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed se, \u017ee krystalky mohou za ur\u010dit\u00fdch podm\u00ednek vznikat na ledov\u00fdch j\u00e1drech, t. j. na takov\u00fdch j\u00e1drech kon\u00addensa\u010dn\u00edch, kter\u00e1 za n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot podporuj\u00ed mrznut\u00ed vody. Ledov\u00e1 j\u00e1dra by m\u011bla b\u00fdt v\u00fdsti\u017en\u011bji naz\u00fdv\u00e1na ledov\u00fdmi z\u00e1rodky. Kondensa\u010dn\u00ed j\u00e1dra, vhodn\u00e1 pro tyto z\u00e1rodky, jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou nerozpustn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice, jako produkty spalov\u00e1n\u00ed a d\u0159evit\u00fd prach. Jsou-li j\u00e1dra tvo\u0159ena z l\u00e1tek rozpustn\u00fdch ve vod\u011b, pak se mohou st\u00e1t ledov\u00fdmi z\u00e1rodky a\u017e p\u0159i velmi n\u00edz\u00adk\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch. R\u016fzn\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm v p\u0159irozen\u00fdch i um\u011bl\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch byly zji\u0161t\u011bny a\u017e t\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy kondensa\u010dn\u00edch jader, je\u017e p\u016fsob\u00ed jako ledov\u00e9 z\u00e1rodky v\u017edy p\u0159i ur\u010dit\u00e9 teplot\u011b, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b rychlosti v\u00fdstupn\u00e9ho proudu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vyskytuj\u00ed-li se vedle sebe p\u0159echlazen\u00e9 vodn\u00ed kapky a ledov\u00e9 krystalky, pak krystalky po\u010dnou vzhledem k men\u0161\u00edmu nap\u011bt\u00ed vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry nar\u016fstat rychleji ne\u017e kapky. T\u00edm dojde ke kles\u00e1n\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edmu nar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch ledov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic. Pr\u016fchodem oblast\u00ed s p\u0159echlazenou vodou vznik\u00e1 krupice a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdm op\u011btovn\u00fdm stoup\u00e1n\u00edm a kles\u00e1n\u00edm doch\u00e1z\u00ed k tvo\u0159en\u00ed krup.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sr\u00e1\u017eky, a to i vydatn\u00e9, mohou v\u0161ak padat tak\u00e9 z oblak\u016f, v nich\u017e nejsou ledov\u00e9 krystalky, nebo jejich\u017e vrchol ani ne\u00addos\u00e1hl nulov\u00e9 isothermy. Takov\u00fd druh sr\u00e1\u017eek lze ku p\u0159\u00edkladu vysv\u011btlit \u0159et\u011bzovou reakc\u00ed podporovan\u00fdm nar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00edm sr\u00e1\u017eek.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je studium ledov\u00fdch krystal\u016f. Na jejich r\u016fst a tvar p\u016fsob\u00ed p\u0159esycen\u00ed vzduchu vodn\u00ed parou vzhledem k ledu i jin\u00e9 faktory. Fysik\u00e1ln\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed byla potvrzena pozorov\u00e1\u00adn\u00edm. Krystaly lze d\u011blit podle tvaru nebo podle m\u00edsta v\u00fdskytu v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e. Tvary krystal\u016f ucelen\u00fdch jsou r\u016fzn\u011b formovan\u00e9 desti\u010dky, sloupky a jehli\u010dky; tvary krystal\u016f rozv\u011btven\u00fdch jsou hv\u011bzdi\u010dky p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b je\u0161t\u011b obalen\u00e9 ledov\u00fdmi krystalky a tvo\u0159\u00edc\u00ed se jen p\u0159i v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm p\u0159esycen\u00ed vzduchu. B\u011bhem p\u00e1du nar\u016fstaj\u00ed ledov\u00e9 krystaly hlavn\u011b koagulac\u00ed, m\u00e9n\u011b ji\u017e kondensaci nebo sublimac\u00ed. Krystaly jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro vznik de\u0161t\u011b v oblac\u00edch kupovit\u00fdch i slohovit\u00fdch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zna\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdznam v mikrofysice oblak\u016f maj\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky a kondensa\u010dn\u00ed pruhy za letadly.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Um\u011bl\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami lze nazvat sr\u00e1\u017eky v\u011bdom\u011b vyvolan\u00e9 za nep\u0159irozen\u00fdch fysik\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek; d\u00e1le sem lze t\u00e9\u017e zahrnout zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed intensity sr\u00e1\u017eek, jejich prostorov\u00e9 p\u0159emis\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed a kone\u010dn\u011b p\u0159em\u011bnu jejich v\u00fdvoje (zamezen\u00ed tvo\u0159en\u00ed se krup, rozpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed mlhy&#8230;).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Technika pokusn\u00e9 infikace oblaku spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 bud v syp\u00e1n\u00ed such\u00e9ho ledu, je\u017e vede k n\u00e1hl\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed teploty a tud\u00ed\u017e ke krystalizaci obla\u010dn\u00fdch kapi\u010dek, nebo v rozpra\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00ed t\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b, vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed nar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed obla\u010dn\u00fdch kapek prost\u0159ednic\u00adtv\u00edm ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzov\u00e9 reakce. Byly pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny i jin\u00e9 metody a r\u016fzn\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 slou\u010deniny. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b mnoha pokus\u016f byly k infikaci za nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ozna\u010deny oblaky s vysok\u00fdm verti\u00adk\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u00fdvojem.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podle \u010detn\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v, z nich\u017e nej d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je zpr\u00e1va Sv\u011btov\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 organisace, lze doj\u00edt k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee dosavadn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky v\u0161ech akc\u00ed na tvo\u0159en\u00ed um\u011bl\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek mo\u017eno s v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska ozna\u010dit za neur\u010dit\u00e9, nebo\u0165 zat\u00edm nebyla dok\u00e1z\u00e1na ani jistota \u00fasp\u011bchu, ani \u00fapln\u00fd ne\u00fasp\u011bch, a \u017ee na tomto poli je nutno d\u00e1le pracovat.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kondensa\u010dn\u00ed pruhy za letadly maj\u00ed nejen v\u00fdznam vojensk\u00fd, ale i velkou d\u016fle\u017eitost pro studium tvo\u0159en\u00ed oblak\u016f ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch hladin\u00e1ch troposf\u00e9ry. Prvn\u00ed druh kondensa\u010dn\u00edch pruh\u016f, ne\u00admaj\u00edc\u00edch dlouh\u00e9ho trv\u00e1n\u00ed, vznik\u00e1, jestli\u017ee letadlo v bl\u00edzkosti zem\u011b prol\u00e9t\u00e1v\u00e1 vrstvami, nasycen\u00fdmi vodn\u00ed parou. Dal\u0161\u00ed druh pruh\u016f se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ve velk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch. Maj\u00ed charakter obdobn\u00fd s \u0159aso vit\u00fdm oblakem, ale podstata tvo\u0159en\u00ed nen\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b vysv\u011btlena; ur\u010dit\u00fd v\u00fdznam se p\u0159isuzuje v\u00fdfukov\u00fdm plyn\u016fm. Byly ji\u017e pokusn\u011b p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1ny podm\u00ednky, za kter\u00fdch by se tyto pruhy mohly tvo\u0159it a tak\u00e9 se uva\u017euje, zda jejich tvo\u0159en\u00ed lze zabr\u00e1nit nebo zda je alespo\u0148 mo\u017en\u00e9 u\u010dinit je m\u00e9n\u011b patr\u00adn\u00fdmi.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1v\u011brem podan\u00e9ho p\u0159ehledu sou\u010dasn\u00fdch v\u00fdzkum\u016f a jejich v\u00fdsledk\u016f se zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee znalost struktury a z\u00e1konitosti v\u00fdvoje oblak\u016f m\u00e1 zna\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1rodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v\u00fdznam a \u017ee je proto nutno p\u0159isp\u011bt k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed alespo\u0148 t\u011bch nej d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">J. Vr\u00e1na (Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Synoptick\u00e1 situace a provoz na leti\u0161ti v Ruzyni.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Bezpe\u010dn\u00e1 leteck\u00e1 doprava znamen\u00e1 dopravu pl\u00e1novanou. Z mnoha rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edch \u010dinitel\u016f, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159i takov\u00e9m pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed berou v \u00favahu, je vliv po\u010das\u00ed \u010dinitelem nejkol\u00edsav\u011bj\u0161\u00edm.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ur\u010dit\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed situace prob\u00edhaj\u00ed nad ur\u010dit\u00fdmi m\u00edsty v charakteristick\u00fdch obm\u011bn\u00e1ch, je\u017e potvrzuj\u00ed jistou z\u00e1koni\u00adtost v\u00fdvoje po\u010das\u00ed. Zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to z\u00e1konitosti s hlediska leteck\u00e9 aktivity usnad\u0148uje prognostikovi analogicky posoudit v\u00fdvoj po\u010das\u00ed v budoucnu. Proto\u017ee p\u0159i sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed prognosy je nutno db\u00e1t nejv\u00edce na prvky leteck\u00e9mu provozu nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9, byl pro leti\u0161t\u011b Praha-Ruzyn\u011b proveden rozbor synoptick\u00fdch situac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 tyto nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 prvky nej\u010dast\u011bji p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed. Zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed bylo pomoc\u00ed Br\u00e1dkovy typisace vypracov\u00e1no podle osmilet\u00e9 pozorovac\u00ed \u0159ady; byly vybr\u00e1ny ty prvky, kter\u00e9 leteck\u00fdch provoz omezovaly nebo zcela znemo\u017e\u0148ovaly. Z v\u00fdsledk\u016f \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u00edme:<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 situace za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed b\u00fdt po del\u0161\u00ed letn\u00ed p\u0159est\u00e1vce vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1ny v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, kdy se vyskytuj\u00ed rann\u00ed radia\u010dn\u00ed mlhy. V \u0159\u00edjnu se nav\u00edc objevuj\u00ed mlhy front\u00e1ln\u00ed, nej\u010dast\u011bji p\u0159ed nebo po tepl\u00e9 front\u011b. V listopadu se po\u010det dn\u00ed stup\u0148uje a za ur\u010dit\u00fdch situac\u00ed vydr\u017e\u00ed mlha ji\u017e po cel\u00fd den.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V prosinci se k mal\u00e9 dohlednosti p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 i n\u00edzk\u00e1 obla\u010dnost, letadla hl\u00e1s\u00ed n\u00e1mrazu. V lednu, \u00fanoru a b\u0159eznu se st\u0159\u00eddaj\u00ed mlhov\u00e9 situace s takov\u00fdmi, je\u017e p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed front\u00e1ln\u00ed sn\u011b\u017een\u00ed; nebezpe\u010d\u00ed n\u00e1mrazy trv\u00e1. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 letov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky jsou p\u0159i p\u0159ist\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Nav\u00edc je zat\u00ed\u017een technick\u00fd pozemn\u00ed person\u00e1l, obsluhuj\u00edc\u00ed letadla p\u0159ed startem.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V dubnu se jako ob\u010dasn\u00e1 p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eka vyskytuje mlha, kter\u00e1 se v kv\u011btnu, hlavn\u011b po no\u010dn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch, p\u0159echodn\u011b zv\u011bt\u0161uje. Ve zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch jsou pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed podm\u00ednky celkem p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9, pouze na trat\u00edch se letadla st\u0159et\u00e1vaj\u00ed s bou\u0159kami.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Provoz ruzy\u0148sk\u00e9ho leti\u0161t\u011b je v\u0161eobecn\u011b omezov\u00e1n za tako\u00adv\u00fdch situac\u00ed, kdy v ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch hladin\u00e1ch doch\u00e1z\u00ed k advekc\u00edm tepl\u00e9ho vzduchu. Leti\u0161t\u011b je tak\u00e9 pom\u011brn\u011b citliv\u00e9 na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed v\u00edtr, kter\u00fd \u010dasto vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 mlhu i za celkem p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch situac\u00ed. P\u016fvodcem je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pra\u017esk\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 kou\u0159mo, obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd po\u010det kondensa\u010dn\u00edch jader, a d\u00e1le vlhk\u00e9 \u0161\u00e1reck\u00e9 \u00fadol\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee v synoptick\u00e9 slu\u017eb\u011b individu\u00e1ln\u011b z\u00edskan\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti se posuzuj\u00ed a pozd\u011bji vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed cel\u00fdm kolektivem. Aby tyto zku\u0161enosti byly skute\u010dn\u011b hodnotn\u00e9 a \u010dasov\u011b neust\u00e1le na v\u00fd\u0161i, je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">a) v r\u00e1mci dynamick\u00e9 klimatologie soustavn\u011b rozeb\u00edrat pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed situace;<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">b) doplnit typisaci situac\u00ed podru\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch;<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">c) prov\u00e1d\u011bt v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 lety za slo\u017eit\u00fdch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch podm\u00ednek;<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">d) m\u011b\u0159it \u010detnost v\u00fdskytu kondensa\u010dn\u00edch jader p\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00e9m proud\u011bn\u00ed<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dr Z. Korejs (Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed mapy vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed stability.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zachytit do dvojrozm\u011brn\u00fdch map v\u00fdsledky trojrozm\u011brn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pilotovac\u00edch i radiosond\u00e1\u017en\u00edch je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9, ale pro synoptiku pot\u0159ebn\u00e9. Umo\u017enilo by se t\u00edm srovn\u00e1vat hodnoty, zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 na r\u016fzn\u00fdch stanic\u00edch a v r\u016fzn\u00fdch hmot\u00e1ch a tlako\u00adv\u00fdch \u00fatvarech. Za\u010dalo se proto v tomto sm\u011bru zkoumat.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nejd\u0159\u00edve byla uvedena v \u017eivot my\u0161lenka srovn\u00e1vat \u00fadaje skute\u010dn\u00e9 relativn\u00ed topografie 1000 \u2014 500 mb s \u00fadaji, odpov\u00edda\u00adj\u00edc\u00edmi vlhkoadiabatick\u00e9mu zvrstven\u00ed teploty, p\u0159i \u010dem\u017e z\u00e1\u00adkladem by byla teplota v hladin\u011b 500 mb. Sledov\u00e1n\u00edm vlhk\u00e9 adiabaty byly pomoc\u00ed St\u016fvegrammu hrub\u00fdm v\u00fdpo\u010dtem graficky ur\u010deny teploty pro vybran\u00e9 hladiny. Dosa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fd\u00adsledky nebyly zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9; p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed synoptick\u00e1 mapa byla pouze interpretov\u00e1na jin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Byly proto sestaveny mapy zm\u011bn shora uveden\u00fdch hodnot po 12 hod. term\u00ednech, z nich\u017e byly pomoc\u00ed synoptick\u00e9 methody sledov\u00e1ny dr\u00e1hy jednotliv\u00fdch st\u0159ed\u016f lability a stability. Extrapolac\u00ed se usuzovalo na v\u00fdvoj v bl\u00edzk\u00e9 budoucnosti. Krat\u0161\u00ed dobu byly pravideln\u011b zakreslov\u00e1ny mapy 24 hod. zm\u011bn, av\u0161ak podkladov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy byly zna\u010dn\u011b nehomogenn\u00ed a \u010dasto chybn\u00e9. P\u0159esto bylo s pomoc\u00ed t\u011bchto mapek mo\u017en\u00e9 sledovat pohyb mal\u00e9ho h\u0159ebenu vysok\u00e9ho tlaku a vyu\u017e\u00edt jeho p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho prognostick\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu pro na\u0161e \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i d\u016fkladn\u00e9m zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho vybran\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edpadu byly korigov\u00e1ny hodnoty relativn\u00ed topografie 1000 \u2014 500 mb a d\u00e1le teploty v 500 mb. Zm\u011bny byly po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1ny v\u017edy za 12 hod., chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fadaje byly interpolov\u00e1ny z mapy. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo se, \u017ee zm\u011bny teploty jsou advektivn\u00ed a \u017ee teplotn\u00ed pole je homo\u00adgenn\u00ed. Extrapolace drah na z\u00e1klad\u011b dosavadn\u00edho pohybu a posledn\u00ed mapy hladiny 500 mb byla re\u00e1ln\u00e1. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 a skute\u010dn\u00e9 polohy st\u0159ed\u016f tlakov\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f i jejich dr\u00e1hy se shodovaly; ve zkouman\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bylo mo\u017eno p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bt zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se sklon k bou\u0159k\u00e1m. T\u00edm byla potvrzena dal\u0161\u00ed pou\u00ad\u017eitelnost zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch mapek pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed prognosy kupovit\u00e9 obla\u010dnosti a bou\u0159kov\u00fdch situac\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dr J. F\u00f6rchtgott (Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>N\u00e1vrh metody pro v\u00fdzkum vlnov\u00fdch deformac\u00ed vzdu\u0161n\u00fdch proud\u016f a turbulence v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro synoptick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely i pro leteck\u00fd provoz je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed z\u00edskat hlub\u0161\u00ed znalosti z mechaniky turbulence ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Z toho d\u016fvodu se v horsk\u00fdch oblastech cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta pozoruje vlnov\u00e9 proud\u011bn\u00ed. P\u0159i srovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dosa\u017eiteln\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f se ukazuje, \u017ee p\u0159edpoklady r\u016fzn\u00fdch theoretik\u016f nejsou dosti re\u00e1ln\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na p\u0159\u00edklad velmi \u010dasto se prohla\u0161uje za bezv\u00fdznamn\u00fd v\u00fdskyt rotuj\u00edc\u00edch obla\u010dn\u00fdch v\u00e1lc\u016f (rotor\u016f) v turbulentn\u00ed vrstv\u011b za p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou, a\u010dkoli rotory jsou z\u00e1kladn\u00edm znakem nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho typu stacion\u00e1rn\u00ed vlny. Spr\u00e1vnou p\u0159edstavu o struktu\u0159e a velikosti jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f vln v okol\u00ed hor nelze z\u00edskat pouze theoretick\u00fdmi v\u00fdpo\u010dty, ale skute\u010dn\u00fdm prom\u011b\u0159en\u00edm cel\u00e9ho proudov\u00e9ho pole.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vlny v okol\u00ed hor lze d\u011blit na n\u011bkolik typ\u016f. Jsou to: vlna za p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou \u2014 intern\u00ed deformace homogenn\u00edho vzdu\u0161n\u00e9ho prou\u00addu, vyvolan\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm p\u016fsoben\u00edm p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky; vlna nad p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017e\u00adkou \u2014 deformace povrchu diskontinuity, vyvolan\u00e1 nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm p\u016fsoben\u00edm p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky; slo\u017een\u00e1 vlna \u2014 vyvolan\u00e1 sou\u010dasn\u00fdm p\u016fsoben\u00edm obou ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch typ\u016f; voln\u00e1 vlna \u2014 deformace povrchu diskontinuity, projevuj\u00edc\u00ed se nez\u00e1visle na povrchu zem\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Uveden\u00e9 typy vlnov\u00e9 deformace vzdu\u0161n\u00e9ho proudu se \u010dasto prozrazuj\u00ed vlnovou obla\u010dnost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak m\u00edv\u00e1, a to hlavn\u011b ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch hladin\u00e1ch, zcela toto\u017en\u00fd vzhled. V takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u00adpadech pom\u016f\u017ee pilotovi jen variometr a znalost charakteru turbulence. Z nedostatku t\u00e9to znalosti byly a jsou zp\u016fsobo\u00adv\u00e1ny mnoh\u00e9 \u201enevysv\u011btliteln\u00e9&#8221; leteck\u00e9 nehody.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prostor vlny je rozd\u011blen velikost\u00ed a smyslem vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017eky proud\u011bn\u00ed na \u010dty\u0159i p\u00e1sma. Nucen\u00e9 kmit\u00e1n\u00ed vzdu\u0161n\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic ve vlnov\u00e9m proudu zp\u016fsobuje v p\u00e1smech nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdkyvu adiabatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny teploty. M\u011b\u0159en\u00edm teplot v r\u016fzn\u00fdch hladin\u00e1ch p\u00e1sem je mo\u017en\u00e9 stanovit velikost amplitudy vln a jej\u00ed zm\u011bnu s v\u00fd\u0161kou.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">K m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed se obvykle pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 radiosond, av\u0161ak v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vlny za p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou, je v\u011btro\u0148; jeho provoz nen\u00ed n\u00e1kladn\u00fd a dosa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed jsou spolehliv\u00e9. M\u011b\u0159it s v\u011btron\u011bm lze v pravideln\u00fdch intervalech \u010dasov\u00fdch nebo v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fdch. Pozorovan\u00e9 \u00fadaje se zapisuj\u00ed do zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho formul\u00e1\u0159e, kter\u00fd je upraven tak, aby m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pilota co nejm\u00e9n\u011b zat\u00ed\u017eilo.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u0161eobecn\u00fdm zaveden\u00edm formul\u00e1\u0159e se pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vlnov\u00e9ho proud\u011bn\u00ed sjednot\u00ed a nav\u00edc se v rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku vyu\u017eij\u00ed sportovn\u00ed plachtov\u00e9 lety jako zdroj cenn\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch informac\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dr Z. Gregor (Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>V\u00fdsledky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9ho v\u011btru v Poprad\u011b.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro prognosy i vlastn\u00ed leteck\u00fd provoz jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 t. zv. pilotovac\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed sm\u011bru a rychlosti v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9ho v\u011btru. P\u0159i tom je v\u0161ak nutno v\u011bd\u011bt, jak dalece je m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch stanic, ovliv\u0148ovan\u00fdch okoln\u00edm ter\u00e9nem, representativn\u00ed. Z toho d\u016f\u00advodu se na stanici nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd v\u00edtr srovn\u00e1v\u00e1 s ide\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u011btrem gradientov\u00fdm.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tak byla porovn\u00e1na m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ze stanice Poprad (700 m n. m.). \u0160lo o ur\u010den\u00ed vlivu zna\u010dn\u011b vysok\u00fdch a bl\u00edzk\u00fdch horsk\u00fdch p\u00e1sem. Bylo pou\u017eito map topografie t\u0159\u00ed isobarick\u00fdch ploch. Zpracovaly se p\u0159\u00edpady za t\u0159i m\u011bs\u00edce roku 1954, p\u0159\u00edpady ne\u00adur\u010dit\u00e9 se vylou\u010dily. Zkouman\u00fd term\u00edn rann\u00ed odpov\u00edd\u00e1 04,00 h, term\u00edn odpoledn\u00ed 16,00 h.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V prvn\u00ed zpracovan\u00e9 hladin\u011b, 1000 m n. m. podle barick\u00e9ho pole p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed mapy, je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 rann\u00ed odchylka v\u011btru 61\u00b0 pro sm\u011br a 1,7 m\/sec pro rychlost. V odpoledn\u00edm term\u00ednu je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 odchylka 45\u00b0 a 21 m\/sec. U obou term\u00edn\u016f se p\u0159i rychlosti nejv\u00edce projevuje brzd\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek hor.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve druh\u00e9 zpracovan\u00e9 hladin\u011b, t. j. v hladin\u011b 850 mb, je\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ce 1500 m n. m., je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 rann\u00ed odchylka 29\u00b0 pro sm\u011br a 2,0 m\/sec pro rychlost. V odpoledn\u00edm term\u00ednu je pr\u016fm\u011br 31\u00b0 a 28 m\/sec.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve t\u0159et\u00ed zpracovan\u00e9 hladin\u011b, t. j. v hladin\u011b 700 mb., je\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ce 3000 m n. m., je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 rann\u00ed odchylka 13\u00b0 pro sm\u011br a 1,4 m\/sec pro rychlost. V odpoledn\u00edm term\u00ednu je pr\u016fm\u011br 18\u00b0 a 1,2 m\/sec. V t\u00e9to hladin\u011b je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 odchylka obou slo\u017eek v\u011btru nejmen\u0161\u00ed. Odpoledn\u00ed odchylka sm\u011bru je zv\u011bt\u0161ena vlivem thermick\u00e9 turbulence.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed fysik\u00e1ln\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed vliv\u016f, omezuj\u00edc\u00edch representativnost v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u011btr\u016f v Poprad\u011b, vy\u017eaduje zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed del\u0161\u00edch pozorovac\u00edch \u0159ad a v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho mno\u017estv\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prof. Dr Ing. V. Nov\u00e1k a Ing. V. Havl\u00ed\u010dek (Vysok\u00e1 \u0161kola zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 v Brn\u011b):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Pot\u0159eba unifikace metod klimatick\u00e9ho prostorov\u00e9ho pr\u016fzkumu.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Klimatick\u00fd pr\u016fzkum se st\u00e1v\u00e1 hlavn\u00ed oporou architekt\u016f a hygienik\u016f p\u0159i pl\u00e1novac\u00edch a regula\u010dn\u00edch akc\u00edch. Je v podstat\u011b budov\u00e1n na klimatick\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch, shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdch u Hydro\u00admeteorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu. Na pr\u016fzkumu se pod\u00edlej\u00ed i r\u016fzn\u00e9 slo\u017eky jin\u00e9. Tu se v\u0161ak nar\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na nejednotnost \u00fapravy pr\u016fz\u00adkumu. V klimatick\u00e9 charakteristice p\u0159i\u0161ly u n\u00e1s doposud v \u00favahu metody Gregora, Stru\u017eky, Mrkose a Hlav\u00e1\u010de.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Metoda Gregorova je z\u00e1kladem v\u0161ech metod dal\u0161\u00edch. Jde v n\u00ed o zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed klimatick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f ve form\u011b vhodn\u00e9 pro osidlovac\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely a d\u00e1le v klasifikaci m\u00edstn\u00edch pom\u011br\u016f bioklimatick\u00fdch. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se pl\u00e1n\u016f 1: 10 000, na nich\u017e se jednotliv\u00e9 plochy ozna\u010duj\u00ed bio klimatick\u00fdmi bonitami 1 a\u017e 5. Z\u00e1kladem jsou pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed stanice.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Proto\u017ee meteorologick\u00e9 stanice ve m\u011bstech b\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u010dasto r\u016fzn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ovlivn\u011bny, doporu\u010duje Stru\u017eka v\u00fdb\u011br stanic bez m\u00edstn\u00edch vliv\u016f, p\u0159i \u010dem\u017e bere p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd z\u0159etel k nadmo\u0159\u00adsk\u00fdm v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1m. Podle Stru\u017eky posta\u010duje prov\u00e1d\u011bt pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed jen za ur\u010dit\u00fdch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch situac\u00ed. Inversn\u00edm poloh\u00e1m je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1n v\u00fdznam hlavn\u011b s hlediska zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho, ne v\u0161ak p\u0159i v\u00fdstavb\u011b obytn\u00fdch st\u0159edisek.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mrkos se op\u00edr\u00e1 o znaky a tvar ter\u00e9nu a p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed map speci\u00e1ln\u00edch. Vhodn\u00e9 svahy jsou vyzna\u010deny barevn\u011b. N\u011bkter\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 bioklimatick\u00e9 prvky jsou v\u0161ak p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eeny, zna\u010den\u00ed je n\u011bkdy nejasn\u00e9. Optim\u00e1ln\u00ed a pessim\u00e1ln\u00ed polohy ne\u00adjsou podep\u0159eny n\u00e1le\u017eit\u00fdmi klimatick\u00fdmi hodnotami.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Metoda Hlav\u00e1\u010dova pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 map v m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku 1:200000 a rozd\u011bluje \u00fazem\u00ed na oblasti, ve kter\u00fdch podle pot\u0159eby uv\u00e1d\u00ed nav\u00edc hodnoty z m\u00edstn\u00edch meteorologick\u00fdch stanic. Po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 s nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161kou a zab\u00fdv\u00e1 se tak\u00e9 vlivem klimatu na v\u00fdnos zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch plodin.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Metoda, pou\u017eit\u00e1 Nov\u00e1kem a Havl\u00ed\u010dkem pro klimatografii jihlavsk\u00e9ho kraje, se op\u00edr\u00e1 o zku\u0161enosti Gregorovy a Stru\u017ekovy a je nav\u00edc dopln\u011bna ur\u010dit\u00fdm statistick\u00fdm a klimatick\u00fdm materi\u00e1lem. Zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed fenologick\u00fdch a bioklimatick\u00fdch hodnot bylo zam\u011b\u0159eno hlavn\u011b na zem\u011bd\u011blskou v\u00fdrobu, p\u0159i\u00adpojen byl i p\u0159ehled meliora\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1vrh\u016f. Dopl\u0148kem je soubor map v m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku 1: 5000, charakterisuj\u00edc\u00edch klima \u010dty\u0159 m\u011bst. Na rozd\u00edl od Gregora se jednotliv\u00e9 plochy neklasifikuj\u00ed klimaticko-bonitn\u00edmi stupni. Ve zna\u010dk\u00e1ch a barv\u00e1ch jsou n\u011bkter\u00e9 odchylky od b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho klimatografick\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vzhledem k v\u00fdznamu klimatick\u00e9ho prostorov\u00e9ho pr\u016fzkumu je \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed vypracovat jednotn\u00fd metodick\u00fd postup v\u010detn\u011b zna\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159edat jej v\u0161em zainteresovan\u00fdm slo\u017ek\u00e1m.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dr J. P\u00edch\u00e1 (Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Zm\u011bna klimatu ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b za posledn\u00edch 175 let.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podkladem k t\u00e9to \u00favaze byla dlouholet\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teplot na hv\u011bzd\u00e1rn\u011b v Klementinu v Praze. Byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na p\u0159ede\u00adv\u0161\u00edm pozornost charakteristice zim za uva\u017eovan\u00e9 obdob\u00ed. P\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed materi\u00e1lu bylo pou\u017eito Hellmannova krit\u00e9ria, je\u017e charakterisuje zimu pomoc\u00ed sou\u010dt\u016f v\u0161ech denn\u00edch pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f pod nulou v obdob\u00ed 151 dn\u016f mezi 1. listopadem a posledn\u00edm b\u0159eznem.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podle tohoto hlediska byla tedy nejdrsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zima v\u016fbec v roce 1829\/30. V t\u00e9to zim\u011b bylo 96 dn\u016f, tedy v\u00edce ne\u017e t\u0159i m\u011bs\u00edce, kdy celodenn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011bry byly pod nulou, a z toho 21 dn\u016f bylo s teplotami^ \u2014 10 \u00b0C. Nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed denn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br byl \u2014 21,1 \u00b0C a absolutn\u00ed minima \u2014 27,5 \u00b0C. Nejteplej\u0161\u00ed zima se vyskytla v roce 1793\/94, kdy celkov\u00fd sou\u010det z\u00e1porn\u00fdch pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f \u010din\u00ed jen 8 \u00b0C. V t\u00e9to zim\u011b bylo jen p\u011bt dn\u016f se z\u00e1por\u00adn\u00fdmi denn\u00edmi pr\u016fm\u011bry, a z toho t\u0159i v prosinci a dva bled\u00adnu. Nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed denn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br byl pouze \u2014 2,7 \u00b0C, za to v\u0161ak by\u00adlo 22 dn\u016f s pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdmi teplotami vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi ne\u017e + 6 \u00b0C.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Aby byla z\u00edsk\u00e1na n\u00e1zorn\u00e1 p\u0159edstava o dlouholet\u00e9m pr\u016f\u00adb\u011bhu zim, byla sestrojena k\u0159ivka pomoc\u00ed jeden\u00e1ctilet\u00fdch a p\u011btadvacetilet\u00fdch klouzav\u00fdch pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f. Hodnoty vzta\u017een\u00e9 na dlouhodob\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br (175 let) vymezuj\u00ed na k\u0159ivce obdob\u00ed tepl\u00e1 a studen\u00e1. Prvn\u00ed obdob\u00ed tepl\u00fdch zim za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 kolem roku 1791 a trv\u00e1 do roku 1825. Druh\u00e9 sah\u00e1 od roku 1899 do roku 1937. P\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed byla studen\u00e1 s vrcholem kolem roku 1850. Ve dvac\u00e1t\u00e9m stolet\u00ed bylo za\u00adznamen\u00e1no jen p\u011bt drsn\u00fdch zim a to zima v roce 1928\/29, 39\/40, 40\/41, 41\/42 a 46\/47. Zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00fd po\u010det extr\u00e9mn\u00edch zim p\u0159ipadl na konec prvn\u00ed poloviny dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, a p\u0159ipust\u00edme-li analogick\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh sekul\u00e1rn\u00edho chodu zim v budouc\u00adnosti jako v minulosti, zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee obdob\u00ed tepl\u00fdch zim skon\u010dilo a \u017ee m\u00e1me p\u0159ed sebou pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b dlouh\u00e9 obdob\u00ed s pod\u00adnorm\u00e1ln\u00edmi zimn\u00edmi teplotami.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00fdskyt extr\u00e9mn\u00edch zim byl zkoum\u00e1n tak\u00e9 ve vztahu ke slune\u010dn\u00ed \u010dinnosti; v\u00fdsledek potvrdil dnes ji\u017e v\u0161eobecn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fd fakt, \u017ee drsn\u00e9 zimy se vyskytuj\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v dob\u00e1ch kolem maxim a minim slune\u010dn\u00edch skvrn.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ( J. p.)<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dr F. Rein (\u00dastav pro meteorologii a klimatologii Karlovy university):<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Vliv ter\u00e9nu na po\u010det sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dn\u00ed.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ter\u00e9n p\u016fsob\u00ed na mno\u017estv\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek hlavn\u011b dv\u011bma zp\u016fsoby. Je to jednak celkov\u00fd vzr\u016fst sr\u00e1\u017eek s rostouc\u00ed nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161kou, d\u00e1le n\u00e1v\u011btrn\u00e1 \u010di z\u00e1v\u011btrn\u00e1 poloha uva\u017eovan\u00e9ho m\u00edsta vzhledem k p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edmu sou\u010dasn\u00e9mu proud\u011bn\u00ed v atmo\u00adsf\u00e9\u0159e.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tato pr\u00e1ce se sna\u017e\u00ed dok\u00e1zat, jak a nakolik se analogick\u00e9 vlivy projevuj\u00ed i v po\u010dtu dn\u00ed se sr\u00e1\u017ekami. K tomu byl vybr\u00e1n sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00fd materi\u00e1l z \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cech, t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se sr\u00e1\u017eek nej\u00adm\u00e9n\u011b 1,0 mm a 10,0 mm za obdob\u00ed 1901 a\u017e 1930.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti mezi nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161kou a po\u010dtem sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dn\u00ed bylo pou\u017eito grafick\u00e9 korela\u010dn\u00ed metody \u0160alamonovy. Ta byla zjednodu\u0161ena tak, \u017ee se uvedly hranice p\u00e1s\u016f, obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch kolem st\u0159edn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmky 50 \u00b0\/<sub>0<\/sub> a 75 \u00b0\/<sub>0<\/sub> hodnot zachycen\u00fdch v grafu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Oblasti s projevuj\u00edc\u00edm se vlivem n\u00e1v\u011bt\u0159\u00ed a z\u00e1v\u011bt\u0159\u00ed na po\u010det sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dn\u00ed byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny n\u00e1sledovn\u011b: z klimatografick\u00fdch tabulek byl pro ka\u017edou stanici vypo\u010dten po\u010det dn\u00ed se sr\u00e1\u017ekami nejm\u00e9n\u011b 1,0 a 10,0 mm pro zimn\u00ed a letn\u00ed \u010dtvrtlet\u00ed; pak byl stanoven pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd po\u010det sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dn\u00ed a odchylka od n\u011bho. Oblasti, v nich\u017e se po\u010det sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dn\u00ed abnorm\u00e1ln\u011b li\u0161il od st\u0159edn\u00ed hodnoty, jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za oblasti, v nich\u017e p\u016fsob\u00ed ter\u00e9nn\u00ed vlivy. Tyto oblasti jsou zakresleny do map.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Grafick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed ukazuje, \u017ee po\u010dtu sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dn\u00ed p\u0159i\u00adb\u00fdv\u00e1 s nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161kou line\u00e1rn\u011b jako sr\u00e1\u017eek. P\u0159i studiu vzr\u016fstu sr\u00e1\u017eek s nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161kou byly v\u0161ak nalezeny dv\u011b oblasti, v nich\u017e platily z\u00e1vislosti r\u016fzn\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Celkov\u011b se ukazuje, \u017ee v zimn\u00edm \u010dtvrtlet\u00ed se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed kladnou anom\u00e1li\u00ed po\u010dtu dn\u00ed se sr\u00e1\u017ekami aspo\u0148 1,0 mm i 10,0 mm vesm\u011bs oblasti, le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na n\u00e1v\u011btrn\u00e9 stran\u011b hor a pahorkatin vzhledem k p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edmu z\u00e1padn\u00edmu proud\u011bn\u00ed. V letn\u00edm \u010dtvrtlet\u00ed je zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st sr\u00e1\u017eek p\u016fvodu konvektivn\u00edho, av\u0161ak i takov\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky jsou ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1ny vynucen\u00fdmi vertik\u00e1ln\u00edmi pohyby vzduchov\u00fdch hmot. Kladn\u00e1 anom\u00e1lie se projevuje v oblastech t\u00e9ho\u017e charakteru jako v p\u0159edchoz\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, z\u00e1porn\u00e1 jednak v z\u00e1v\u011btrn\u00fdch oblastech, jednak v n\u00ed\u017ein\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z uveden\u00e9ho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee po\u010det sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dn\u00ed podl\u00e9h\u00e1 ter\u00e9nn\u00edm vliv\u016fm podobn\u011b jako sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny; v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e1 z\u00e1vislost nen\u00ed sice tak jasn\u00e1 jako u mno\u017estv\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek, zato vlivy n\u00e1v\u011bt\u0159\u00ed a z\u00e1v\u011bt\u0159\u00ed jsou velmi z\u0159eteln\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V. Briedo\u0148:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>O v\u00fd\u0161ke snehovej pokr\u00fdvky na Hornej Orav\u011b.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">O v\u00fd\u0161ce sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky rozhoduje n\u011bkolik \u010dinitel\u016f, z nich\u017e podstatn\u00fdmi jsou r\u016fzn\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 prvky. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm je v\u00edtr, kter\u00fd p\u0159emis\u0165uje masy sn\u011bhu jak p\u0159i sn\u011b\u017een\u00ed, tak ze sn\u011bhu ji\u017e le\u017e\u00edc\u00edho.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro rozbor v\u00fd\u0161ky sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky na Horn\u00ed Orav\u011b byla pou\u017eita m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed za obdob\u00ed 1921 \u20141951 a to z osmi vhodn\u011b rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch stanic. Zastoupeny jsou v\u0161echny charakteristick\u00e9 polohy s pr\u016fm\u011brnou v\u00fd\u0161kou od 600 do 950 m mer.<\/span><\/p><\/div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Chod v jednotliv\u00fdch zimn\u00edch obdob\u00edch na vybran\u00fdch stanic\u00edch potvrzuje pravidlo o p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky s rostouc\u00ed nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161kou. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu uva\u017eova\u00adn\u00fdch 30 let se nejbohat\u011bji projevila zima 1923\/1924, kdy v\u0161echny oravsk\u00e9 stanice zaznamenaly maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed sumy v\u00fd\u0161ky pokr\u00fdvky, pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se zhruba mezi 5 \u2014 11 tis\u00edci cm. Za nej-chud\u0161\u00ed na sn\u00edh lze pova\u017eovat zimu 1932\/1933, kdy se sumy v\u00fd\u0161ky pohybovaly mezi 700 \u20141400 cm.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z r\u016fzn\u00fdch srovn\u00e1n\u00ed vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee sn\u011bhovou pokr\u00fdvku \u2014 zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch \u2014 lze v na\u0161ich krajin\u00e1ch pova\u017eovat za nejprom\u011bnliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed klimatick\u00fd prvek. N\u00e1padn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly v su\u00adm\u00e1ch v\u00fd\u0161ky sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky v jednotliv\u00fdch zimn\u00edch obdo\u00adb\u00edch mezi nejv\u00fd\u0161e a nejn\u00ed\u017ee polo\u017eenou pozorovac\u00ed stanic\u00ed nelze od\u016fvodnit jen rozd\u00edlem v nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce, ale t\u00e9\u017e v rozd\u00edlnosti zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch poloh obou stanic.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mnohalet\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br v\u00fd\u0161ky sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky se charakterisuje bu\u010f jako \u201epr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka sn\u011bhu&#8221; (Korhonen) nebo jako \u201epr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky&#8221;. Sov\u011bt\u0161t\u00ed klimatologov\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b jin\u00e9 charakteristiky, kter\u00e1 je velmi v\u00fd\u00adsti\u017en\u00e1, ale vy\u017eaduje zna\u010dn\u00fdch statistick\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f. V t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci se proto pou\u017eilo methody Korhonenovy, dopln\u011bn\u00e9 hod\u00adnotami pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9ho v\u00fdskytu v jednotliv\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch. Tato pravd\u011bpodobnost byla z\u00edsk\u00e1na tak, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd po\u010det dn\u00ed se sn\u011bhovou pokr\u00fdvkou o v\u00fd\u0161ce 1 cm a v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed byl vyj\u00e1d\u0159en v procentech v\u0161ech dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f a cel\u00e9ho zimn\u00edho obdob\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edpady nahodil\u00e9ho v\u00fdskytu sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky mimo pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed sn\u011bhov\u00e9ho krytu jsou vyj\u00e1d\u0159eny numericky. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch poklesech pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky se odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed projev zn\u00e1m\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch singularit, kter\u00e9 by si vy\u017e\u00e1daly zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho studia.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u0158ady p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f n\u00e1zorn\u011b ud\u00e1vaj\u00ed ro\u010dn\u00ed chod sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky v r\u016fzn\u00fdch stanic\u00edch cel\u00e9 Horn\u00ed Oravy. Porovn\u00e1n\u00edm map plo\u0161\u00adn\u00e9ho rozd\u011blen\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky se ukazuje, \u017ee oravsk\u00e1 kotlina pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nejbohat\u0161\u00ed oblasti na sn\u00edh v cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. J. Martinec:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Automatick\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed hustoty sn\u011bhu radioaktivn\u00edmi isotopy.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00dadaje o vodn\u00ed hodnot\u011b sn\u011bhov\u00e9 vrstvy jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm pod\u00adkladem k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed mnoha hydrologick\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f. Dosavadn\u00ed metody m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed poskytuj\u00ed jen kus\u00e9 informace. Zlep\u0161en\u00ed v tomto sm\u011bru umo\u017enilo zp\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bn\u00ed um\u011bl\u00fdch radioaktivn\u00edch isotop\u016f, s jejich\u017e pomoc\u00ed lze z\u00edskat po\u017eadovan\u00e9 \u00fadaje samo\u010dinn\u011b kdy\u00adkoli b\u011bhem sezony a to i na del\u0161\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se k tomu elektromagnetick\u00e9ho kmit\u00e1n\u00ed o velmi vysok\u00e9m kmito\u010dtu, zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho jako paprsky gamma. Tyto paprsky mohou pronikat i siln\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi vrstvami r\u016fzn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, p\u0159i \u010dem\u017e ur\u010dit\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed je l\u00e1tkou pohlcov\u00e1na. Line\u00e1rn\u00ed absorp\u010dn\u00ed koeficient je pro danou l\u00e1tku, dokud tato nep\u0159ejde do jin\u00e9ho skupenstv\u00ed, konstantn\u00ed. D\u011bl\u00edme-li zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd koeficient p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nou hustotou l\u00e1tky, dostaneme hmotov\u00fd koeficient absorpce, kter\u00fd je konstantn\u00ed i bez ohledu na skupenstv\u00ed. Toho lze s v\u00fdhodou pou\u017e\u00edt p\u0159i m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vrstvy sn\u011bhu, kde na\u00adm\u011b\u0159en\u00fd \u00fabytek intensity z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed gamma je p\u0159\u00edmo funkc\u00ed vodn\u00edho ekvivalentu t\u00e9to vrstvy v okam\u017eiku m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. K do\u00adsa\u017een\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9ho v\u00fdsledku mus\u00ed b\u00fdt z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed monochromatick\u00e9, paprsky mus\u00ed b\u00fdt na m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstroji dob\u0159e usm\u011brn\u011bny a od nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 intensity z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nutno ode\u010d\u00edt t. zv. kosmick\u00e9 pozad\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vhodnou l\u00e1tkou k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed sn\u011bhov\u00e9 vrstvy je um\u011bl\u00fd radio\u00adaktivn\u00ed kobalt, kter\u00fd krom\u011b jin\u00e9ho vyza\u0159uje dvoj\u00ed paprsky gamma. Hod\u00ed se k dan\u00e9mu \u00fa\u010delu, proto\u017ee jeho paprsky maj\u00ed dostate\u010dnou energii, aby pod\u00e1valy pro vodu prakticky po\u00adu\u017eiteln\u00fd koeficient absorpce; krom\u011b toho je jeho polo\u010das p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b dlouh\u00fd. Vrstva 10 cm vody pohlt\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 polovinu z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vodn\u00ed hodnotu vrstvy sn\u011bhu zjist\u00edme tak, \u017ee pod vrstvu um\u00edst\u00edme zdroj z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed gamma a nad vrstvu vhodn\u00fd detektor, kter\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159\u00edme intensity z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. V cizin\u011b bylo t\u00e9to metody \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b pou\u017eito tak, \u017ee dv\u011b \u010d\u00e1stice radioaktivn\u00edho kobaltu byly vlo\u017eeny do olov\u011bn\u00e9ho obalu a um\u00edst\u011bny v \u00farovni ter\u00e9nu. \u0160t\u011brbina obalu propou\u0161t\u011bla \u00fazk\u00fd ku\u017eel paprsk\u016f sm\u011brem vzh\u016fru proti Geiger-M\u00fcllerov\u011b trubici, upevn\u011bn\u00e9 asi o 4,5 m v\u00fd\u0161e. P\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e1 zm\u011bna charakteristiky t\u00e9to trubice byla kompensov\u00e1na pomoc\u00ed standardn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed beta.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kalibra\u010dn\u00ed pokusy byly prov\u00e1d\u011bny se sn\u011bhem r\u016fzn\u00e9 hustoty. Doba m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed odpov\u00eddala 2 \u2014 10 minut\u00e1m, pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e1 chyba medi\u00e1n\u016f z opakovan\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a\u017e do vodn\u00ed hodnoty vrstvy 70 cm nep\u0159esahovala 1,5 %.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Popsan\u00e1 metoda se prakticky osv\u011bd\u010dila. Ve spojem s radiokomuna\u010dn\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm a po uplatn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch zdravotn\u011b-bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed by bylo mo\u017eno takto m\u011b\u0159it vodn\u00ed hodnotu sn\u011bhu i na m\u00edstech v zim\u011b nep\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fdch. Uva\u017euje se o uplatn\u011bn\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e p\u0159i jin\u00fdch probl\u00e9mech, jako t\u0159eba p\u0159i m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pohybu hrub\u00fdch splavenin v \u0159ek\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prof. Dr M. Kon\u010dek, \u010dlen korespondent SAV:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>\u00dalohy klimatologie v r\u00e1mci geografick\u00fdch vied v \u010cSR.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pohled do d\u011bjin klimatologie potvrzuje, \u017ee tato v\u011bdeck\u00e1 disciplina se vyv\u00edjela zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v druh\u00e9 polovici minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed jako sou\u010d\u00e1st fysick\u00e9ho zem\u011bpisu. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed zem\u011bpisci t\u00e9 doby, jako t\u0159eba Vojejkov, polo\u017eili vlastn\u011b sv\u00fdmi klimatologick\u00fdmi pracemi z\u00e1klady pro v\u00fdvoj meteorologie. Dnes meteorologie tvo\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00ed v\u011bdn\u00ed discipl\u00ednu a klimatologii je t\u0159eba pova\u017eovat jen za tu jej\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st, kter\u00e1 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 poznatky vztahuje na del\u0161\u00ed dobu a r\u016fzn\u00e9 prostory.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b klimatologie je st\u00e1le pevn\u00fdm mostem mezi meteorologi\u00ed a rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edm se zem\u011bpisem, a lze ji dokonce beze sporu pova\u017eovat za jednu z geografick\u00fdch discipl\u00edn. Je\u0161t\u011b do ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 zem\u011bpisci zasahovali do ot\u00e1zek klimatologie, ani\u017e by m\u011bli hlub\u0161\u00ed \u0161kolen\u00ed. V\u00fdsledkem takov\u00fdch z\u00e1sah\u016f byly v\u011bt\u0161inou jen p\u0159evzat\u00e9 popisy klimatick\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f, po\u00adstr\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho vysv\u011btlen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dne\u0161n\u00ed klimatologie je vybudov\u00e1na na souhrnn\u00fdch poznat\u00adc\u00edch modern\u00ed meteorologie. Ka\u017ed\u00fd geograf, kter\u00fd se chce v\u011bnovat klimatick\u00fdm ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m, mus\u00ed proto ovl\u00e1dat z\u00e1klady meteorologie v\u010detn\u011b pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch matematicko-fysik\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u011bdomost\u00ed. Nejlep\u0161\u00edm dokladem tohoto n\u00e1zoru je rozd\u011blen\u00ed studia na geografick\u00fdch fakult\u00e1ch Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu, kde klimatologie s meteorologi\u00ed jsou jedn\u00edm z obor\u016f specialisace pro geografy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Snaha upravit obdobn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ky pro na\u0161e geografy se objevila ji\u017e asi p\u0159ed p\u011bti l\u00e9ty, kdy byl kladen d\u016fraz na osvojen\u00ed si cirkula\u010dn\u00edho mechanismu atmosf\u00e9ry a d\u00e1le na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed metody statistick\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed klimatologick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Praxe uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee v r\u00e1mci souborn\u00e9ho studia fysick\u00e9ho zem\u011bpisu nen\u00ed dostatek \u010dasu k v\u00fdchov\u011b odborn\u00fdch klimatolog\u016f. Proto\u017ee se v\u0161ak na Slovensku vy\u00adskytla pot\u0159eba t\u011bchto specialist\u016f a sou\u010dasn\u011b hydrolog\u016f, bylo navr\u017eeno z\u0159\u00eddit na Geologicko-geografick\u00e9 fakult\u011b Slovensk\u00e9 university samostatn\u00e9 studium klimatologie a hydrologie. Tato studijn\u00ed v\u011btev byla schv\u00e1lena a leto\u0161n\u00edm rokem uvedena v \u017eivot. Je p\u0159ekvapuj\u00edc\u00ed, \u017ee v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch byly po\u017eadavky na pot\u0159ebu provozn\u00edch klimatolog\u016f a hydrolog\u016f minim\u00e1ln\u00ed, a \u017ee ani Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav neprojevil z\u00e1jem o roz\u00ad\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed sv\u00fdch odborn\u00fdch klimatologick\u00fdch k\u00e1dr\u016f s vysoko\u00ad\u0161kolsk\u00fdm vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Absolventi nov\u00e9ho studijn\u00edho sm\u011bru Slovensk\u00e9 university budou m\u00edt krom\u011b v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed geografick\u00e9ho znalosti tak\u00e9 v t\u011bch oborech, pro kter\u00e9 dosavadn\u00ed v\u00fduka dosud ne\u00adposkytovala \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f. Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee v budouc\u00adnosti se pole praktick\u00e9 p\u016fsobnosti nov\u00fdch absolvent\u016f univer\u00adsity k v\u0161eobecn\u00e9mu prosp\u011bchu podstatn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pojedn\u00e1n\u00ed o hydrologick\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti konference a z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 usnesen\u00ed budou uve\u0159ejn\u011bny v jednom z p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch \u010d\u00edsel.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Hu., MZ 1954\/6, ro\u010dn\u00edk 7, str. 141-152<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ea4c0c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ea4c0c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-da4bb28\" data-id=\"da4bb28\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-773af9b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"773af9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1761f73 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1761f73\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-da4a83c\" data-id=\"da4a83c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f57a65a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f57a65a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><h2><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>III. CELOST\u00c1TN\u00cd HYDROMETEOROLOGICK\u00c1 KONFERENCE<\/strong><\/span><\/h2><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>(Pr\u016fb\u011bh jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v hydrologick\u00e9 sekci a z\u00e1v\u011br konference.)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Odpoledne ve st\u0159edu dne 22. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1954 zah\u00e1jila po\u0159ad refer\u00e1t\u016f sekce hydrologick\u00e1. Vedouc\u00ed Ing. Lorenz v \u00favodu upozornil na v\u00fdzna\u010dnost refer\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly b\u00fdt p\u0159edneseny, po\u017e\u00e1dal \u00fa\u010dast\u00adn\u00edky konference, aby jim v\u011bnovali pozornost a diskusn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u00adsp\u011bvky zam\u011b\u0159ili k jasn\u00fdm z\u00e1v\u011br\u016fm tak, aby se mohly pojmout do konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch usnesen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Refer\u00e1ty seznamovaly v\u0161estrann\u011b s \u00fakoly hydrologie, jak je \u0159e\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1jmu praktick\u00e9ho pou\u017eit\u00ed pro vodn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, a to nejen v oboru vod povrchov\u00fdch a podzemn\u00edch, n\u00fdbr\u017e t\u00e9\u017e v oboru plavenin un\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch vodou a splavenin sunut\u00fdch po dn\u011b; se\u00adznamovaly, v jak\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e p\u016fsob\u00ed les na zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod jednak p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm zejm\u00e9na zimn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek, jednak nep\u0159\u00edmo zabra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm erose. Zab\u00fdvaly se \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm pra\u00adcovn\u00edch metod, hodnocen\u00edm pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch m\u011brn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a seznamovaly s dosavadn\u00edmi v\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">K zevrubn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed informaci se uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed v\u00fdtahy jednotliv\u00fdch refer\u00e1t\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Doc. Ing. Dr Jan Novotn\u00fd, nositel \u0158\u00e1du pr\u00e1ce:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Hydrologie v\u011bdeck\u00fdm z\u00e1kladem vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Voda jako pouh\u00e1 l\u00e1tka je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u017eiv\u00e9 hmoty a ne\u00adzbytnou podm\u00ednkou \u017eivota; jako surov\u00e1 hmota v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b je hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm statkem, kter\u00fd slou\u017e\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b a distribuci skute\u010dn\u00fdch hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch statk\u016f v zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a pr\u016fmyslu. Lidskou snahu, usiluj\u00edc\u00ed o co nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed u\u017eitku vodstva jako\u017e i ochrany p\u0159ed \u0161kodami j\u00edm zp\u016fsobovan\u00fdmi, naz\u00fdv\u00e1me vodn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00edm. V\u011bdeckou oporou vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed je obecn\u00e1 hydrologie, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed v\u011bda o vodstvu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vodn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed neboli hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s vodami je lidsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost, sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed k c\u00edli, aby \u010dlov\u011bk z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b vyu\u017eitkoval vod\u00adstvo pro vlastn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmou pot\u0159ebu a aby z\u00e1rove\u0148 se br\u00e1nil proti \u0161kodliv\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dink\u016fm j\u00edm zp\u016fsobovan\u00fdm. \u0158\u00edd\u00ed se z\u00e1sadou hos\u00adpod\u00e1rnosti za \u00fa\u010delem dosa\u017een\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdt\u011b\u017eku p\u0159i nejmen\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1maze se sou\u010dasn\u00fdm z\u0159etelem na str\u00e1nku technickou a racio\u00adn\u00e1ln\u00ed. Z\u00e1konem nab\u00eddky a popt\u00e1vky zaji\u0161\u0165uje obecn\u00e9 blaho. Princip d\u011blby pr\u00e1ce zaji\u0161\u0165uje \u00fa\u010delnou organisaci a schopn\u00fdm veden\u00edm. Vodn\u00ed z\u00e1konod\u00e1rstv\u00ed upravuje \u00fa\u010deln\u00fd postup ve vod\u00adn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed po str\u00e1nce pr\u00e1vn\u00ed a spr\u00e1vn\u00ed, bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed, dohl\u00e9dac\u00ed a trestn\u00ed, finan\u010dn\u00ed a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed. St\u00e1t jako vlastn\u00edk vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch hodnot \u0159\u00edd\u00ed i spr\u00e1vnou vodohospod\u00e1\u0159skou politiku.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Hydrologie \u2014 v\u011bdeck\u00fd z\u00e1klad vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed \u2014 je obecn\u00e1 v\u011bda o hydrosf\u00e9\u0159e zemsk\u00e9, tedy v\u011bda o ob\u011bhu vody na zem\u011bkouli. Vy\u0161et\u0159uje funkcion\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1vislost vody v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b na pom\u011brech pevn\u00e9 p\u016fdy, na stavu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a \u00fastrojenstva. Jako p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed v\u011bda mus\u00ed obs\u00e1hnouti p\u0159edm\u011bt v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed dokonale po v\u0161ech str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch, a soustavn\u011b v organisa\u010dn\u00edm \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed, co\u017e v\u0161e p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 soubor metodik a pracovn\u00edch zp\u016fsob\u016f, poznatk\u016f a z\u00e1kon\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch v\u011bd a nauk, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kon\u016f fysiky, chemie a fysiologie, matematiky a matematick\u00e9 statistiky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Rozezn\u00e1v\u00e1me: 1. hydrologii mo\u0159\u00ed, 2. hydrologii pevniny zemsk\u00e9, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 dv\u011b slo\u017eky: hydrologu povrchu zemsk\u00e9ho a hydrologii pozemn\u00edch vod. Pomocnou naukou je hydrometrie.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Hydrologie je v\u011bdou zku\u0161ebnou, empirickou, pokusnou. Pozoruje a m\u011b\u0159\u00ed jevy v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b, z v\u00fdsledk\u016f odvozuje poznatky, vztahy, analogie a z\u00e1kony zp\u016fsobem induktivn\u00edm. Podle zn\u00e1m\u00e9 minulosti \u010din\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bry na budoucnost. Pon\u011bvad\u017e obraz minu\u00adlosti je nehotov\u00fd, jsou hydrologick\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslice jen hrub\u011b relativn\u00ed bez z\u00e1ruky. Proto tak\u00e9 odpov\u011b\u010f se strany hydrologie na nej-optim\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdti jednozna\u010dn\u011b ur\u010dit\u00e1 a kone\u010dn\u011b nen\u00ed vzhledem na jin\u00e9 z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy technicko-hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9, bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed, finan\u010dn\u00ed, zdravot\u00adnick\u00e9 a jin\u00e9 jedin\u011b rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Do p\u016fvodn\u011b pouh\u00e9ho vodopisu vnik\u00e1 pozd\u011bji dynamika tok\u016f, studuj\u00ed se z\u00e1kony pohybu podzemn\u00edch vod, v\u00fdpar, vsakov\u00e1n\u00ed, spot\u0159eba vody rostlinstvem. Vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed se p\u0159edpov\u011bdi.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z d\u016fvodu ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho prosp\u011bchu a z\u00e1jmu stal se v\u00fdzkum vod\u00adstva jedn\u00edm z hlavn\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f st\u00e1t\u016f. Relgrand ve Francii ji\u017e v letech 1846 \u2014 1852 za\u0159izuje st\u00e1tn\u00ed vodopisnou slu\u017ebu pro Seinu. V ostatn\u00edch zem\u00edch, mezi n\u011b\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed i \u010cechy, ponejv\u00edce a\u017e po roku 1874\u20141875. V \u010cech\u00e1ch v roce 1875 zalo\u017eena hydro\u00adgrafick\u00e1 komise pro kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9, v n\u00ed\u017e sekci hydrometrickou \u0159\u00eddil profesor pra\u017esk\u00e9 techniky, \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd N\u011bmec Andreas Rudolf Harlacher, sekci ombrometrickou profesor matematiky na pra\u017esk\u00e9 universit\u011b Dr Fr. J. Studni\u010dka. Profesor Harlacher zdokonalil hydrometrickou vrtuli, za\u010dal bilancovat pr\u016ftoky v toc\u00edch a je ideov\u00fdm p\u016fvodcem p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed slu\u017eby o vodn\u00edch stavech na Labi pro \u00dast\u00ed n. L., D\u011b\u010d\u00edn a d\u00e1le a\u017e do Saska, kterou 1891 zavedl jeho n\u00e1stupce Ing. Richter.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V roce 1889 p\u0159e\u0161la \u010dinnost obou sekc\u00ed do hydrografick\u00e9ho odd\u011blen\u00ed technick\u00e9 kancel\u00e1\u0159e Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 rady a po z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Hydrografick\u00e9 \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159e ve V\u00eddni v roce 1893 bylo v roce 1896 hydrografick\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed zemsk\u00e9 v Praze p\u0159i\u010dlen\u011bno k pra\u017esk\u00e9mu m\u00edstodr\u017eitelstv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 republice byl z\u0159\u00edzen st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fastav hydrolo\u00adgick\u00fd jako \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed instituce a hydrografick\u00e1 odd\u011blen\u00ed u zemsk\u00fdch politick\u00fdch spr\u00e1v jako org\u00e1ny v\u00fdkonn\u00e9. Po osvobozen\u00ed v roce 1945 se Slovensko vybavilo je\u0161t\u011b vlastn\u00edm samostatn\u00fdm hydro-logick\u00fdm \u00fastavem vedle v\u00fdkonn\u00e9ho odd\u011blen\u00ed. Po reorganisaci lidov\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy 1. \u00fanora 1949 p\u0159e\u0161la hydrografick\u00e1 odd\u011blen\u00ed v Praze, v Brn\u011b a v Ostrav\u011b s nadkrajovou p\u016fsobnost\u00ed k tech\u00adnick\u00fdm refer\u00e1t\u016fm KNV. Dnem 1. \u00fanora 1951 vznikl V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd s p\u0159idru\u017eenou hydrologickou skupinou a od 1. \u010dervence 1952 bylo uvedeno v \u010dinnost Vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 rozvojov\u00e9 st\u0159edisko v Praze s pobo\u010dkami v Brn\u011b a v Ostrav\u011b a s oblastn\u00ed instituc\u00ed v Bratislav\u011b, ke kter\u00fdm p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00ed hydro\u00adgrafick\u00e1 odd\u011blen\u00ed jako samostatn\u00e9 skupiny.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kone\u010dn\u00e1 f\u00e1ze je spojen\u00ed slu\u017eby hydrologick\u00e9 se St\u00e1tn\u00edm \u00fastavem meteorologick\u00fdm v nov\u011b z\u0159izovan\u00e9m \u00dastavu hydro\u00admeteorologick\u00e9m, kter\u00fd je podle vl\u00e1dn\u00edho na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ze dne 27. listopadu 1953 \u010d. 96 \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm \u00fastavem pro obor meteorolo\u00adgie, klimatologie a hydrologie.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Intensivn\u00ed rozvoj vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a pom\u011brn\u011b vysok\u00fd stupe\u0148 jeho bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 opory hydrologie u n\u00e1s jsou v\u00fdsledkem pr\u00e1ce vodn\u00edch in\u017een\u00fdr\u016f. I kdy\u017e se klade do pop\u0159ed\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 \u010dinnost, je v\u017edy doprov\u00e1zena \u010dinnost\u00ed du\u0161evn\u00ed. Pozn\u00e1n\u00ed objek\u00adtivn\u00ed skute\u010dnosti vych\u00e1z\u00ed z praxe, jde p\u0159es bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed smyslov\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed k abstraktn\u00edmu my\u0161len\u00ed ve v\u011bd\u011b a odtud se zase vrac\u00ed zp\u011bt k praxi. Pon\u011bvad\u017e vodn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed posky\u00adtuje re\u00e1ln\u00fd obraz spojitosti p\u0159\u00edrody a hmotn\u00e9 a du\u0161evn\u00ed str\u00e1nky lidsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota, je spolu s hydrologi\u00ed velmi citliv\u00fdm ukazatelem na\u0161eho pokroku na cest\u011b k blahobytu.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. Hubert Angelini:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Vyhodnotenie povrchov\u00fdch vod pre vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dele.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podm\u00ednkou spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed ve vodn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed je spolehliv\u00e1 znalost na\u0161eho vodstva a jeho \u010dasov\u00fdch a prostoro\u00adv\u00fdch zm\u011bn, jak se projevuj\u00ed v jeho ob\u011bhu ve zp\u016fsobe sr\u00e1\u017eek, povrchov\u00e9ho i podzemn\u00edho odtoku. Z\u00e1kladem k tomu jsou v\u00fd\u00adsledky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek, pr\u016ftok\u016f a vodn\u00edch stav\u016f ve vhodn\u00fdch \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch profilech. Vodn\u00ed stavy jsou jen prost\u0159edkem k zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f, kter\u00e9 se vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00edm za \u010dasovou jednotku. Pr\u016ftok v ur\u010dit\u00e9m profilu vodn\u00edho toku d\u011blen\u00fd plochou p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161\u00adn\u00e9ho povod\u00ed je specifickou hodnotou, v\u00fdzna\u010dnou pro hydro\u00adlogick\u00fd charakter povod\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Soustavn\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f nen\u00ed pr\u00e1ce jednoduch\u00e1. Pr\u016f\u00adtoky na toc\u00edch si mus\u00ed vz\u00e1jemn\u011b odpov\u00eddat a b\u00fdt t\u00e9\u017e v souladu s p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami a v\u0161emi ztr\u00e1tami, kter\u00e9 jejich odtok ovlivnily. V\u00fdsledky statistick\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed stanoven\u00fdch pr\u016f\u00adtok\u016f za dlouh\u00e1 obdob\u00ed jsou z\u00e1kladem pro pozn\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch re\u017eim\u016f jednotliv\u00fdch tok\u016f a podkladem pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed vodohospo\u00add\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f. P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed hydrologick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu je t\u0159eba v\u017edy se p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010diti o jeho homogenit\u011b a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 odchylky p\u0159i\u00adm\u011b\u0159en\u011b uv\u00e1\u017eit.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Aby poznatky o pr\u016ftoc\u00edch byly representativn\u00ed, t. j. d\u00e1valy p\u0159ijatelnou bezpe\u010dnost pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f, je \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed, aby se vztahovaly na obdob\u00ed co nej del\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pom\u016fckou pro p\u0159em\u011bnu p\u0159\u00edmo ode\u010d\u00edtan\u00fdch vodn\u00edch stav\u016f na pr\u016ftoky je m\u011brn\u00e1 k\u0159ivka pr\u016ftok\u016f. Je to grafick\u00fd nebo \u010d\u00edseln\u00fd vztah mezi v\u00fd\u0161kou hladiny vodn\u00ed \u2014 vodn\u00edm stavem \u2014 a p\u0159\u00ed\u00adslu\u0161n\u00fdm pr\u016ftokem. Tento vztah s ohledem na zm\u011bnu pr\u016fto\u010d\u00adn\u00e9ho profilu vym\u00edl\u00e1n\u00edm dna, nebo jeho zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm n\u00e1nosy, um\u011bl\u00fdm vzdouv\u00e1n\u00edm hladin vodn\u00edch, ledov\u00fdmi z\u00e1cpami, za\u00adr\u016fst\u00e1n\u00edm b\u0159eh\u016f, dna, nen\u00ed st\u00e1l\u00fd. Proto je t\u0159eba dostate\u010dn\u00fdm hydrometrov\u00e1n\u00edm platnost m\u011brn\u00e9 k\u0159ivky kontrolovat, p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny odchylek zji\u0161\u0165ovat a p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b je pro \u00fapravu m\u011brn\u00e9 k\u0159ivky hodnotit.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vedle zm\u011bn pr\u016fto\u010dn\u00e9ho profilu, sp\u00e1du hladin n\u00e1sledkem zp\u011bt\u00adn\u00e9ho vzdut\u00ed nad pohybliv\u00fdmi jezy, \u00fast\u00edm velk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f, nad ledov\u00fdmi barierami, zarostl\u00fdm korytem, se uplat\u0148uj\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e odchylky pr\u016ftok\u016f od m\u011brn\u00e9 k\u0159ivky za nepermanentn\u00edho po\u00adhybu vody p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edvalech, a to na v\u011btvi stoupaj\u00edc\u00ed do v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch, na klesaj\u00edc\u00ed do men\u0161\u00edch hodnot.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tyto v\u0161echny odchylky a zm\u011bny podmi\u0148uj\u00ed velk\u00fd po\u010det hydrometrick\u00fdch zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f za r\u016fzn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch stav\u016f. Tato m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed t\u0159eba uskute\u010d\u0148ovat velmi rychle a pokud mo\u017eno sou\u010dasn\u011b v r\u016fzn\u00fdch profilech, co\u017e nar\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na nedostatek odborn\u011b \u0161kolen\u00fdch k\u00e1dr\u016f, p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho m\u011brn\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed a zejm\u00e9na dopravn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podm\u00ednkou spolehliv\u00e9ho vy\u010d\u00edslen\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f je dostate\u010dn\u011b \u010dast\u00e9 ode\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch stav\u016f, co\u017e je nejl\u00e9pe zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1no limnigrafy. Pro pr\u016ftoky v dob\u011b zamrzl\u00fdch hladin nebo zarostl\u00fdch koryt t\u0159eba zjistit p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdmi m\u011b\u0159en\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 odchylky od pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch m\u011brn\u00fdch k\u0159ivek a k\u0159ivky vhodn\u011b upravovat.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Hydrologick\u00e1 data, \u017e\u00e1dan\u00e1 pro toky bez p\u0159\u00edmo zji\u0161\u0165ovan\u00fdch poznatk\u016f, se stanovuj\u00ed podle sr\u00e1\u017eek a odtokov\u00fdch sou\u010dinitel\u016f, jak odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed charakteristick\u00fdm vlastnostem povod\u00ed. P\u0159i tom se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 analogi\u00ed a r\u016fzn\u00fdch empirick\u00fdch vzorc\u016f. Poznatky z dostate\u010dn\u011b hust\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b m\u00edst s p\u0159\u00edmo zji\u0161\u0165ovan\u00fdmi poznatky jsou p\u0159i tom podkladem pro konstrukci isolini\u00ed specifick\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f, podle nich\u017e se pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 hodnoty snadno stanov\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Je tedy hlavn\u00edm \u00fakolem slu\u017eby hydrologick\u00e9 \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b vyhod\u00adnotit v\u0161echen nashrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fd pozorovac\u00ed a m\u011brn\u00fd hydrolo\u00adgick\u00fd materi\u00e1l a nov\u00fdmi poznatky jej st\u00e1le dopl\u0148ovat a tak zaji\u0161\u0165ovat pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 hydrologick\u00e9 podklady pro vodohospo\u00add\u00e1\u0159skou v\u00fdstavbu p\u0159i budov\u00e1n\u00ed socialismu v na\u0161em st\u00e1t\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Docent Ing. Dr Alois Bratr\u00e1nek:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Mo\u017enosti p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f a jejich praktick\u00e9 vyu\u017eiti pro vltavsk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Budovan\u00e9 vltavsk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee s jejich dlouh\u00fdmi vzdut\u00edmi budou m\u00edti za n\u00e1sledek zkracov\u00e1n\u00ed postupov\u00fdch dob povodn\u00ed a t\u00edm znesnadn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed, sestavovan\u00fdch doposud na podklad\u011b pr\u016ftok\u016f z horn\u00edch stanic. Proto se naskytuje ot\u00e1zka, zda je mo\u017eno p\u0159edpov\u00eddat ze sr\u00e1\u017eek alespo\u0148 objem zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V refer\u00e1t\u011b bylo probr\u00e1no stru\u010dn\u011b p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f pomoc\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek a jeho kombinace s p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010fmi z vodo\u010detn\u00fdch stanic. Pou\u017eit byl sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00fd materi\u00e1l z patn\u00e1ctilet\u00ed 1923 a\u017e 1938 ze \u010dty\u0159 stanic rozd\u011blen\u00fdch v povod\u00ed Vltavy nad Slapy, a to pouze z ro\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed od 1. dubna do 31. \u0159\u00edjna.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pom\u011br mezi odtokem a sr\u00e1\u017ekou byl vyj\u00e1d\u0159en line\u00e1rn\u00edmi rov\u00adnicemi odd\u011blen\u011b pro jednotliv\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00edce od dubna do \u0159\u00edjna, po\u00adn\u011bvad\u017e odtoky v jarn\u00edch a pak podzimn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch byly po\u00adm\u011brn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch letn\u00edch. Ub\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed odtok\u016f sm\u011brem k letn\u00edm m\u011bs\u00edc\u016fm je nejl\u00e9pe vid\u011bt na isolini\u00edch, vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edch r\u016fzn\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky pro stejn\u00e9 odtoky v jednotliv\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch v roce.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i kontroln\u00edm p\u0159ezku\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017eitelnosti p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed na zn\u00e1m\u00fdch povodn\u00edch bylo t\u0159eba si vypom\u00e1hat p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010fmi podle pr\u016ftok\u016f z horn\u00edch vodom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podle sr\u00e1\u017eek bude mo\u017eno p\u0159edpov\u00eddat jen tehdy, kdy podle p\u0159edchoz\u00edho nasycen\u00ed p\u016fdy nebo p\u0159i nov\u00e9m vydatn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm de\u0161ti je o\u010dek\u00e1vateln\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed procento odtoku. Ale i tehdy p\u0159\u00edchod vrcholu povodn\u011b bude t\u0159eba odhadnout z horn\u00edch vodo\u010detn\u00fdch stanic. Takov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady v letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch v \u010dervnu, \u010dervenci a srpnu nast\u00e1vaj\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b jednou za dva roky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b zorganisovan\u00e9 prognosn\u00ed slu\u017eb\u011b z vodom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat pon\u011bkud p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdsledky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Postupov\u00e9 doby povodn\u00ed jejich pr\u016fchodem n\u00e1dr\u017eemi se zkra\u00adcuj\u00ed, a to u povodn\u011b pades\u00e1tilet\u00e9 asi na jednu polovinu doby povodn\u011b jednolet\u00e9. Postupov\u00e9 doby a\u017e po Slapy jsou u povodn\u011b jednolet\u00e9 u Vltavy 53, u Mal\u0161e 40, u Lu\u017enice 62 a u Otavy 41 hodin.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u011bchto poznatk\u016f lze v rozmez\u00ed povodn\u00ed pades\u00e1tile\u00adt\u00fdch a\u017e jednolet\u00fdch stanovit pro Slapy p\u0159edpov\u011bdi z vhodn\u011b volen\u00fdch stanic na dobu 10 a\u017e 20 hodin, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b ze stanic v\u00fd\u0161e polo\u017een\u00fdch na dobu 15 a\u017e 30 hodin, ov\u0161em za p\u0159edpo\u00adkladu, \u017ee stanice budou vybaveny limnigrafy a p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdmi telefon\u00adn\u00edmi linkami do p\u0159edpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edho \u00fast\u0159ed\u00ed. V druh\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00edtok z nekontrolovan\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed vzr\u016fst\u00e1 na 70%.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tyto postupov\u00e9 doby se v\u0161ak podstatn\u011b zkr\u00e1t\u00ed postupem nebo \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm povod\u0148ov\u00e9 vlny v n\u00e1dr\u017en\u00edm prostoru a zm\u011bn\u00ed deformac\u00ed n\u00e1sledkem vypl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed reten\u010dn\u00edho prostoru. Postup vlny n\u00e1dr\u017en\u00edmi prostory lze \u0159e\u0161it vzorcem Forchheimerov\u00fdm, podle n\u011bho\u017e postupov\u00e1 rychlost se rovn\u00e1 st\u0159edn\u00ed pr\u016fto\u010dn\u00e9 rychlosti zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00e9 o hodnotu z\u00e1vislou na hloubce n\u00e1dr\u017ee.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Deformace povod\u0148ov\u00e9 vlny nast\u00e1v\u00e1 pouze tehdy, kdy\u017e je k disposici voln\u00fd n\u00e1dr\u017en\u00ed prostor. Jestli\u017ee n\u00e1dr\u017en\u00ed prostor sch\u00e1z\u00ed nebo nesta\u010d\u00ed k pojmut\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povodn\u011b do jej\u00edho vrcholen\u00ed, pak od okam\u017eiku, kdy se prostor napln\u00ed, t\u0159eba po\u010d\u00edtat s vypou\u0161\u00adt\u011bn\u00edm cel\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edtoku do n\u00e1dr\u017ee. V t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech je t\u0159eba odhadovat p\u0159\u00edtok do n\u00e1dr\u017ee aspo\u0148 bezprost\u0159edn\u011b na konci vzdut\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zkracov\u00e1n\u00ed postupov\u00fdch dob budou m\u00edti po vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed vltavsk\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed za n\u00e1sledek zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00edch dob a zrychlen\u00ed povod\u0148ov\u00fdch vrchol\u016f. Tyto \u00fa\u010dinky se do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed po st\u0159etnut\u00ed s povodn\u011bmi ze S\u00e1zavy a Berounky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dal\u0161\u00edmi pracemi t\u0159eba v\u00fdzkumy podrobn\u011bji rozvinout a n\u00e1vrh p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed slu\u017eby p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b p\u0159ipravit.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">RNDr J. Gabriel:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>\u00dadoln\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee a jejich hygienick\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Autor \u00favodem upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee nad\u011bje na vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed ot\u00e1zek t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vody v \u00fadoln\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch i pro osobn\u00ed pot\u0159ebu lid\u00ed je jedin\u011b v \u0161iroce zalo\u017een\u00e9m komplexn\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu, mezi jin\u00fdm t\u00e9\u017e s hlediska biologick\u00e9ho, chemick\u00e9ho a bakterio\u00adlogick\u00e9ho.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">D\u00e1le poukazuje na jedinou mo\u017enost, jak se vyrovnati v bu\u00addoucnosti se z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00edm vodou pitnou a u\u017eitkovou v \u010cSR, a to vyu\u017eit\u00edm vod povrchov\u00fdch. Jejich \u00faprava p\u0159i dne\u0161n\u00ed jakosti b\u011b\u017enou vod\u00e1renskou technikou pro osobn\u00ed pot\u0159ebu lid\u00ed je prakticky t\u011b\u017eko mysliteln\u00e1 a proto je t\u0159eba d\u00e1ti tento slo\u00ad\u017eit\u00fd \u00fakol k vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b a vyu\u017e\u00edt t\u011bch d\u011bj\u016f a p\u0159iro\u00adzen\u00fdch pochod\u016f samo\u010distic\u00edch, kter\u00e9 prob\u00edhaj\u00ed v tekouc\u00edch vod\u00e1ch v tom okam\u017eiku, jakmile proud\u00edc\u00ed vody po\u010dnou v n\u00e1\u00addr\u017ei stagnovat.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podle dosavadn\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f z v\u00fdzkumu zm\u011bn jakosti vod povrchov\u00fdch v \u00fadoln\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch, doch\u00e1z\u00ed okam\u017eit\u011b po stagnaci t\u011bchto vod ke zm\u011bn\u011b v jejich mikroskopick\u00e9m o\u017eiven\u00ed a t\u00edm tak\u00e9 ke zm\u011bn\u011b n\u011bkter\u00fdch jejich ostatn\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed (pH, obsah Fe, Mn atd.), d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch s hlediska dal\u0161\u00edho vyu\u017eit\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Proti zm\u011bn\u00e1m p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdm, jako je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u010dirosti, zlep\u0161en\u00ed barvy, vysr\u00e1\u017een\u00ed un\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch l\u00e1tek do sedimentu, vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed tepeln\u00fdch ro\u010dn\u00edch extr\u00e9m\u016f, likvidace zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek do toku p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch, je cel\u00e1 \u0159ada zm\u011bn nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch, kter\u00fdch, jak se zd\u00e1, v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1. Jsou to podv\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed, zpoma\u00adlen\u00ed a\u017e \u00fapln\u00e9 zni\u010den\u00ed pochod\u016f samo\u010distic\u00edch, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e1 a\u017e celkov\u00e1 eutrofisace, p\u0159esmyk z p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch pochod\u016f aerobn\u00edch do ne\u00adp\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch pochod\u016f anaerobn\u00edch, rozbujen\u00ed \u017eelezit\u00fdch, manganit\u00fdch nebo sirn\u00fdch bakteri\u00ed atd., je\u017e vedou k \u00fapln\u00e9mu vy\u00adlou\u010den\u00ed vody pro \u00fa\u010dely vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9, \u010dasto i pro pot\u0159ebu pr\u016f\u00admyslovou. Cel\u00fd rozsah a primern\u00ed jejich p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny nejsou zn\u00e1m\u00e9 ani v zahrani\u010d\u00ed. &#8211;<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Autor shrnuje tyto z\u00e1vady do dev\u00edti kategori\u00ed: I. Zabahn\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee. II. Pachov\u00e9 a chu\u0165ov\u00e9 znehodnocen\u00ed vody. III. Zar\u016fs\u00adt\u00e1n\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edch m\u011blk\u00fdch parti\u00ed. IV. Zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu mine\u00adr\u00e1ln\u00edch l\u00e1tek. V. Mechanick\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed. VI. Tepeln\u00e1 nevy\u00adrovnanost. VII. Nadm\u011brn\u00fd odpa\u0159. VIII. Provozn\u00ed z\u00e1vady ve vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 \u00faprav\u011b vody. IX. Zdravotn\u00ed z\u00e1vady.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u0161echny tyto zm\u011bny jsou velmi citliv\u00e9 i na faktory vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, meteorologick\u00e9, p\u016fdn\u00ed, geografick\u00e9, s\u00eddli\u0161tn\u00ed atd. Proto t\u0159eba v\u00fdzkum prov\u00e1d\u011bt komplexn\u011b za p\u0159ibr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f. Mus\u00ed b\u00fdti vyvinuta snaha doc\u00edlit p\u0159irozen\u00fdch pochod\u016f samo\u010distic\u00edch, prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch po stagnaci za z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e9ho biolo\u00adgick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed obdobn\u011b, jako se odehr\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159i pr\u016fchodu atmo\u00adsf\u00e9rick\u00fdch vod p\u016fdou.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Proto je t\u0159eba, aby ji\u017e p\u0159ipravovan\u00e9 projekty \u00fadoln\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed uva\u017eovaly nov\u00e9 poznatky o t\u011bchto pochodech a kalkulovaly nejen kvantitu, ale i kvalitu vody, co\u017e po prostudov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech podm\u00ednek je dnes ji\u017e mo\u017en\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou \u2014 pro jak\u00fdkoliv \u00fa\u010del \u2014 se st\u00e1le zv\u011bt\u0161ova\u00adn\u00fdmi n\u00e1roky se st\u00e1v\u00e1 v na\u0161em st\u00e1t\u011b prvo\u0159adn\u00fdm celost\u00e1tn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem. Proto navrhovan\u00e9 \u00fadoln\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee t\u0159eba budovat tak, aby plnily co nejv\u00edce funkc\u00ed, tedy i perspektivn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed vody pro osobn\u00ed pot\u0159ebu lid\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. A. \u010cerka\u0161in:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Klasifikace moravsk\u00fdch \u0159ek podl\u00e9 variability pr\u016ftok\u016f.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Studie se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 v prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdm ro\u010dn\u00edm pr\u016ftokem moravsk\u00fdch \u0159ek, zpracovan\u00fdm metodou matematick\u00e9 statis\u00adtiky. \u00davodem jest vysv\u011btlena podstata z\u00e1konitosti v\u00fdskytu dan\u00e9 nahodil\u00e9 hodnoty, zvonovit\u00e1 k\u0159ivka, oby\u010dejn\u011b zvan\u00e1 Gaussova, t\u00e9\u017e de Vriesova. Na ose \u00fase\u010dek v soustav\u011b pravo\u00ad\u00fahl\u00fdch sou\u0159adnic jsou vyneseny velikosti nahodil\u00e9ho jevu, po\u00ad\u0159adnice p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost jeho v\u00fdskytu. Od t\u011bchto symetrick\u00fdch k\u0159ivek p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed autor k v\u00fdkladu pojm\u016f a pod\u00adstaty asymetrick\u00fdch k\u0159ivek v\u00fdskytu. Podle zku\u0161enost\u00ed se pro v\u00fdskyty hydrologick\u00fdch hodnot nejv\u00edce hod\u00ed theoretick\u00e1 binom\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u0159ivka v\u00fdskytu III. typu, vy\u010d\u00edslen\u00e1 Pearsonem. Z \u0159ady pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vodo\u010detn\u00fdch stanic v povod\u00ed \u0159eky Moravy za dobu od roku 1926 do r. 1952 byl vy\u010d\u00edslen pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016ftok a byla sestrojena mapa isolini\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho ro\u010dn\u00edho specifick\u00e9ho odtoku pro cel\u00e9 povod\u00ed. V dal\u0161\u00edch stat\u00edch autor vysv\u011btluje, \u017ee tato mapa v rukou neodborn\u00edka v\u0161ak nen\u00ed ta\u00adkovou pom\u016fckou, kter\u00e1 by d\u00e1vala jednozna\u010dn\u011b spolehliv\u00e9 v\u00fd\u00adsledky a toto stanovisko prokazuje na z\u00e1klad\u011b matematick\u00e9 statistiky. D\u00e1le upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee pro na\u0161e \u00fazem\u00ed, kde jest nutno se zab\u00fdvati i mal\u00fdmi povod\u00edmi o velikosti n\u011bkolika km<sup>2<\/sup>, jest nutno prov\u00e1d\u011bti ur\u010dit\u00e9 redukce sm\u011brem nahoru \u010di dol\u016f, podle charakteru \u00favod\u00ed. Mal\u00e1 povod\u00ed ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed \u010dasto charakter zcela ur\u010dit\u00e9 z\u00e1konitosti velk\u00e9ho toku. Nedostate\u010dn\u011b hust\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 pozoro\u00advac\u00edch vodo\u010detn\u00fdch stanic zt\u011b\u017euje situaci, zrovna tak jako kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 \u0159ady pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed v ji\u017en\u00edch oblastech Moravy. Dal\u0161\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed studie jest mapa isolini\u00ed koeficientu variace. Koefi\u00adcient variace charakterisuje prom\u011bnlivost \u010dlen\u016f dan\u00e9 \u0159ady pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a jejich rozptyl vzhledem k pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnot\u011b pr\u016ftoku. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b velikost koeficientu variace vyjad\u0159uje charakter faktoru, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 vliv na odtoky p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho toku. Koeficient variace citeln\u011b vzr\u016fst\u00e1 s rostouc\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed od prameni\u0161t\u011b. Podobn\u011b jako u mapy pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch ro\u010dn\u00edch speci\u00adfick\u00fdch odtok\u016f se i v t\u00e9to map\u011b isolini\u00ed varia\u010dn\u00edho faktoru ur\u010d\u00ed t\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011b plochy povod\u00ed, pro n\u00ed\u017e tento faktor hled\u00e1me a \u010d\u00e1ra, prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed t\u00edmto t\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011bm, ud\u00e1v\u00e1 hledanou hodnotu. Zde jest v\u0161ak t\u0159eba je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed opatrnosti a zku\u0161enosti, na co\u017e autor zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b upozor\u0148uje. Chyba, u\u010din\u011bn\u00e1 v odhadu koeficientu va\u00adriace se projev\u00ed nejnep\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bji v hodnot\u00e1ch, na nich\u017e nejv\u00edce z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed. Odhadneme-li koeficient variace v\u00fd\u0161e, ne\u017e je jeho prav\u00e1 hodnota, dostaneme n\u00edzk\u00e9 pr\u016ftoky velk\u00e9 zabezpe\u010denosti a vy\u00adsok\u00e9 pr\u016ftoky mal\u00e9 zabezpe\u010denosti a naopak. Autor dokumen\u00adtuje tento fakt v\u00fdpo\u010dty, kter\u00e9 jsou tabel\u00e1rn\u011b sestaveny. Stupe\u0148 asymetrie vy\u0161et\u0159oval autor podle empirick\u00fdch k\u0159ivek p\u0159ekro\u00ad\u010den\u00ed, jejich\u017e pr\u016fb\u011bh p\u0159i 27let\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed jest ji\u017e dost z\u0159eteln\u011b vyzna\u010den, nebo\u0165 p\u0159i t\u00e9to \u0159ad\u011b by v\u00fdpo\u010det zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho koeficientu asymetrie byl velmi nep\u0159esn\u00fd. Hodnota chyby by klesla na 10 % pouze p\u0159i \u0159ad\u011b pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed dlouh\u00e9 600 let. Fosterem navrhovanou hodnotu koeficientu asymetrie, kter\u00e1 by se rovnala dvojn\u00e1sobku koeficientu variace, nebylo mo\u017eno pro moravsk\u00e9 toky u\u017eiti. Od konstrukce mapy isolini\u00ed koe\u00adficientu asymetrie autor upustil; vyzna\u010dil pouze na sv\u00fdch ma\u00adp\u00e1ch \u00faseky tok\u016f se stejn\u00fdmi koeficienty asymetrie, ani\u017e by tyto \u010d\u00e1ry vz\u00e1jemn\u011b spojil. Ke studii jest p\u0159ipojeno tabel\u00e1rn\u00ed sestaven\u00ed klasifikace moravsk\u00fdch tok\u016f v jednotliv\u00fdch letech za obdob\u00ed 1926 \u20141952 s hlediska prom\u011bnlivosti pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho ro\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016ftoku. Podle stupn\u011b zabezpe\u010denosti pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho pr\u016f\u00adtoku toho kter\u00e9ho roku t\u0159\u00edd\u00ed autor tyto jednotliv\u00e9 roky do p\u011bti kategori\u00ed: od mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b vodn\u00e9ho p\u0159es vodn\u00fd, norm\u00e1ln\u00ed a such\u00fd a\u017e na mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b such\u00fd. Z\u00e1v\u011brem jest zd\u016frazn\u011bna pot\u0159eba spolehliv\u00fdch podklad\u016f, kter\u00e9 lze z\u00edskati jen odborn\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm profil\u016f a pr\u016ftok\u016f, nebo\u0165 cel\u00fd tok \u017eije, jest v pohybu a nikdy jej nelze pokl\u00e1dati za definitivn\u011b prom\u011b\u0159en\u00fd.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. Jan Lorenz:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Z\u00e1sady \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed ochrann\u00fdch prostor\u016f vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed v \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm komplexu.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dink\u016f ochrann\u00fdch prostor\u016f vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed v \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm komplexu je t\u0159eba uva\u017eovat skute\u010dn\u00e1 rozvodn\u011bn\u00ed ve v\u0161ech \u010d\u00e1stech povod\u00ed. Soudit na \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 rozvodn\u011bn\u00ed pro cel\u00e9 povod\u00ed podle rozvodn\u011bn\u00ed v kone\u010dn\u00e9m profilu a z toho odvozovat n\u011bjak\u00e9 zjednodu\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9. Nestejnom\u011brn\u00e1 sou\u00ad\u010dasn\u00e1 rozvodn\u011bn\u00ed v d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch povod\u00edch znesnad\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011bdi pro kone\u010dn\u00fd profil, jako\u017e i vyu\u017eiti dan\u00fd ochrann\u00fd prostor zcela k zadr\u017een\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho povod\u0148ov\u00e9ho vrcholu o stejn\u00e9m objemu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jedin\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00fd postup p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinku n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed je, za\u010d\u00edt v n\u00e1\u00addr\u017e\u00edch nejho\u0159ej\u0161\u00edch, \u0159\u00eddit se vypou\u0161t\u011bc\u00edm \u0159\u00e1dem platn\u00fdm pro tu kterou n\u00e1dr\u017e a tak sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 pr\u016ftoky prov\u00e9st postupn\u011b a\u017e k nejspodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edm. I kdy\u017e \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 budouc\u00ed povode\u0148 nebude zcela shodn\u00e1 s p\u0159e\u0161et\u0159en\u00fdmi, budou takto stanoven\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky sm\u011brodatn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pro posouzen\u00ed budouc\u00edch pom\u011br\u016f, ne\u017e v\u00fdsledky dosa\u017een\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm povodn\u00ed p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fdch, nesku\u00adte\u010dn\u00fdch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00da\u010dinek um\u011bl\u00e9ho sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed povod\u0148ov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edvalu n\u00e1sledkem z\u00e1dr\u017ee v ochrann\u00e9m n\u00e1dr\u017en\u00edm prostoru se zmen\u0161uje s rostouc\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed od n\u00e1dr\u017ee men\u0161\u00edm zplo\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00edm ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, ale del\u0161\u00ed povod\u0148ov\u00e9 vlny sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 ne\u017e vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ale krat\u0161\u00ed vlny nesn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9, a hlavn\u011b \u00fa\u010dinkem p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku z v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch pobo\u010dn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">K p\u0159ijateln\u00e9mu v\u00fdsledku dojdeme jen vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00edm deformace povod\u0148ov\u00fdch vln nesn\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch a vln n\u00e1dr\u017eemi sn\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Deformace povod\u0148ov\u00e9 vlny v \u0159e\u010di\u0161ti se z\u00e1topami nast\u00e1v\u00e1 sice z t\u011bch\u017ee p\u0159\u00ed\u010din, jako deformace v n\u00e1dr\u017ei, t. j. zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm \u010d\u00e1sti p\u0159\u00edtoku ve stoupaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u011btvi a postupn\u00fdm odt\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00edm za\u00addr\u017een\u00e9 vody ve v\u011btvi klesaj\u00edc\u00ed, ale jsou p\u0159itom r\u016fzn\u00e9 odchylky. Tak nen\u00ed a) jednozna\u010dn\u00fd vztah mezi velikost\u00ed pr\u016ftoku ve v\u00fd\u00adstupn\u00edm profilu a pln\u011bn\u00edm zatopen\u00fdch prostor\u016f, b) hladiny v p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch profilech nejsou vodorovn\u00e9, c) rozl\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00ed vody ze b\u0159ehu a tud\u00ed\u017e i pln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1topn\u00fdch prostor\u016f nast\u00e1v\u00e1 v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00fasec\u00edch p\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch hladiny, d) postupov\u00e9 rychlosti r\u016fzn\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch vln jsou r\u016fzn\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Deformace p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch vln i p\u0159es uveden\u00e9 rozd\u00edly lze \u0159e\u0161it obdobn\u011b jako v n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch za pou\u017eit\u00ed deforma\u010dn\u00edho zp\u016fsobu Ekdahlova v grafick\u00e9 \u00faprav\u011b Visentiniho, kdy\u017e se p\u0159ijatelnost v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159ezkou\u0161\u00ed podle p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku z mezilehl\u00e9ho povod\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159ovan\u00e9 trat\u011b, kter\u00fd se dostane ode\u010dten\u00edm \u010dasov\u011b p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00e9ho deformovan\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku vstupn\u00edho profilu od ne\u00addeformovan\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku v profilu v\u00fdstupn\u00edm. P\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e1 \u00faprava m\u011brn\u00e9 deforma\u010dn\u00ed k\u0159ivky za \u00fa\u010delem dosa\u017een\u00ed p\u0159ijateln\u011bj\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdsledku bude mo\u017en\u00e1 v\u017edy jen v mez\u00edch p\u0159ijateln\u00fdch a rozumn\u011b od\u016fvodniteln\u00fdch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Snaha doc\u00edlit n\u011bjak\u00fd p\u0159ehnan\u00fd soulad nen\u00ed na m\u00edst\u011b s ohledem na nutn\u00e9 odchylky, vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednozna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u011brn\u00e9 k\u0159ivky pr\u016ftok\u016f pro stoup\u00e1n\u00ed i kles\u00e1n\u00ed povodn\u011b Stejn\u00e9 pod\u00adklady pro deformaci nesn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 i sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 povodn\u011b zmen\u0161uj\u00ed v\u0161ak \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b \u00fa\u010dinek t\u011bchto \u00fachylek od skute\u010dnosti.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tento postup umo\u017e\u0148uje stanovit o\u010dek\u00e1vateln\u00e9 pr\u016ftoky p\u0159\u00ed\u00advalov\u00fdch vln po vylou\u010den\u00ed z\u00e1plav ohr\u00e1zov\u00e1n\u00edm \u0159e\u010di\u0161t\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vzhledem k v\u00fdznamu spolehliv\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed deformace p\u0159\u00edva\u00adlov\u00fdch vln se doporu\u010duje modelov\u00fdm zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00edm jednodu\u00adch\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f si ujasnit cel\u00fd pr\u016ftokov\u00fd proces a tak aspo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b odpozorovat to, co v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b je velmi nesnadno sledovateln\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><\/div><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prof. Ing. Dr Otto Dub:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Intenzita er\u00f3zie a jej stanovenie hydrologick\u00fdmi metodami.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z exogenn\u00edch sil p\u016fsob\u00ed na povrch zemsk\u00fd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm voda, a to chemicky jako rozpustidlo, mechanicky pak rozru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm a p\u0159em\u00eds\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00edm uvoln\u011bn\u00fdch sou\u010d\u00e1stek. Odnos, splach, denudace, erose p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e1 i pod\u00e9ln\u00e1 se uplat\u0148uj\u00ed hlavn\u011b tam, kde je dostatek vody, zna\u010dn\u00fd sp\u00e1d, nechr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 a nestrukturn\u00ed p\u016fda. Co do \u00fa\u010dinku erosi obdobn\u00e1 deflace je zp\u016fsobov\u00e1na v\u011btrem.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vegeta\u010dn\u00edm krytem povrchu zemsk\u00e9ho se zpomaluj\u00ed erosivn\u00ed pochody a tato erose se podle A. M. P\u00e1nkova ozna\u010duje jako \u201enorm\u00e1ln\u00ed&#8221;. Stav norm\u00e1ln\u00ed erose vytvo\u0159en\u00fd p\u0159\u00edrodou se zm\u011bnil p\u016fsoben\u00edm \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00fd r\u016fzn\u00fdmi z\u00e1sahy napom\u00e1hal nebo zabra\u0148oval pohybu vody po povrchu zemsk\u00e9m nebo v p\u016fd\u011b, p\u016fsoben\u00ed v\u011btru na povrch zemsk\u00fd a ovliv\u0148oval slo\u017een\u00ed p\u016fdy. Jsou to netoliko nahrazov\u00e1n\u00ed les\u016f poli, n\u00fdbr\u017e i jehli\u010dnat\u00fdmi monokulturami. T\u00edm se erosivn\u00ed pochody \u2014 p\u016fvodn\u011b p\u0159\u00ed\u00adrodn\u00ed d\u011bn\u00ed \u2014 st\u00e1vaj\u00ed odvisl\u00fdmi od historicko-soci\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdvoje lidsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Dokazuje to zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed star\u00e9ho Egypta, Indie a st\u00e1tu Choresm, kde krajiny po zni\u010den\u00ed zavod\u0148ovac\u00edch \u00faprav a opat\u0159en\u00ed proti deflaci postupn\u011b upadaly, a\u017e p\u0159\u00ed\u00adpadn\u011b vznikly pou\u0161t\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vliv spole\u010densk\u00fdch \u0159\u00e1d\u016f jasn\u011b prokazuje neut\u011b\u0161en\u00fd stav zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed v USA a vzkv\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed stav zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed v SSSR, kde zavod\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm erodovan\u00fdch a degradovan\u00fdch ploch, v\u011btrolamy a ochrann\u00fdmi p\u00e1sy byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny miliony ha p\u016fdy pro zem\u011b\u00add\u011blstv\u00ed. Ale i v na\u0161ich zem\u00edch se projevuje d\u011bdictv\u00ed kapitalismu: vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sky ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 smrkov\u00e9 monokultury a nespr\u00e1vnou agrotechnikou p\u0159ivod\u011bn\u00e1 nevhodn\u00e1 struktura orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy, co\u017e podporuje jak denudaci, tak deflaci, p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed pevn\u00fdch sou\u00ad\u010d\u00e1stek ve vod\u011b rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fdch i po dn\u011b sunut\u00fdch, znehodnoco\u00adv\u00e1n\u00ed vody pro pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1kladu na udr\u017eo\u00adv\u00e1n\u00ed tok\u016f, vodn\u00edch staveb atd.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mno\u017estv\u00ed splavenin je ukazatelem intensity erosn\u00ed \u010dinnosti v povod\u00ed. Z n\u011bho dosti spolehliv\u011b ur\u010diteln\u00e9 je kvantitativn\u011b daleko p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed jemn\u00fdch plavenin ve vod\u011b roz\u00adpt\u00fdlen\u00fdch. Mno\u017estv\u00ed plavenin a tedy i intensita erose jsou od\u00advisl\u00e9 na mno\u017estv\u00ed odt\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed vody, na sklonitosti \u00fazem\u00ed a na vlastnostech p\u016fdy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">B. V. Poljakov stanovil z v\u00fdsledk\u016f m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na men\u0161\u00edch toc\u00edch a na zku\u0161ebn\u00edch erosn\u00edch pol\u00edch p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 sou\u010dinitele a zpracoval tak mapu plo\u0161n\u00e9ho rozd\u011blen\u00ed intensit erose v evropsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti SSSR. Autor refer\u00e1tu chce se pokusit o \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed na podklad\u011b pr\u00e1ce tekouc\u00ed vody a k tomu pou\u017e\u00edt mapy isolini\u00ed specifick\u00fdch v\u00fdkon\u016f pro jednotliv\u00e1 povod\u00ed Slovenska; tato mapa je ji\u017e pro energetick\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed hotov\u00e1. Poljakov zjistil na v\u00edce m\u00edstech povod\u00ed Volhy pr\u016fm\u011brnou v\u00fd\u0161ku smyt\u00e9 zeminy ro\u010dn\u011b 1000 [X (jeden mm == 1000 jx). Podle mno\u017estv\u00ed splavenin v Kujby\u0161ev\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed k pr\u016fm\u011bru jen 10 jx, co\u017e dokazuje nespr\u00e1vnost ztoto\u017e\u00ad\u0148ovat mno\u017estv\u00ed splavenin ve velk\u00e9 \u0159ece s erosivn\u00ed \u010dinnost\u00ed v jej\u00edm povod\u00ed. Proto t\u0159eba omezit v\u00fdzkum jen na mal\u00e1 povod\u00ed, ov\u0161em na podklad\u011b nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9ho registrov\u00e1n\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed pla\u00advenin za pou\u017eit\u00ed fotoelektrick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstroje. Podle informac\u00ed, z\u00edskan\u00fdch v hydrografick\u00e9m odd\u011blen\u00ed v Krakov\u011b, jsou v\u00fdsledky takov\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu spolehliv\u00e9, manipulace s p\u0159\u00edstrojem rychl\u00e1, jednoduch\u00e1 a lacin\u00e1, co\u017e pr\u00e1v\u011b umo\u017e\u0148uje roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed po\u010dtu m\u00edst, kde by se v\u00fdzkum mohl prov\u00e1d\u011bt.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V z\u00e1v\u011bru se zd\u016fraz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam boje s eros\u00ed pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed blahobytu lidstva, pro n\u011bj\u017e hydrologie tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edpoklady jak zp\u016fsoby kvantitativn\u00edho hodnocen\u00ed intensity erose, tak zobra\u00adzov\u00e1n\u00edm jej\u00edho plo\u0161n\u00e9ho roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. Dr Zden\u011bk V\u00e1lek:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Pod\u00edl lesnatosti a erose na vodnosti pramenn\u00fdch v\u00fdv\u011br\u016f.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00fdzkum komplexn\u00ed bilance vodn\u00ed, konan\u00fd od roku 1928 v lesnat\u00e9m povod\u00ed Kychov\u00e9 a v bezles\u00e9m a erodovan\u00e9m povod\u00ed Zd\u011bchovky, umo\u017e\u0148uje vyhodnotit pod\u00edl lesnatosti a vlivu erosivn\u00edch r\u00fdh na vodnost tok\u016f v pramenn\u00fdch oblastech. Ob\u011b povod\u00ed jsou zbli\u017en\u011b stejn\u011b velik\u00e1. Jejich geologick\u00e1 stavba je obdobn\u00e1. Lesnat\u00e9 v\u0161ak le\u017e\u00ed ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch. Je z 93 % kryto sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdm lesem s v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm d\u00edlem jehli\u010dnat\u00fdch strom\u016f. V bezles\u00e9m je 45 % pol\u00ed, 40 % neudr\u017eovan\u00fdch pastvin, 5 % les\u016f, zbytek v obou povod\u00edch jsou cesty, vodn\u00ed toky a sta\u00advebn\u00ed plochy. St\u0159edn\u00ed sklon \u00fazem\u00ed lesnat\u00e9ho je 30 %, bezles\u00e9ho 27 %, sp\u00e1d hlavn\u00edho toku 7 % a 3,8 %. Stejn\u011b prohlouben\u00e1 koryta Kychov\u00e9 i bezles\u00e9ho Rovensk\u00e9ho potoka a erosivn\u011b prohlouben\u00e9 koryto Zd\u011bchovky nad soutokem s Rovensk\u00fdm potokem umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed sledovat vliv lesnatosti i r\u016fzn\u011b za\u0159\u00edznut\u00fdch koryt na povrchov\u00e9 odtoky. T\u0159eba p\u0159itom p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b uv\u00e1\u017eit, \u017ee vet\u0161\u00ed sklonitost zalesn\u011bn\u00e9ho povod\u00ed Kychov\u00e9 podmi\u0148uje rychlej\u0161\u00ed odtok povrchov\u00fdch vod.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V 25tilet\u00e9m pr\u016fm\u011bru odteklo ze zalesn\u011bn\u00e9ho povod\u00ed \u2014 p\u0159es to, \u017ee sr\u00e1\u017eky jsou v n\u011bm o v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 mm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u2014 o n\u011bco m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e z povod\u00ed bezles\u00e9ho. V roce 1953 povrchov\u011b nejv\u00edce odteklo z povod\u00ed Zd\u011bchovky, a\u010d tam sr\u00e1\u017eky byly nejmen\u0161\u00ed, a nejm\u00e9n\u011b z povod\u00ed Rovensk\u00e9ho potoka. Uv\u00e1\u017e\u00ed-li se v\u0161ak v po\u00advod\u00ed Kychovky \u010derpan\u00e1 voda, pak povrchov\u00fd odtok s \u010derpanou vodou byl v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e odtok ze Zd\u011bchovky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Velmi v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u011b se jevil vliv lesa ve zm\u011bn\u00e1ch vydatnost\u00ed koncem roku 1953 a v lednu a \u00fanoru 1954, kter\u00e9 postupn\u011b kle\u00adsaly, a v kone\u010dn\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch dne 23. \u00fanora 1953, kdy od\u00adt\u00e9kalo z lesnat\u00e9 Kychov\u00e9 34 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/km<sup>2<\/sup>, z Rovensk\u00e9ho potoka 0,6 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/km<sup>2<\/sup> a z r\u00fdhy na Zd\u011bchovce nad soutokem 3,4 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/km<sup>2<\/sup>, p\u0159i \u010dem\u017e lesnat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Kychov\u00e1 vyd\u00e1vala je\u0161t\u011b v \u00fanoru 1954 vodo\u00advodn\u00edm \u0159\u00e1dem 266 m<sup>3<\/sup> denn\u011b, kde\u017eto v povod\u00ed bezles\u00e9 Zd\u011b\u00adchovky velik\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st studn\u00ed pozbyla vody.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i de\u0161t\u00edch ze dne 4.-7. kv\u011btna 1954, kter\u00e9 zastihly v povod\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b zbytky sn\u011bhu a v povod\u00ed lesnat\u00e9 Kychov\u00e9 m\u011bly \u00fahrn 40,9 mm, a v povod\u00ed Zd\u011bchovky 36,\u2014 mm, dostavil se vrcholov\u00fd pr\u016ftok v povod\u00ed Kychovky 0,179 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/s\/km<sup>2<\/sup> za 6,30 hod., na Rovensk\u00e9m potoce 0,085 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/s\/km<sup>2<\/sup> za 5,40 hod. a na erodovan\u00e9 Zd\u011bchovce 0,562 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/s\/km<sup>2<\/sup> za 4,40 hod. po za\u010d\u00e1tku kritick\u00e9ho de\u0161t\u011b. N\u00edzk\u00fd odtok na Rovensk\u00e9m potoce vypl\u00fdval hlavn\u011b z \u00fa\u010dinku retense na obd\u011blan\u00fdch pol\u00edch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podle dosavadn\u00edch poznatk\u016f lesnatost Kychov\u00e9 m\u00e1 za n\u00e1\u00adsledek v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek zimn\u00edch a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b i letn\u00edch, co\u017e je k prosp\u011bchu vzniku podzemn\u00edch vod. Povrchov\u00e9 odtoky a zejm\u00e9na vzr\u016fst rozvodn\u011bn\u00ed jsou podstatn\u011b m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. T\u00e9\u017e v\u00fdpar v p\u016fd\u011b zadr\u017een\u00fdch vod je men\u0161\u00ed, co\u017e v\u0161e umo\u017enilo zna\u010dn\u00fd odb\u011br podzemn\u00edch vod je\u0161t\u011b v \u00fanoru 1954, kdy povrchov\u00fd odtok v bezles\u00e9 oblasti zanikal.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Hluboce za\u0159\u00edznut\u00e1 r\u00fdha na Zd\u011bchovce umo\u017e\u0148uje odtok z hlub\u0161\u00edch p\u016fdn\u00edch vrstev, ne\u017e je tomu v povod\u00ed zalesn\u011bn\u00e9m i bezles\u00e9m, ale neerodovan\u00e9m a zvy\u0161uje celoro\u010dn\u011b vodnost tok\u016f, ov\u0161em na \u00fakor podzemn\u00ed vody.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Obdobn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj vodnosti vzhledem k lesnatosti a pokro\u010dilosti erose v \u00fadoln\u00ed br\u00e1zd\u011b lze pozorovati i na jin\u00fdch bezkydsk\u00fdch vodote\u010d\u00edch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1v\u011brem vych\u00e1z\u00ed poznatek, \u017ee vhodn\u00e9 lesn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed v pramenn\u00fdch oblastech je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm \u00fastroj\u00edm, zadr\u017euj\u00edc\u00edm sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 vody, podporuj\u00edc\u00edm tvorbu vod podzemn\u00edch, upev\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edm p\u016fdn\u00ed povrch a zabra\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edm vodn\u00ed erosi.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">RNDr Ludmila Zaj\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1-Kytbcov\u00e1:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>V\u00fdpar z vodn\u00edch hladin v \u010cech\u00e1ch a na Morav\u011b.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Refer\u00e1t popisuje postup pr\u00e1ce za \u00fa\u010delem sestaven\u00ed mapy o rozlo\u017een\u00ed v\u00fdparu z vodn\u00edch ploch v \u010cech\u00e1ch a na Morav\u011b, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 b\u00fdt pom\u016fckou pro hydrologickou praxi. K disposici byly hodnoty z\u00edskan\u00e9 z m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fdparu jednak Wildov\u00fdmi va\u00adhami, jednak Ronov\u00fdm v\u00fdparom\u011brem a kone\u010dn\u011b v\u00fdparom\u011brem Picheho, kter\u00e9 neodpov\u00eddaj\u00ed po\u010dtem ani rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm slo\u017eit\u00e9mu ter\u00e9nu. Byly srovn\u00e1ny v\u00fdsledky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na jednotliv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u00adstroj\u00edch ve vztahu s hodnotami jin\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f. Z v\u00fdsledku srovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a propo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vztah\u016f vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159edn\u011b, \u017ee hodnoty v\u00fdparu mo\u017eno nejl\u00e9pe vztahovat k hodnot\u00e1m sytostn\u00edho dopl\u0148ku a za druh\u00e9, \u017ee nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstrojem, z n\u011bho\u017e nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 hodnoty lze srovn\u00e1vat s hodnotami r\u016fzn\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f, je R\u00f3n\u016fv v\u00fdparom\u011br, kter\u00fd nejl\u00e9pe vyhovuje p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m. Autorka to od\u016fvod\u0148uje t\u00edm, \u017ee jedin\u011b p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed v\u00fdparom\u011brn\u00fdch dat Ronova v\u00fdparom\u011bru lze pro vztahy s hodnotami meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvati trojit\u00fdch korelac\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Po sestaven\u00ed mapy (1 : 500 000) byl pou\u017eit vztah mezi den\u00adn\u00edmi hodnotami v\u00fdparu, teploty vzduchu a sytostn\u00edho dopl\u0148ku z jedn\u00e9 v\u00fdparom\u011brn\u00e9 stanice a v\u00fdsledky aplikov\u00e1ny na 216 meteorologick\u00fdch stanic v \u010cech\u00e1ch a na Morav\u011b z dvan\u00e1cti\u00adlet\u00e9ho pr\u016fm\u011bru 1941 \u2014 1952. Pom\u016fckou pro stanoven\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bhu isolini\u00ed v\u00fdpar\u016f byly mapy isobyet a isotherm s ohledem na hypsografick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly. Na map\u011b se projevuje vysok\u00fd v\u00fdpar z vody v pom\u011bru k v\u00fdparu p\u016fdn\u00edmu. Hodnoty isolini\u00ed jsou v roz\u00admez\u00ed od 300 mm do 800 mm, nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdpar lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat asi 200 mm, nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed asi 850 mm. Isolinie byly sestrojeny po 100 mm, jen v nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch byla interpolov\u00e1na isolinie 750 mm. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny isolinie postupuj\u00ed paraleln\u011b s isohypsami, odchylky jsou jedin\u011b v za\u0159\u00edznut\u00fdch \u00fadol\u00edch (vlhkost) a v oblastech siln\u011b zalesn\u011bn\u00fdch (rovn\u011b\u017e sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u00fdparu).<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V z\u00e1v\u011bru upozor\u0148uje autorka, \u017ee c\u00edlem t\u00e9to mapy je ujasnit r\u016fzn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky v\u00fdparu na jednotliv\u00fdch toc\u00edch, rybn\u00edc\u00edch nebo vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch, bez ohledu na hydrologickou bilanci, kter\u00e1 by p\u0159edstavovala v\u00fdpar v jednotliv\u00fdch povod\u00edch. Mapa pod\u00e1v\u00e1 jen genereln\u00ed p\u0159ehled o v\u00fd\u0161ce v\u00fdparu z vodn\u00edch ploch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. Ludov\u00edt Fabian:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>D\u016fle\u017eitost vodn\u00edho katastru podzemn\u00edch vod a pramen\u016f v pl\u00e1no\u00advan\u00e9m hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V \u00favodu uv\u00e1d\u00ed autor historick\u00fd p\u0159ehled v\u00fdvoje naz\u00edr\u00e1m na p\u016fvod podzemn\u00edch vod. Od p\u016fvodn\u00edho n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee podzemn\u00ed voda se tvo\u0159\u00ed kondensaci vodn\u00edch par ve vnitru zem\u011b, se p\u0159e\u0161lo tak\u0159ka v\u0161eobecn\u011b k modern\u00edmu n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina podzemn\u00edch vod m\u00e1 sv\u016fj p\u016fvod ve vod\u011b sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9. Sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 voda se \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b op\u011bt vypa\u0159uje, \u010d\u00e1st j\u00ed odt\u00e9k\u00e1 povrchov\u00fdmi toky a \u010d\u00e1st prosakuje pod povrch zem\u011b jako voda podzemn\u00ed. D\u016fle\u017eitou v posledn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je propustnost a akumula\u010dn\u00ed schopnost zeminy nebo horniny. Pokud voda prosakuje pro\u00adpustnou vrstvou, je jej\u00ed sm\u011br p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b svisl\u00fd, po dosa\u017een\u00ed ne\u00adpropustn\u00e9 vrstvy pokra\u010duje jej\u00ed pohyb v\u00edce m\u00e9n\u011b vodorovn\u011b. Na t\u00e9to cest\u011b p\u0159ib\u00edr\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00e9 miner\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 se v n\u00ed roz\u00adpou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed a kter\u00e9 p\u016fsob\u00ed na kvalitu vody a ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed tak jej\u00ed po\u00adu\u017eit\u00ed. Voda je a\u017e na m\u00e1lo v\u00fdjimek v\u0161ude. Ot\u00e1zka je jen v jak\u00e9 hloubce, v jak\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed a v jak\u00e9 kvalit\u011b. Pro volbu m\u00edsta pro ur\u010ditou investici jsou tato krit\u00e9ria rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed. Aby nedo\u0161lo v budoucnosti k n\u00e1rodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m pro neznalost pom\u011br\u016f podzemn\u00edch vod, navrhuje autor vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed katastru podzemn\u00edch vod a pramen\u016f, jako\u017eto souhrn, poznatk\u016f a v\u00fd\u00adsledk\u016f pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed v \u0161irok\u00e9 soustav\u011b pozorovac\u00edch stanic a ob\u00adjekt\u016f. Takov\u00fd katastr by pak byl d\u016fle\u017eitou pom\u016fckou pro pohotov\u00e9 ur\u010den\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch k objasn\u011bn\u00ed pom\u011br\u016f pod\u00adzemn\u00edch vod v uva\u017eovan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. Autor d\u00e1le uv\u00e1d\u00ed sv\u016fj n\u00e1zor, jak by m\u011bla vypadat soustava pozorovac\u00edch stanic a metoda pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed. Z toho pak vyvozuje nal\u00e9havost katastru podzem\u00adn\u00edch vod a pramen\u016f a prakticky uv\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklady n\u00e1rodohospo\u00add\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho prosp\u011bchu, kter\u00fd by tento katastr p\u0159inesl. V z\u00e1v\u011bru cituje platn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy o podzemn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch a doporu\u010duje, aby byla v\u0161em p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm m\u00edst\u016fm ulo\u017eena z\u00e1konem povinnost hl\u00e1siti v\u0161echny zm\u011bny a nov\u00e9 poznatky d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro katastr podzemn\u00edch vod a pramen\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">RNDr V\u00e1clav Zaj\u00ed\u010dek:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Aktueln\u00ed technick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my z geohydrologie \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 na podklad\u011b geomorfologick\u00fdch poznatk\u016f.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V \u00favodu autor uv\u00e1d\u00ed pomocn\u00e9 v\u011bdy, kter\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed \u0159e\u0161it geohydrologick\u00e9 \u00fakoly v t\u011bch p\u0159\u00edpadech, kde ji\u017e nevysta\u010d\u00edme s hydrologick\u00fdmi poznatky, daty a pracovn\u00edmi metodami. Vedle geologie, meteorologie, chemie, biologie a pedologie se v nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b uplat\u0148uj\u00ed i aplikovan\u00e1 geofysika a hydrotech\u00adnick\u00e9 pokusnictv\u00ed. Autor upozor\u0148uje na dosud nedocen\u011bnou \u00falohu geomorfologie p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u00faloh z oboru podzemn\u00edch vod. Na t\u0159ech p\u0159\u00edkladech ukazuje uplatn\u011bn\u00ed geomorfologick\u00fdch po\u00adznatk\u016f v problematice podzemn\u00edch vod.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i projektov\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00fdch vodn\u00edch staveb projektant po\u00adt\u0159ebuje aspo\u0148 orienta\u010dn\u00ed \u00fadaje o mno\u017estv\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod v tom kter\u00e9m \u00faseku, \u00fadaje o jejich rychlosti a proud\u011bn\u00ed a to v dob\u011b, kdy geologick\u00fd pr\u016fzkum je v po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a je k disposici jen m\u00e1lo \u00fadaj\u016f. V t\u00e9to dob\u011b se m\u016f\u017ee nejl\u00e9pe uplatnit geomorfo\u00adlogie. Terciemi orogenese vytvo\u0159ila v Evrop\u011b poho\u0159\u00ed, vznikly i nov\u00e9 p\u00e1nve. \u0158eky mus\u00ed prot\u00e9kat celou kask\u00e1dou p\u00e1nv\u00ed. \u010cin\u00adnost \u0159eky v p\u00e1nv\u00edch a na p\u0159echodech mezi p\u00e1nvemi je rozd\u00edln\u00e1 a proto i skladba \u00fazem\u00ed je odli\u0161n\u00e1, p\u0159itom v\u0161ak pro jist\u00fd \u00fasek charakteristick\u00e1. Geomorfologick\u00e9 poznatky n\u00e1m proto umo\u017e\u00ad\u0148uj\u00ed rozli\u0161it \u00faseky a \u00fazem\u00ed v\u0161eobecn\u011b velk\u00fdch propustnost\u00ed, st\u0159edn\u00edch propustnost\u00ed a pak oblast s pom\u011brn\u011b m\u00e1lo propust\u00adn\u00fdmi usazeninami^ tak\u017ee m\u00e1me mo\u017enost charakteristiky in-filtra\u010dn\u00edch pom\u011br\u016f ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch \u00fazemn\u00edch celc\u00edch. Spolu s pod\u00adklady hydrologick\u00fdmi a geologick\u00fdmi je mo\u017eno charakterisovati tak re\u017eim podzemn\u00edch vod a po\u010detn\u011b vyj\u00e1d\u0159it zm\u011bny, je\u017e zp\u016fsob\u00ed stavebn\u00ed z\u00e1sah.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na geomorfologick\u00e9m pr\u016fzkumu \u00fadoln\u00ed br\u00e1zdy \u0159eky S\u00e1\u00adzavy mezi Led\u010d\u00ed n. S. a Sv\u011btlou n. S. ukazuje autor, jak geo\u00admorfologick\u00e9 poznatky spolu s geologick\u00fdm pr\u016fzkumem uka\u00adzuj\u00ed mo\u017enosti z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed pitn\u00e9 vody z n\u00e1plav\u016f S\u00e1zavy a z povod\u00ed jej\u00edch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f nad Sv\u011btlou n. S. a d\u00e1vaj\u00ed sm\u011br, kter\u00fdm se maj\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159it pr\u016fzkumn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce na zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">3. Pr\u00e1ce zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 k z\u00e1chran\u011b Skalnat\u00e9ho plesa v Tatr\u00e1ch d\u00e1vaj\u00ed autorovi p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost, aby uk\u00e1zal, jak se uplat\u0148uj\u00ed geo\u00admorfologick\u00e9 poznatky p\u0159i projektov\u00e1n\u00ed ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed proti ni\u010div\u00e9 \u010dinnosti podzemn\u00edch vod. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b podrobn\u00e9ho rozboru morfologie jezern\u00edho dna a bo\u010dn\u00edch svah\u016f a z poznatk\u016f o vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9m p\u016fsoben\u00ed ru\u0161iv\u00fdch sil doch\u00e1z\u00ed k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee sta\u00addium, v n\u011bm\u017e p\u016fsobily s\u00edly, kter\u00e9 vytvo\u0159ily jezero a pozd\u011bji, kter\u00e9 udr\u017eovaly jeho existenci, je p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1no stadiem, v n\u011bm\u017e ru\u0161iv\u00e1 \u010dinnost povrchov\u00e9 a hlavn\u011b podzemn\u00ed vody nab\u00fdv\u00e1 vrchu nad v\u00fdtvorem glaci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dinnosti. Z pozn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny pak je mo\u017eno volit zp\u016fsob jak zas\u00e1hnout proti tomuto v\u00fdvoji i jak volit technick\u00fd postup pr\u016fzkumn\u00fdch a zabezpe\u010dovac\u00edch prac\u00ed. Tak umo\u017e\u0148uje geomorfologick\u00e1 analysa organick\u00fd z\u00e1sah do re\u017eimu podzemn\u00edch vod.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. M. Gylokay:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Re\u017eim podzemn\u00ed vody na \u017ditn\u00e9m ostrov\u011b.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V \u00favodu popisuje autor hydrologick\u00e9 pom\u011bry na \u017ditn\u00e9m ostrov\u011b a ochrann\u00fd a odvod\u0148ovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m na jeho \u00fazem\u00ed. \u00dazem\u00ed se d\u011bli na 9 oblast\u00ed, z nich\u017e 1. a\u017e 3. jsou odvod\u0148ov\u00e1ny do Dunaje a ostatn\u00ed mimo oblast 9. do Mal\u00e9ho Dunaje. V oblasti 9. odvod\u0148ov\u00e1ni- nen\u00ed zapot\u0159eb\u00ed. Cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m odvod\u0148ovac\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f a p\u0159e\u010derpac\u00edch stanic m\u00e1 udr\u017eeti hladinu podzemn\u00ed vody nejm\u00e9n\u011b 1 m pod ter\u00e9nem. \u017ditn\u00fd ostrov je tvo\u0159en z \u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00adn\u00edch \u0161t\u011brk\u016f a p\u00edsk\u016f, jejich\u017e zrnitosti ub\u00fdv\u00e1 sm\u011brem po toku Dunaje. Mocnost n\u00e1plav\u016f dosahuje 16 \u2014 17 m pod Bratislavou a odhaduje se na v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 m u \u0160amor\u00edna. \u017ditn\u00fdm ostrovem prob\u00edh\u00e1 souvisl\u00e1 hladina podzemn\u00ed vody. Podzemn\u00ed voda se dopl\u0148uje hlavn\u011b ze dvou zdroj\u016f, a to jednak infiltrac\u00ed z Dunaje, jednak ze sr\u00e1\u017eek. Z\u00e1soba podzemn\u00ed vody se odhaduje zhruba na 6 miliard m<sup>3<\/sup>. Sm\u011br hlavn\u00edho proudu podzemn\u00ed vody je od z\u00e1padu k v\u00fdchodu. P\u0159i vysok\u00fdch vodn\u00edch stavech v \u0159ek\u00e1ch voda prosakuje do \u00fazem\u00ed, je zachycena odvod\u0148ovac\u00edmi kan\u00e1ly a p\u0159e\u010derp\u00e1v\u00e1na do Dunaje. P\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00fdch vodn\u00edch stavech se pod\u00adzemn\u00ed voda z \u00fazem\u00ed stahuje do \u0159ek a odvod\u0148ovac\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f. V kan\u00e1lech jsou stavidla, kter\u00fdmi se reguluje v\u00fd\u0161ka vodn\u00ed hladiny. Norm\u00e1ln\u00ed dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1sob podzemn\u00ed vody ze sr\u00e1\u017eek je v zimn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch (X a\u017e IV). V t\u00e9to dob\u011b hladina podzemn\u00ed vody stoup\u00e1. Ve vegeta\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed spot\u0159ebuje rostlinstvo celou sr\u00e1\u017ekovou vodu a je\u0161t\u011b \u010derp\u00e1 ze z\u00e1sob, tak\u017ee hladina pod\u00adzemn\u00ed vody kles\u00e1. Tento pravideln\u00fd zjev se vyskytuje ov\u0161em jen tam, kde hladina podzemn\u00ed vody nen\u00ed ovlivn\u011bna hladinami \u0159ek. Jinak vliv \u0159eky m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159evl\u00e1dat nad pravideln\u00fdm ro\u010dn\u00edm kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00edm. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vodn\u00ed hladina vody v \u0159ece tla\u010d\u00ed vodu propust\u00adn\u00fdmi vrstvami pod hr\u00e1zemi do \u00fazem\u00ed ostrova. Rychlost verti\u00adk\u00e1ln\u00edho i horizont\u00e1ln\u00edho pohybu podzemn\u00edch vod se zmen\u0161uje se vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed m\u00edsta od \u0159eky a zv\u011bt\u0161uje se zv\u011bt\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm mocnosti propustn\u00fdch vrstev.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V roce 1948 na 39 km dlouh\u00e9m \u00faseku bylo m\u011b\u0159eno mno\u017estv\u00ed prosakuj\u00edc\u00edch vod pod\u00e9l dunajsk\u00e9 hr\u00e1ze a \u010dinilo 300 l\/sec\/km. P\u0159i V\u00e1hodunaji 200 l\/sec\/km. Toto mno\u017estv\u00ed representuje jen ono mno\u017estv\u00ed infiltrovan\u00e9 vody, kter\u00e9 vych\u00e1zelo nad ter\u00e9n. P\u0159i leto\u0161n\u00ed velk\u00e9 vod\u011b byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny cenn\u00e9 poznatky, kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak nejsou je\u0161t\u011b zpracov\u00e1ny. Je v\u0161ak mo\u017eno ji\u017e \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee p\u0159i nej-vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch vodn\u00edch stavech jsou tyto hodnoty dva a\u017e trojn\u00e1sobn\u00e9. Dosavadn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum tak\u00e9 potvrzuje, \u017ee prosakuj\u00edc\u00ed voda z \u0159eky vym\u00edl\u00e1 jemn\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pod\u00e9l hr\u00e1z\u00ed, tak\u017ee obvykl\u00e9 tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee jemn\u00e9 n\u00e1plavy ut\u011bs\u0148uj\u00ed koryto \u0159eky, se u Dunaje neosv\u011bd\u010duje. Z toho plyne tak\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011br, \u017ee doporu\u010dovan\u00e9 t\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bchto vrstev jemn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lem by bylo ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 a je proto nutno k injektovan\u00e9mu materi\u00e1lu p\u0159id\u00e1vat spojovac\u00ed materi\u00e1l.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vedle st\u00e1l\u00e9 z\u00e1soby podzemn\u00ed vody na \u017ditn\u00e9m ostrov\u011b, od\u00adhadovan\u00e9 na 6 miliard m<sup>3<\/sup>, existuje zde je\u0161t\u011b prom\u011bnliv\u00e1 z\u00e1soba a to jednak ze sr\u00e1\u017eek, kter\u00e9 \u010din\u00ed asi 150 milion\u016f m<sup>3<\/sup> a ze st\u00e1l\u00e9 infiltrace z Dunaje, kter\u00e1 \u010din\u00ed na 1 km toku asi 1,05 m<sup>8<\/sup>\/sec p\u0159i velk\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch a 0,6 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/sec p\u0159i mal\u00e9 vod\u011b. P\u0159i leto\u0161n\u00ed velk\u00e9 vod\u011b byly hodnoty o mnoho vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Probl\u00e9m odstran\u011bn\u00ed \u0161kodliv\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku prosakuj\u00edc\u00edch vod na \u017ditn\u00e9m ostrov\u011b je st\u00e1le aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u00edm sp\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 vodn\u00ed d\u00edlo na Dunaji bude m\u00edti zna\u010dn\u00fd vliv na budouc\u00ed re\u017eim podzemn\u00ed vody i na \u017ditn\u00e9m ostrov\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Ing. Anselm Mal\u00ed\u0161ek: V\u00fdzkum hrub\u00fdch splavenin.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zv\u011btraliny hornin jsou splachov\u00e1ny za de\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edval\u016f do tok\u016f a v nich se pohybuj\u00ed podle un\u00e1\u0161ec\u00ed s\u00edly, vyjad\u0159ovan\u00e9 obvykle rovnic\u00ed Du Boysovou, v n\u00ed\u017e jako rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dinitel\u00e9 jsou hloubka vody a sp\u00e1d hladiny. Je v\u0161ak rozd\u00edl mezi velikost\u00ed un\u00e1\u0161ec\u00ed s\u00edly, pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k udr\u017een\u00ed ji\u017e se pohybuj\u00edc\u00edch spla\u00advenin, a s\u00edly, kter\u00e1 je pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 k p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed setrva\u010dn\u00e9 s\u00edly valoun\u016f v klidu, je\u017e se ud\u00e1v\u00e1 asi o 30 \u00b0\/<sub>0<\/sub> v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. Za transportu splavenin se uplat\u0148uje obrus, jeho\u017e velikost podle Sterriberga je z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na d\u00e9lce ura\u017een\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy a vlastnostech splavenin.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pohyb splavenin je s ohledem na jejich r\u016fznorodost slo\u017eit\u00fd proces. Vyjad\u0159uje se empirick\u00fdmi vzorci, jejich\u017e vhodn\u00e1 upot\u0159ebitelnost z\u00e1vis\u00ed na spolehlivosti r\u016fzn\u00fdch pou\u017eit\u00fdch sou\u010di\u00adnitel\u016f, co\u017e je podm\u00ednka s ohledem na slo\u017eitost procesu a r\u016fz\u00adnost sm\u011brodatn\u00fdch \u010dinitel\u016f nesnadno splniteln\u00e1.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pohyb splavenin je trval\u00fd nebo p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fd, uplat\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed se pohybem \u0161t\u011brkov\u00fdch lavic po p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed kritick\u00e9 meze un\u00e1\u00ad\u0161ec\u00ed s\u00edly, kter\u00e1 je s to rozru\u0161iti hrubozrnn\u00fd, dob\u0159e ulehl\u00fd po\u00advrch \u0161t\u011brkov\u00e9 lavice.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v Praze se zab\u00fdval v\u00fd\u00adzkumem pohybu hrub\u00fdch splavenin hlavn\u011b na Be\u010dv\u011b a Od\u0159e, kde byly zam\u011b\u0159eny \u0161t\u011brkov\u00e9 lavice a zji\u0161t\u011bna jejich zrnitost. Do dna byly zapu\u0161t\u011bny lapa\u010de \u0161t\u011brku a na \u0161t\u011brkov\u00e9 lavice po\u00adlo\u017eeny barevn\u011b ozna\u010den\u00e9 valouny, aby tak byly zji\u0161t\u011bny po\u00adznatky o pohybu \u0161t\u011brku. Pr\u00e1ce byly v\u0161ak naru\u0161ov\u00e1ny jednak t\u011b\u017een\u00edm \u0161t\u011brku, jednak kr\u00e1de\u017e\u00ed lapa\u010d\u016f. Dosavadn\u00ed poznatky poukazuj\u00ed na pomal\u00fd postup \u0161t\u011brkov\u00fdch lavic. V Teplic\u00edch n. B. je stanoven ro\u010dn\u011b pr\u016ftok 10.000 m<sup>3<\/sup> hrub\u00e9ho \u0161t\u011brku. Uplat\u00ad\u0148uje se hlavn\u011b za povodn\u00ed, kdy na p\u0159\u00edklad za dvouhodinov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edvalu \u010dinil 500 m<sup>3<\/sup> \u0161t\u011brku proti pr\u016fm\u011bru n\u011bkolika kubick\u00fdch metr\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dosavadn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky z m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed sp\u00e1du p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch profil\u016f a zm\u011bn \u0161t\u011brkovi\u0161\u0165 a zadr\u017een\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, zhodnocen\u00e9 ve vztahu k m\u011brn\u00e9 k\u0159ivce \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho profilu umo\u017en\u00ed posoudit nejen mno\u017estv\u00ed un\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch splavenin, n\u00fdbr\u017e i rozsah platnosti empirick\u00fdch vzorc\u016f a sou\u010dinitel\u016f pro na\u0161e pom\u011bry.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. Szolgay \u2014Ing. N\u00e1ther:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Niektor\u00e9 poznatky z v\u00fdskumu splavenin na Dunaji.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00fdzkum splavenin na Dunaji vstoupil do stadia \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed me\u00adtodiky v\u00fdzkumu a p\u0159ezku\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed vhodnosti pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u00adstroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159i dosavadn\u00ed konstrukci jednak naru\u0161uj\u00ed p\u0159iro\u00adzen\u00fd pohyb splavenin, jednak zadr\u017euj\u00ed i \u010d\u00e1st splavenin ze dna. S ohledem na pulsaci je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 doba m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Sporn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky t\u0159eba objasnit p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b i laboratorn\u011b a t\u00edm umo\u017enit t\u00e9\u017e zhod\u00adnocen\u00ed dosavadn\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f, jeho\u017e kone\u010dn\u00fdm c\u00edlem je vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu \u0161t\u011brkonosnosti na Dunaji.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch \u0161t\u011brkov\u00fdch lap\u00e1k\u016f byly zkou\u0161eny dva, a to s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fd, obdobn\u00fd Ehrenbergerovu a Nesperovu, a plnost\u011bnn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj ma\u010farsk\u00e9 hydrografick\u00e9 slu\u017eby. P\u0159i zah\u00e1jen\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu byl pou\u017eit tento druh\u00fd lap\u00e1k, p\u0159i leto\u0161n\u00edch prac\u00edch sou\u010dasn\u011b t\u00e9\u017e s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fd lap\u00e1k \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd, jeho\u017e \u00fa\u010dinnost je ji\u017e laboratorn\u011b p\u0159ezkou\u0161ena; porovn\u00e1vac\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed mohou slou\u017eit k zp\u0159es\u0148o\u00adv\u00e1n\u00ed dosavadn\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Horn\u00ed plocha lap\u00e1ku ve form\u011b sinusovky m\u00e1 zabr\u00e1nit naru\u00ad\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho proud\u011bn\u00ed. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti lap\u00e1ku m\u00e1 umo\u017enit odd\u011blen\u00ed splavenin z vody. Dv\u00ed\u0159ka ve vstupn\u00edm i v\u00fd-tokov\u00e9m otvoru zabra\u0148uj\u00ed vyplavov\u00e1n\u00ed zadr\u017een\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Lap\u00e1k p\u0159i m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed nem\u00e1 naru\u0161ovat pr\u016ftok splavenin po dn\u011b, co\u017e se nejv\u00edce projevuje p\u0159i jeho dosed\u00e1n\u00ed na dno a p\u0159i jeho zved\u00e1n\u00ed. S ohledem na pulsaci m\u011bl by se lap\u00e1k ponech\u00e1vat co nejd\u00e9le na dn\u011b; to by v\u0161ak p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo velik\u00fd, t\u011b\u017eko zvladateln\u00fd lap\u00e1k, aby se p\u0159edch\u00e1zelo jeho p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00e9mu na\u00adpln\u011bn\u00ed. Proto se kon\u00e1 v\u00edce po sob\u011b n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch odb\u011br\u016f o trv\u00e1n\u00ed asi dvou minut, p\u0159i kter\u00fdch podle zkou\u0161ek se zadr\u017een\u00e1 mno\u017estv\u00ed bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed konstantn\u00ed hodnot\u011b. Touto dobou se t\u00e9\u017e sni\u017euje vliv v\u011bt\u00ad\u0161\u00edho nas\u00e1van\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed \u0161t\u011brku, kter\u00e9 nastane p\u0159i otev\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00edch dv\u00ed\u0159ek lap\u00e1ku. N\u00e1hradou s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch dv\u00ed\u0159ek za plno-st\u011bnn\u00e9 se sn\u00ed\u017eilo po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed, nas\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm zvy\u0161ovan\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed splavenin, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje zkracovat dobu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed asi na jednu minutu a sou\u010dasn\u011b i v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u010det m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed nutn\u00fdch s ohledem na pulsaci.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nesymetrick\u00e9 a nepravideln\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed pr\u016ftoku splavenin v p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9m profilu vy\u017eaduje m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ve v\u00edce svislic\u00edch. V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v Bratislav\u011b postupn\u011b p\u0159ech\u00e1zel na v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, prakticky uskute\u010dniteln\u00fd po\u010det odb\u011br\u016f ve 12 a\u017e 7 svis\u00adlic\u00edch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledku je grafick\u00e9. Nejprve se stanov\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011bry odebran\u00fdch splavenin pro ka\u017edou svislici a spojnice kone\u010d\u00adn\u00fdch bod\u016f po\u0159adnic vynesen\u00fdch v m\u00edst\u011b svislic a vyjad\u0159u\u00adj\u00edc\u00edch sv\u00fdmi d\u00e9lkami velikost pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho odb\u011bru omezuje s osou \u00fase\u010dek a s koncov\u00fdmi po\u0159adnicemi plochu, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ed\u00adstavuje vte\u0159inov\u00fd pr\u016ftok splavenin pro cel\u00fd p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fd profil.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na Dunaji se dosud nepoda\u0159ilo odvodit funkcion\u00e1ln\u00ed vztah mezi pr\u016ftokem vody a splavenin, a\u010d celoprofilov\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch stavech d\u00e1vaj\u00ed korela\u010dn\u00ed vztahy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">S ohledem na \u0161\u00ed\u0159ku p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch profil\u016f na Dunaji nelze po\u010d\u00edtat, \u017ee by m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed splavenin v jedn\u00e9 svislici sta\u010dilo pro hodnocen\u00ed pr\u016ftoku splavenin v cel\u00e9m profilu. T\u0159eba pamatovat na uplat\u00ad\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed se posuny \u0161t\u011brkov\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma a granulometrick\u00e9 p\u0159esku\u00adpov\u00e1n\u00ed materi\u00e1lu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00fdsledky podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho studia pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 pulsace pr\u016ftoku splavenin dlouho trvaj\u00edc\u00edmi m\u011b\u0159en\u00edmi v jedn\u00e9 svislici a zpraco\u00advan\u00e9 pod veden\u00edm Ing. Pantelopuse byly uve\u0159ejn\u011bny jako me\u00adtodick\u00e9 p\u0159ipom\u00ednky k m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Statistick\u00fdm rozborem se dosp\u011blo k uz\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee je t\u0159eba se omezit jen na m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed dlouhodob\u00e1 (p\u0159es 13 hodin) v jedn\u00e9 svislici a m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e1 (asi jednohodinov\u00e1), opakovan\u00e1 v intervalech n\u011bkolika hodin v ur\u010dit\u00e9m po\u010dtu jin\u00fdch bod\u016f profilu. K lep\u0161\u00edmu rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed svislic by bylo t\u0159eba zn\u00e1t t\u00e9\u017e pohyb splavenin v p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9m sm\u011bru. To plat\u00ed pro pr\u016ftoky na Dunaji do 1200 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/s. Pro v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pr\u016ftoky budou doby asi krat\u0161\u00ed a doporu\u010duje se sledovat t\u00e9\u017e zm\u011bny granulometrie v z\u00e1vislosti na \u010dase.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z toho tedy vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 nutnost p\u0159i mal\u00fdch pr\u016ftoc\u00edch z mnoho\u00adn\u00e1sobit odb\u011bry ve svislici. S ohledem na praktick\u00e9 obt\u00ed\u017ee p\u0159i prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed, d\u00e1le na autorem nep\u0159esn\u00e9 formulov\u00e1n\u00ed zp\u016fsobu vyhodnocen\u00ed navrhovan\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, na nyn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stav m\u011brn\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a na kapacitu pracovn\u00edk\u016f nelze se na tento metodick\u00fd n\u00e1vrh soust\u0159edit a zb\u00fdv\u00e1 jen se pokusit o \u00fapravu metodiky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v r\u00e1mci dan\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Aby byl vyjasn\u011bn vliv p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9ho vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed na d\u00e9lku doby m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ve svislici, kter\u00e1 je sm\u011brodatn\u00e1 v z\u00e1jmu stanoven\u00ed spo\u00adlehliv\u00e9ho pr\u016fm\u011bru pr\u016ftoku splavenin, budou provedena sou\u00ad\u010dasn\u00e1 dlouhodob\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ve v\u00edce svislic\u00edch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1v\u011brem lze soudit, \u017ee jak metodick\u00fd, tak technick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed splavenin p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed od \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00edch, r\u00e1mcov\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek k probl\u00e9mu detail\u016f, co\u017e podmi\u0148uje co nejp\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vystihnut\u00ed techniky odb\u011bru, dlouh\u00e9 matematicko-statistick\u00e9 analysy a la\u00adboratorn\u00ed cejchovac\u00ed zkou\u0161ky. Po dohotoven\u00ed odposlouch\u00e1va\u00adc\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstroje bude lze kombinac\u00ed dlouhodob\u00fdch svislicov\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed se sou\u010dasnou registrac\u00ed odposlouch\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zp\u0159esnit a zdo\u00adkonalit kone\u010dnou metodiku splavenin na Dunaji.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. Du\u0161an Almer:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Zku\u0161enosti z merania plavenin na Slovensku.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00davodem se upozor\u0148uje na v\u00fdznam velik\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed vod\u00adn\u00edmi toky un\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch jemn\u00fdch plavenin, kter\u00e9 p\u0159i zmen\u0161en\u00ed rychlosti se usazuj\u00ed v n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch a v p\u0159\u00edvodn\u00fdch kan\u00e1lech a t\u00edm zmen\u0161uj\u00ed jejich pr\u016fto\u010dn\u00fd profil nebo pr\u016fto\u010dnou kapacitu. V ta\u00adbulk\u00e1ch se uv\u00e1d\u00ed pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 toky mno\u017estv\u00ed transpono\u00advan\u00fdch splavenin v t\/km<sup>2<\/sup>, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b ro\u010dn\u00ed zmen\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e-n\u00edch prostor\u016f v procentech jejich objemu. Velik\u00e9 \u0161kody vznikaj\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e rozhlod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm turbinov\u00fdch lopatek.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pohybu plavenin je v\u011bnov\u00e1na v cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b a hlavn\u011b v SSSR velik\u00e1 pozornost. Refer\u00e1t n\u00e1s obeznamuje se zp\u016fsobem a me\u00adtodikou p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b a s v\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu b\u011bhem 3 let na Slovensku. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tam modifikovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj Poljak\u016fv, umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed br\u00e1t vzorky bodov\u011b i integra\u010dn\u011b. P\u0159i celoprofilov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed d\u00e1v\u00e1 integra\u010dn\u00ed zp\u016fsob dostate\u010dn\u011b p\u0159esn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky jak po str\u00e1nce kvantitativn\u00ed, tak i kvalitativn\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na pokud jde o granulometrii. Na doklad toho uv\u00e1d\u00ed v\u00fdsledky podle obou zp\u016fsob\u016f odb\u011bru, a to jak slovensk\u00e9, tak ma\u010farsk\u00e9. Svislicov\u00e9 odb\u011bry jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed celoprofilov\u00fdch odb\u011br\u016f, kter\u00e9 se konaj\u00ed n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t do roka. Dva a\u017e t\u0159ikr\u00e1t v t\u00fddnu se berou vzorky z jedn\u00e9 svislice, p\u0159esn\u011b v profilu fixovan\u00e9. Vztah zakalen\u00ed v t\u00e9to svislici k zakalen\u00ed v cel\u00e9m pro\u00adfilu umo\u017e\u0148uje zhodnocovat mno\u017estv\u00ed un\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch plavenin v ce\u00adl\u00e9m profilu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dal\u0161\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odebran\u00fdch vzork\u016f se d\u011bje metodou dvoji\u00adt\u00e9ho v\u00fdparku podle V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho v Praze, a to dvou vzork\u016f, jak se ust\u00e1l\u00ed po 24hodinov\u00e9m usazo\u00adv\u00e1n\u00ed. Jeden vzorek se bere ze dna, druh\u00fd z povrchu. Pon\u011bvad\u017e pro n\u011bkter\u00e1 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed je t\u0159eba pou\u017e\u00edvat i d\u00e1le zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed vzork\u016f pomoc\u00ed filtrace, odvodili si vztah mezi v\u00fdsledky obou zp\u016fsob\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">S ohledem na v\u00fdznam stavu p\u016fdy na povrchu zemsk\u00e9m pro zakalen\u00ed vody sestrojili m\u011brn\u00e9 k\u0159ivky pro jednotliv\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00edce v roce. Zna\u010dn\u00fd rozd\u00edl v k\u0159ivk\u00e1ch pro zimn\u00ed a letn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edce je z\u0159eteln\u00fd hlavn\u011b u velik\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Refer\u00e1t je dolo\u017een tabulkou ro\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f vody i plavenin na Dunaji, Laborci a Uhu za roky 1951, 1952 a 1953, a d\u00e1lep\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi hodnotami za povodn\u00ed. V\u00fdsledky srovn\u00e1ni p\u0159\u00ed\u00adslu\u0161n\u00fdch hodnot dokazuj\u00ed, \u017ee jsou to povod\u0148ov\u00e9 pr\u016ftoky letn\u00ed, kdy plaveniny hlavn\u011b jsou vodou un\u00e1\u0161eny.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dal\u0161\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159inese dal\u0161\u00ed poznatky a umo\u017en\u00ed i prohlou\u00adben\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b o granulometrii pohybuj\u00edc\u00edho se materi\u00e1lu a jeho chemick\u00fd a petrografick\u00fd rozbor.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. Ivo Brachtl:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>\u00da\u010dinok plaveninov\u00e9ho re\u017eimu na p\u0159\u00edvodn\u011b kan\u00e1ly na V\u00e1hu.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Men\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fto\u010dn\u00e9 rychlosti vody v p\u0159\u00edvodn\u00edch kan\u00e1lech v\u00e1\u017esk\u00fdch vodn\u00edch d\u011bl ne\u017e jsou rychlosti v \u0159ece podmi\u0148uj\u00ed zan\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed kan\u00e1lu plaveninami. Podle m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed obsahu plavenin z let 1933 a\u017e 1936 se vyskytuje nejv\u00edce plavenin p\u0159i jarn\u00edch a letn\u00edch po\u00advodn\u00edch a nejm\u00e9n\u011b v zim\u011b. Je to dolo\u017eeno tabulkou obsahu plavenin pro jednotliv\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00edce pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho roku ze zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed. Celoro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br z tohoto obdob\u00ed byl 135 mg\/l, ma\u00adxim\u00e1ln\u00ed 2,15 g\/l za vrcholen\u00ed povodn\u011b dne 19. \u010dervence 1934.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V dal\u0161\u00edm p\u0159ehledu jsou uvedeny obsahy plavenin na r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00edstech V\u00e1hu podle m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v kv\u011btnu 1953, z n\u011bho\u017e je jasn\u011b zjistiteln\u00fd pokles zakalen\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edvodn\u00fdch kan\u00e1lech v trati Ko\u010dkovce\u2014Dubnice, zp\u016fsoben\u00fd usazov\u00e1n\u00edm plavenin.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00fdsledky stanoven\u00e9 ze sondov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1nos\u016f v p\u0159\u00edvodn\u00fdch ka\u00adn\u00e1lech v letech 1940 \u2014 1944 a pak v roce 1952 po srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s vodnostmi jednotliv\u00fdch rok\u016f ukazuj\u00ed na to, \u017ee mno\u017estv\u00ed n\u00e1nos\u016f nelze posuzovat podle pr\u016ftokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f v tom kter\u00e9m roce, n\u00fdbr\u017e \u017ee je to jev, kter\u00fd z\u00e1vis\u00ed na mnoha jin\u00fdch \u010dinitel\u00edch a kter\u00fd bude t\u0159eba \u0159e\u0161it komplexn\u011bji.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">K zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed vlivu r\u016fzn\u00e9 rychlosti proud\u00edc\u00ed vody na usazo\u00adv\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u011b zrnit\u00e9ho kalu byl stanoven pod\u00edl usazenin zrna v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho ne\u017e 0,11 mm po cel\u00e9 d\u00e9lce kan\u00e1lu Ko\u010dkovce \u2014 Ladce. Kde\u017eto v \u010d\u00e1sti usazovac\u00ed na po\u010d\u00e1tku kan\u00e1lu a v \u010d\u00e1sti roz\u0161\u00ed\u00ad\u0159en\u00e9 nad hydrocentr\u00e1lou je frakce 0,11 mm a jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zastou\u00adpena, sch\u00e1z\u00ed v u\u017e\u0161\u00ed mezilehl\u00e9 trati s v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fto\u010dnou rychlost\u00ed. Zrnitost plavenin vodou un\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch na po\u010d\u00e1tku kan\u00e1lu proti zrnitosti plavenin na jeho konci se vyzna\u010duje men\u0161\u00edm obsahem jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a hrub\u0161\u00edch frakc\u00ed a pom\u011brn\u011b velik\u00fdm zastoupen\u00edm frakc\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00edch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zan\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edvodn\u00e9ho kan\u00e1lu m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed st\u00e1le hrub\u0161\u00edch plavenin p\u0159es turb\u00edny, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje jejich obru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed, ztr\u00e1ty na sp\u00e1du a t\u00edm i na v\u00fdrob\u011b elektrick\u00e9 energie. Z t\u011bchto poznatk\u016f vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u00fdznam ujasn\u011bn\u00ed probl\u00e9mu usazo\u00adv\u00e1n\u00ed kal\u016f v hydroenergetick\u00fdcb kan\u00e1lech a pot\u0159eba zv\u00e1\u017eit jeho hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 d\u016fsledky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. Dr Miroslav \u010cerm\u00e1k:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>P\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f (\u201en&#8221; denn\u00ed vody) na moravsk\u00fdch \u0159ek\u00e1ch.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V roce 1950 bylo dokon\u010deno vy\u010d\u00edslov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f v povod\u00ed Moravy a Odry za 251et\u00e9 obdob\u00ed 1926\u20141950. Toto obdob\u00ed sv\u00fdm charakterem se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed dlouholet\u00e9mu pr\u016fm\u011bru a li\u0161\u00ed se od n\u011bho asi o 3 a\u017e 5 %. Jest v n\u011bm zahrnut rok mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b such\u00fd (1934) i mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 vodn\u00fd rok 1941.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vodnost toku charakterisuj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd odtok a pak zejm\u00e9na k\u0159ivky p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">K\u0159ivky p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f za obdob\u00ed 1926\u20141950 v povod\u00ed \u0159eky Moravy byly vypo\u010dteny pro 25 vodom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic. Byly vy\u010d\u00edsleny pr\u016ftoky ze stanic i za krat\u0161\u00ed dobu ne\u017e 25 let a bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee odchylka 151et\u00e9bo obdob\u00ed 1926 \u2014 1940 od pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed 1926 \u2014 1950 je asi 5 %.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vy\u010d\u00edslen\u00e9 pr\u016ftoky nelze pokl\u00e1dat za p\u0159irozen\u00e9, proto\u017ee odtok v povod\u00ed Moravy, Labe i horn\u00ed Odry je ovlivn\u011bn vodn\u00edmi d\u00edly. Vodn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, jako\u017e i hydrologie mus\u00ed v\u0161ak s touto sku\u00adte\u010dnost\u00ed, t. j. \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdmi pr\u016ftoky, po\u010d\u00edtat.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vypo\u010dten\u00e9 k\u0159ivky p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f byly mezi sebou po\u00adrovn\u00e1ny a bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee v\u0161echny \u010d\u00e1ry p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f m\u016f\u017eeme sev\u0159\u00edt obalov\u00fdmi \u010darami, je\u017e maj\u00ed nejmen\u0161\u00ed rozptyl pro vodu asi 70\u201480denn\u00ed. Ro\u017eky v pro p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed stejn\u00e9 doby je zna\u010dn\u011b velk\u00fd (pro l0denn\u00ed vodu 375 %).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z vynesen\u00fdch \u010dar je z\u0159ejmo, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm je tok vyrovnan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2014 t\u00edm men\u0161\u00ed sklon m\u00e1 k\u0159ivka k vodorovn\u00e9 (Svitava) a \u010d\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b je vyrovnan\u00fd pr\u016ftok, t\u00edm je k\u0159ivka p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed strm\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Oslava, (Jihlava).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro praktick\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed sna\u017eil jsem se odvodit obecn\u011bji platnou z\u00e1vislost hodnot pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 k\u0159ivky p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f na ro\u010d\u00adn\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9m pr\u016ftoku.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Proto vytknul jsem 5 z\u00e1kladn\u00edch druh\u016f tok\u016f, pro n\u011b\u017e jsem stanovil pom\u011br mezi \u201en&#8221; denn\u00ed vodou a ro\u010dn\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdm pr\u016ftokem:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Toky s velmi. vyrovnan\u00fdmi pr\u016ftoky vody, jako na p\u0159. Svitava.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Toky povod\u00ed Dyje (krom\u011b Svitavy).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Toky horn\u00edho povod\u00ed Moravy a\u017e po \u00fast\u00ed Be\u010dvy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Morava pod \u00fast\u00edm Be\u010dvy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00fdchodomoravsk\u00e9 toky \u2014 v\u011bt\u0161inou z fly\u0161ov\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 procenta \u201en&#8221; denn\u00edch vod z ro\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku mohou b\u00fdti aplikov\u00e1na zase jen na dlouhodob\u00e9 pr\u016f\u00adm\u011bry a nikoliv na jednotliv\u00e9 roky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve jsme prok\u00e1zali, \u017ee obdob\u00ed 15 let oby\u010dejn\u011b u\u017e v praxi posta\u010d\u00ed pro charakteristiku k\u0159ivky p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f a odvod\u00edme-li si vztah pr\u016ftoku ur\u010dit\u00e9ho p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed dlouholet\u00e9ho pr\u016f\u00adm\u011bru k ro\u010dn\u00edmu pr\u016fm\u011bru pr\u016ftoku za toto krat\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed, lze pro praxi s dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159esnost\u00ed stanovit k\u0159ivky p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f pro dlouh\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, jestli\u017ee m\u00e1me zji\u0161t\u011bn dlouhodob\u00fd ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br pr\u016ftok\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zn\u00e1me-li dlouhodob\u00e9 p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f ve vodom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic\u00edch, lze pomoc\u00ed nich stanovit k\u0159ivky p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed i pro jin\u00e1 m\u00edsta a toky, kde nejsou p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed odtoku, jestli\u017ee dovedeme pro toto m\u00edsto stanovit dlouhodob\u00fd ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd pr\u016ftok.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Krom\u011b k\u0159ivky pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f pro dlouho\u00adlet\u00e9 obdob\u00ed pot\u0159ebuje praxe zn\u00e1t i k\u0159ivku minim\u00e1ln\u00edch p\u0159ekro\u00ad\u010den\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ur\u010den\u00ed t\u011bchto k\u0159ivek nen\u00ed u\u017e tak snadn\u00e9. Tyto k\u0159ivky byly zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1ny jako nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed obalov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry v\u0161ech k\u0159ivek p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f ze v\u0161ech rok\u016f pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed stanic.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Proto\u017ee v obdob\u00ed let 1926 \u2014 1950 se vyskytly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v cel\u00e9m povod\u00ed Moravy mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 such\u00e9 roky 1933 a 1934, kter\u00e9 podle matematick\u00e9 statistiky a po\u010dtu pravd\u011bpodobnosti se vysky\u00adtuj\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e jedenkr\u00e1t za 95 let, bylo mo\u017eno obalov\u00e9 k\u0159ivky sestavit pro v\u0161echny stanice, kter\u00e9 pozoruj\u00ed po roku 1926.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u010c\u00e1ry, vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed percentu\u00e1ln\u00ed pod\u00edl minim\u00e1ln\u00ed ,,n&#8221; denn\u00ed vody na ro\u010dn\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011bru, maj\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00fd rozptyl.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro cbarakterisov\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch tok\u016f odvodil jsem pr\u016f\u00adm\u011brn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry minim\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f pro Svitavu, po\u00advod\u00ed Dyje, toky horn\u00ed Moravy, pro doln\u00ed tok Moravy a pro toky severov\u00fdchodn\u00edho povod\u00ed Moravy. Odchylky vypo\u010dten\u00fdch pr\u016f\u00adtok\u016f v uveden\u00fdch stanic\u00edch od prav\u00fdch hodnot jsou mal\u00e9 a pro praxi zanedbateln\u00e9. Bude v\u0161ak t\u0159eba tato \u010d\u00edsla zp\u0159es\u0148ovat podle v\u00fdsledk\u016f dal\u0161\u00edch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00fdsledek uveden\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce ukazuje, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem si mus\u00ed hydrologick\u00e1 slu\u017eba pom\u00e1hat, aby mohla vyhov\u011bt \u010detn\u00fdm po\u00ad\u017eadavk\u016fm projek\u010dn\u00edch slo\u017eek. Je v\u00fdbornou a nesm\u00edrn\u011b cennou pom\u016fckou p\u0159i vypracov\u00e1van\u00ed celost\u00e1tn\u00edho vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu a v\u00fdborn\u011b pom\u00e1h\u00e1 p\u0159i bilancov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e9 pot\u0159eby vody.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Je t\u0159eba je\u0161t\u011b hodn\u011b pr\u00e1ce s up\u0159es\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm u\u010din\u011bn\u00fdch po\u00adznatk\u016f zejm\u00e9na proto, \u017ee po vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch p\u0159ehrad vzniknou na na\u0161ich \u0159ek\u00e1ch nov\u00e9 odtokov\u00e9 pom\u011bry.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. M\u00e1ria Dmitrieva:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Typick\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ra pr\u016ftok\u016f.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Refer\u00e1t Ing. Dmitrievy \u00favodem zd\u016fraz\u0148uje d\u016fle\u017eitost hydro-logick\u00fdch stanovisek p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek. Je proto v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm \u00fakolem hydrologa podati p\u0159ehled o vodnosti toku a to jak o charakteristick\u00fdch zm\u011bn\u00e1ch pr\u016ftok\u016f, tak i o jeho toku a to jak o charakteristick\u00fdch zm\u011bn\u00e1ch pr\u016ftok\u016f, tak i o jejich \u010dasov\u00e9m rozd\u011blen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prozat\u00edm je mo\u017en\u00e9 souditi na budouc\u00ed re\u017eim tok\u016f jen na z\u00e1\u00adklad\u011b pozn\u00e1n\u00ed z minulosti a za p\u0159edpokladu opakov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b obdobn\u00fdch jev\u016f v ur\u010dit\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m \u00faseku. Celkov\u00fd hydrologick\u00fd r\u00e1z vy\u0161et\u0159ovan\u00e9ho \u00fadob\u00ed lze zn\u00e1zornit, krom\u011b jednoduch\u00e9ho a p\u0159ehledn\u00e9ho grafikonu denn\u00edch pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f, tzv. typickou \u010darou pr\u016ftok\u016f. Je to hydrologick\u00fd obraz, kter\u00fd v podstat\u011b vyjad\u0159uje \u010d\u00edseln\u011b a graficky typick\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed cha\u00adrakteristick\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f s vyzna\u010den\u00edm krajn\u00edch \u010dasov\u00fdch i v\u00fd\u0161\u00adkov\u00fdch mez\u00ed a mo\u017enost\u00ed v\u00fdskytu ledov\u00fdch jev\u016f a z\u00e1mraz.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Metodika sestrojen\u00ed typick\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry pr\u016ftok\u016f se zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 na tom, \u017ee ze v\u0161ech charakteristick\u00fdch bod\u016f pr\u016ftok\u016f se vypracuj\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011bry jak co do jejich velikosti, tak i co do \u010dasu. Jimi pro\u00adch\u00e1z\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ra pr\u016ftok\u016f a krajn\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e9 meze i meze velikost\u00ed cha\u00adrakteristick\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f jsou vyzna\u010deny ve tvaru k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee. Tento zp\u016fsob umo\u017e\u0148uje dos\u00e1hnouti p\u0159ehledn\u00e9ho rozd\u011blen\u00ed odtoku v roce, zejm\u00e9na pro povod\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b rozlehl\u00e1 v jednotn\u00e9 fysicko-geografick\u00e9 poloze. Pod\u00e1v\u00e1 ur\u010ditou odtokovou z\u00e1konitost, kter\u00e1 je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 nejen jako theoretick\u00fd z\u00e1klad pro studium z\u00e1vislosti hydrologick\u00fdch a klimatick\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f, ale i pro praktick\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159i vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m projektov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Typick\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ra pr\u016ftok\u016f se osv\u011bd\u010duje v SSSR, kde velk\u00e9 rusk\u00e9 \u0159eky maj\u00ed jarn\u00ed povodn\u011b a letn\u00ed nebo zimn\u00ed minima. Slovensk\u00e9 toky jsou v\u0161ak odli\u0161n\u00e9ho re\u017eimu. Jejich rozkol\u00edsanost se pro\u00adjevuje v mno\u017estv\u00ed i \u010dase a sestrojen\u00ed typick\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry je slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, p\u0159i \u010dem\u017e jej\u00ed charakter m\u00e1 \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed odchylky v jednotliv\u00fdch letech. Autorka v z\u00e1v\u011bru poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee tento nedostatek nesni\u017euje ostatn\u00ed v\u00fdhody a praktick\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed typick\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry pr\u016ftok\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dr L. Drobilov\u00e1\u2014Dr E. \u0160\u00edmo:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Pod\u00edl podzemn\u00edch vod v celkov\u00e9 bilanci odtoku V\u00e1hu v obdob\u00ed 1931-1940.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pr\u016ftok \u0159eky je sou\u010dtem odtoku vod povrchov\u00fdch a podzem\u00adn\u00edch. Povrchov\u00fd odtok, i kdy\u017e na na\u0161ich toc\u00edch p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1, v obdob\u00edch letn\u00edch minim se pravideln\u011b zmen\u0161uje nebo mimo\u00ad\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b ust\u00e1v\u00e1 a pak jedin\u00fdm zdrojem vodnosti toku jsou v\u00fdv\u011bry podzemn\u00ed vody. Podzemn\u00ed odtok se d\u011bje v porovn\u00e1m s povrchov\u00fdm odtokem pomaleji a proto v celkov\u00e9m ro\u010dn\u00edm odtoku vystupuje jako reguluj\u00edc\u00ed faktor. Refer\u00e1t \u0159e\u0161\u00ed \u00falohu pod\u00edlu podzemn\u00edch vod v celkov\u00e9m odtoku V\u00e1hu v obdob\u00ed 1931 \u2014 1940 metodou grafick\u00e9ho vyhodnocen\u00ed t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti pr\u016f\u00adtok\u016f pomoc\u00ed analysy \u010dar pr\u016ftok\u016f. Nedostatkem t\u00e9to metody jest, \u017ee nen\u00ed zalo\u017eena na v\u00fdzkumu odtoku podzemn\u00edch vod do \u0159eky, ale pom\u00e1h\u00e1 si.theoretick\u00fdmi \u00favahami, kter\u00e9 zjednodu\u0161uj\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00e9 vztahy. Refer\u00e1t se zmi\u0148uje o grafick\u00fdch metod\u00e1ch n\u011bkter\u00fdch autor\u016f, z nich\u017e nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pozornost v\u011bnuje metod\u011b B. I. Kudelina. P\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed sv\u00e9 \u00falohy pou\u017eili auto\u0159i t\u0159\u00ed zp\u016fsob\u016f \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Pod\u00edl podzemn\u00edch vod na celkov\u00e9m pr\u016ftoku vyd\u011blili na \u010d\u00e1\u0159e pr\u016ftok\u016f jednak aplikac\u00ed Kudelinovy metody, jednak pou\u017eili metody odd\u011bluj\u00edc\u00ed podzemn\u00ed a povrchov\u00fd odtok \u010darou spojuj\u00edc\u00ed del\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f a kone\u010dn\u011b odd\u011blili uve\u00adden\u00e9 slo\u017eky pr\u016ftoku \u010darou spojuj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00ed\u017ee polo\u017een\u00e9 body na \u010d\u00e1\u0159e pr\u016ftok\u016f. V\u00fdsledky byly dopln\u011bny je\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdpo\u010dtem pod\u00edlu pod\u00adzemn\u00edch vod na celkov\u00e9m odtoku podle minim\u00e1ln\u00edch ro\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f a podle hodnoty absolutn\u00edho minima. Jako uk\u00e1zka rozd\u00edlu hodnot p\u0159i rozd\u00edln\u00e9m geologick\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed povod\u00ed a i pro ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed platnosti postupu byla \u00faloha \u0159e\u0161ena t\u00e9\u017e na Kysuci a Raj\u010dance. Srovn\u00e1n\u00edm metod a hodnocen\u00edm v\u00fdsledk\u016f doch\u00e1zej\u00ed auto\u0159i k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee metoda B. I. Kudelina se pro V\u00e1h m\u00e9n\u011b hod\u00ed ne\u017e metoda \u010d\u00e1ry spojuj\u00edc\u00ed obdob\u00ed d\u00e9le trvaj\u00edc\u00edch n\u00edzk\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f. Je to t\u00edm, \u017ee povod\u00ed V\u00e1hu je slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e povod\u00ed n\u00ed\u017einn\u00fdch tok\u016f, pro kter\u00e9 Kudelin sv\u00e9 metody pou\u017eil a proto t\u00e9\u017e podm\u00ednky v\u00fdvoje podzemn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edtoku do \u0159eky jsou v r\u016fz\u00adn\u00fdch m\u00edstech r\u016fzn\u00e9 a re\u017eim odtoku z vodonosn\u00fdch vrstev a opa\u010dn\u011b nesouvis\u00ed s odtokem ve V\u00e1hu tak jednozna\u010dn\u011b. Proto \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed podle Kudelinovy metody je velmi slo\u017eit\u00e9, p\u0159i \u010dem\u017e v\u00fd\u00adsledky z\u00edskan\u00e9 ob\u011bma metodami se li\u0161\u00ed v ro\u010dn\u00edm \u00fahrnu jen\u00a0 o n\u011bkolik procent. V m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch \u00fahrnech jsou rozd\u00edly v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. T\u0159et\u00ed popsan\u00e1 metoda d\u00e1v\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnoty. Tvar \u010dar pod\u00adzemn\u00edho odtoku ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s \u010darami celkov\u00e9ho odtoku v celku i v jednotliv\u00fdch profilech vede autory refer\u00e1tu k uz\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st podzemn\u00edch vod nap\u00e1jej\u00edc\u00edch V\u00e1h poch\u00e1z\u00ed z vodonos\u00adn\u00fdch horizont\u016f nemaj\u00edc\u00edch hydraulick\u00e9ho spojen\u00ed s \u0159ekou. Z t\u00e9ho\u017e srovn\u00e1n\u00ed vyvozuj\u00ed auto\u0159i p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee v povod\u00ed mezi Tren\u010d\u00ednem a Trnovcem n. V. se v jarn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch pod\u00adzemn\u00ed voda akumuluje, kde\u017eto v letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed vodnosti \u0159eky. V z\u00e1v\u011bru se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 refer\u00e1t rozd\u011blen\u00edm odtoku podzemn\u00edch vod na \u010d\u00e1st poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ze sr\u00e1\u017eek a na \u010d\u00e1st poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z b\u0159ehov\u00e9ho vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed odtoku. S pou\u017eit\u00edm v\u00fd\u00adpo\u010dt\u016f doc. Dr Bratr\u00e1nka doch\u00e1zej\u00ed k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee podzemn\u00ed vody z \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1plav\u016f tvo\u0159\u00ed jen malou \u010d\u00e1st sez\u00f3nn\u00edm v\u00fdkyv\u016fm podl\u00e9haj\u00edc\u00edho p\u0159\u00edtoku podzemn\u00edch vod do \u0159eky, vy\u010dlen\u011bn\u00e9ho u jednotliv\u00fdch \u010dar pr\u016ftok\u016f nad minim\u00e1ln\u00edm pr\u016ftokem v roce. Auto\u0159i pokl\u00e1daj\u00ed v\u00fdsledky z\u00edskan\u00e9 pou\u017eitou metodou za dosud nej spr\u00e1vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, i kdy\u017e p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 nedostatky. P\u0159esn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky m\u016f\u017ee v\u0161ak d\u00e1t jen \u0161iroce zalo\u017een\u00fd v\u00fdzkum hydro\u00adlogick\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f a soustavn\u00e9 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. Dr Frant. Slepi\u010dka:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>V\u00fdznam vodnosti tok\u016f p\u0159i v\u00fdzkumu podzemn\u00edch vod.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Refer\u00e1t \u0159e\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad, kdy hydrologie ve form\u011b rozboru hydro\u00adlogick\u00fdch faktor\u016f a jejich \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f v dan\u00e9m prostoru umo\u017e\u0148uje vymezen\u00ed a ocen\u011bn\u00ed d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch oblast\u00ed hydrologick\u00fd aktivn\u00edch nebo pasivn\u00edch. Spr\u00e1vnost metodick\u00e9ho postupu dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 autor n\u011bkter\u00fdmi v\u00fdsledky z v\u00fdzkumu, kter\u00fd prov\u00e1d\u011bl na \u00fazem\u00ed listu speci\u00e1ln\u00ed mapy Mlad\u00e1 Boleslav do roku 1953. Po stru\u010dn\u00e9 informaci o hydrogeologick\u00fdch pom\u011brech \u010desk\u00e9 k\u0159\u00eddy dovozuje autor, \u017ee v\u00fdsledky rozboru hydrologick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f v ur\u010dit\u00e9 oblasti ukazuj\u00ed na vliv geologick\u00e9 stavby \u00fazem\u00ed na re\u017eim podzemn\u00edch vod a mohou opa\u010dn\u011b b\u00fdti ukazatelem geologick\u00fdch a tektonick\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00fdch hodnot hydrologick\u00fdch faktor\u016f charakteris\u00adtick\u00fdch pro vodn\u00ed pom\u011bry v povod\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch tok\u016f studo\u00advan\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, se\u0159azen\u00fdch pro v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ehlednost v tabel\u00e1rn\u00edm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, usuzuje autor na pom\u011brnou \u00fa\u010dast p\u0159\u00edronu pod\u00adzemn\u00ed vody na vodnost toku. Men\u0161\u00ed odtokov\u00fd sou\u010dinitel p\u0159i stejn\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch je ukazatelem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed infiltrace.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podrobn\u00fd rozbor minim\u00e1ln\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f a porovn\u00e1n\u00ed speci\u00adfick\u00fdch odtok\u016f ukazuje n\u00e1padn\u00fd rozd\u00edl mezi charakterem tok\u016f v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u00fazem\u00ed (Klenice, Kn\u011b\u017emostka, Mrlina) s velmi n\u00edzk\u00fdmi minim\u00e1ln\u00edmi specifick\u00fdmi odtoky a jeho z\u00e1padn\u00ed a severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed (\u017dehrovka, Strenice, B\u011bl\u00e1), kde minim\u00e1ln\u00ed speci\u00adfick\u00e9 odtoky jsou nepom\u011brn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. Pr\u016fb\u011bh \u010dar p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed, konstruovan\u00fdch jednak pro mno\u017estv\u00ed v procentech st\u0159edn\u00edho ro\u010dn\u00edho odtoku, jednak pro mno\u017estv\u00ed vzhledem ke specifick\u00fdm odtok\u016fm v l\/sec\/km<sup>2<\/sup>, op\u011bt v\u00fdrazn\u011b odli\u0161uje ob\u011b skupiny. Prvn\u00ed skupina tok\u016f velmi kol\u00edsav\u00fdch vodnosti ukazuje na povod\u00ed hydrologick\u00fd nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9, budovan\u00e9 jemn\u00fdmi faciemi p\u00eds\u010ditosl\u00ednit\u00fdmi a\u017e sl\u00ednit\u00fdmi, nepropustn\u00fdmi a tud\u00ed\u017e s obzory chud\u00fdmi na podzemn\u00ed vody, druh\u00e1 skupina s vyrovnan\u011bj\u0161\u00edm celoro\u010dn\u00edm pr\u016ftokem ukazuje na povod\u00ed budovan\u00e9 z\u0159ejm\u011b p\u00eds\u010dit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi faciemi k\u0159\u00eddov\u00fdch hornin a tedy p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 pro rychlou infiltraci, tak\u017ee d\u00e9\u0161\u0165 se neprojev\u00ed tak v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u011b v oka\u00adm\u017eit\u00fdch pr\u016ftoc\u00edch. Akumulovan\u00e1 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 voda pak ve form\u011b p\u0159\u00edron\u016f podzemn\u00ed vody p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k vysok\u00e9mu procentu pr\u016fm\u011br\u00adn\u00e9ho odtoku. Tuto okolnost potvrzuje i nepom\u011brn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskyt zjevn\u00fdch v\u00fdv\u011br\u016f podzemn\u00ed vody v tomto \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tak se rozborem celkov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch, v\u00fdv\u011brov\u00fdch a odto\u00adkov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f daj\u00ed nejen vymeziti jednotliv\u00e9 hydrologick\u00fd aktivn\u00ed a pasivn\u00ed oblasti a ur\u010dit p\u00e1sma zast\u0159en\u00fdch v\u00fdv\u011br\u016f a povrchov\u00fdch z\u00f3n, kde doch\u00e1z\u00ed k \u00fanik\u016fm a ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m vody, ale d\u00e1 se takto i hydrologick\u00fd postihnout charakter geologick\u00e9 stavby a petrograficko-mechanick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje hornin souvrstv\u00ed, buduj\u00edc\u00edch uva\u017eovan\u00e9 d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed oblasti. Takov\u00fdm prohlouben\u00edm pr\u00e1ce lze z\u00edskat poznatky, kter\u00e9 mohou p\u0159isp\u011bti je\u0161t\u011b k p\u0159esn\u011bj\u00ad\u0161\u00edmu oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1jmov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed s hlediska v\u00fdskytu a z\u00e1sob. podzemn\u00edch vod.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dr Juraj Pacl:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Re\u017eim \u00edadov na riek\u00e1ch a nutnost jeho s\u00fastavn\u00e9ho pozorovania v hydrologickej slu\u017eb\u011b jednotn\u00fdmi metodami.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tuh\u00e1 zima se slabou sn\u011bhovou pokr\u00fdvkou 1953 \u2014 54 se ukon\u00ad\u010dila na Slovensku v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00fdmi odchody ledu, je\u017e na V\u00e1hu strhly 3 d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 mosty a 2 l\u00e1vky, po\u0161kodily 7 d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch most\u016f, vytvo\u0159ily nov\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed koryta, zanesly pole \u0161t\u011brkem, po\u0161kodily t\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edvodn\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f a zp\u016fsobily mnoh\u00e9 jin\u00e9 \u0161kody.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00dakazy zamrz\u00e1n\u00ed tok\u016f z\u00e1vis\u00ed na jejich zam\u011bpisn\u00e9 poloze. Hydrologie o z\u00e1mrz\u00edch \u2014 kryologie \u2014 vedle statistick\u00e9ho shro\u00adma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f o z\u00e1mrz\u00edch p\u0159e\u0161la ji\u017e k vysv\u011btlov\u00e1n\u00ed vzniku jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f z\u00e1mrz\u016f zejm\u00e9na v SSSR, v seversk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech a v alpsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch. Na\u0161e hydrologie v\u0161ak v t\u00e9to v\u011bci zaost\u00e1v\u00e1. K odstran\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bchto nedostatk\u016f navrhuje autor svolat je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed zimn\u00edm obdob\u00edm 1954\u20141955 poradu hydrolog\u016f-kryolog\u016f s odborn\u00edky ve vodn\u00edch d\u00edlech, kter\u00e1 by vy\u0159e\u00ad\u0161ila odborn\u00e9 n\u00e1zvoslov\u00ed o ledov\u00fdch \u00fakazech, dala sm\u011brnice pro zp\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed kryologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu, dala podn\u011bt k soustavn\u00e9mu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f p\u0159i zamrzl\u00fdch hladin\u00e1ch, usm\u011br\u00adnila v\u00fdzkum z\u00e1mrz\u016f, naru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edch provoz ve vodn\u00edch d\u00edlech a vydala pokyny pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dosavadn\u00edho nashrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011b\u00adn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu o z\u00e1mrzech jednotn\u00fdmi metodami.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jako p\u0159\u00edklad uv\u00e1d\u00ed stru\u010dnou charakteristiku re\u017eim\u016f led\u016f na Dunaji a upozor\u0148uje na v\u00fdznam t\u011bchto poznatk\u016f pro vodn\u00ed d\u00edla.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Re\u017eim z\u00e1mrz\u016f na Dunaji je z\u00e1visl\u00fd na t\u0159ech \u010dinitel\u00edch: na klimatick\u00fdch pom\u011brech podunajsk\u00e9 doliny, na morfologii koryta a na ledov\u00fdch pom\u011brech v rakousk\u00e9m \u00faseku Dunaje. Ka\u0161ovit\u00e1 t\u0159\u00ed\u0161\u0165 p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161en\u00e1 z horn\u00edho toku za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 tvo\u0159it v \u010desko\u00adslovensk\u00e9m \u00faseku ji\u017e cel\u00e9 hust\u0161\u00ed kry, kter\u00e9 se postupn\u011b zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00ed a hromad\u00ed a\u017e zamrzaj\u00ed v ledovou pokr\u00fdvku, j\u00ed\u017e p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1 sm\u011brem proti proudu. Naproti tomu odchod ledu za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 nejd\u0159\u00edve na horn\u00edm Dunaji a zavi\u0148uje v na\u0161\u00ed trati \u010dast\u00e9 ledov\u00e9 z\u00e1cpy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pozorovac\u00ed materi\u00e1l ze 70ro\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed dokazuje, \u017ee v pr\u016f\u00adm\u011bru p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b teprve ka\u017ed\u00fd 15. rok je bez ledu a \u017ee trv\u00e1n\u00ed ledov\u00fdch \u00fakaz\u016f sm\u011brem po toku se prodlu\u017euje. \u010c\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00fd ne\u00adsouhlas mezi extr\u00e9my teplot vzduchu a \u00fakazy z\u00e1mrz\u016f je od\u016f\u00advodn\u011bn z\u00e1vislost\u00ed z\u00e1mrz\u016f na re\u017eimu led\u016f na horn\u00edm Dunaji a d\u00e1le t\u00edm, \u017ee jak tvo\u0159en\u00ed ledu, tak i jeho uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed nast\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u017edy teprve po n\u011bkolikadenn\u00edm ledov\u00e9m po\u010das\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b oteplen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dosavadn\u00ed nejdel\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed se z\u00e1mrzy m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdti p\u0159ekro\u010deno zejm\u00e9na po um\u011bl\u00fdch z\u00e1saz\u00edch do p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho re\u017eimu Dunaje.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jarn\u00ed odchod led\u016f, doprov\u00e1zen\u00fd ledov\u00fdmi z\u00e1cpami, zp\u016fsobuje katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed ledov\u00e9 povodn\u011b. B\u00fdv\u00e1 t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed, kdy\u017e \u0159eka zamrzla p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00fdch pr\u016ftoc\u00edch siln\u00fdmi dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00edmi mrazy a kdy\u017e na to v zim\u011b napadlo mnoho sn\u011bhu, kter\u00fd na ja\u0159e rychle rozt\u00e1l. Pak voda te\u010de po zamrzl\u00e9m toku, rozl\u00e9v\u00e1 se ze b\u0159eh\u016f, odtrh\u00e1v\u00e1 led od b\u0159eh\u016f a tla\u010d\u00ed p\u0159ed sebou jeho ohromn\u00e9 masy. Ledov\u00e9 z\u00e1cpy se tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou v brodov\u00fdch trat\u00edch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pokud jde o vodn\u00ed d\u00edla, upozor\u0148uje autor na nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 n\u00e1\u00adsledky kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed hladin v p\u0159\u00edvodn\u00edch kan\u00e1lech vodn\u00edch d\u011bl, kde p\u0159i poklesu hladiny se led l\u00e1me, do sp\u00e1r vnik\u00e1 voda, rychle zamrz\u00e1 a takto zes\u00edlen\u00fd led vytrh\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u0159ehov\u00e9 opevn\u011bn\u00ed a t\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed kan\u00e1lu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Uveden\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti dostate\u010dn\u011b od\u016fvod\u0148uj\u00ed, aby navrho\u00advan\u00e1 porada byla uskute\u010dn\u011bna co nejd\u0159\u00edve.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dr Juraj Pacl<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Meranie prietokov chemick\u00fdm sp\u00f3sobom.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Meranie prietokov pomocou chemick\u00fdch roztokov je zau\u017e\u00edvanou hydrometrickou metodou u\u017e od roku 1910. V posledn\u00fdch rokoch mohutn\u00fd rozmach ch\u00e9mie umo\u017enil hydrol\u00f3gom vyu\u017eit&#8217; mnoh\u00e9 jej poznatky pre hydrometrick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Chemick\u00fd sp\u00f3sob merania prietoku sa zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 na tom, \u017ee v profile, v ktorom chceme zisti\u0165 prietok, injektujeme do toku ur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estvo roztoku o zn\u00e1mej koncentr\u00e1cii a p\u0159edpokl\u00e1\u00add\u00e1me, \u017ee v d\u016fsledku turbulencie te\u010d\u00facej vody sa n\u00e1m injektovan\u00fd roztok rovnom\u011brn\u00e9 zmie\u0161a s vodou p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho toku, \u010d\u00ed\u017ee jeho koncentr\u00e1cia sa zried\u00ed dla toho, kolko vody korytom p\u0159et\u00e9k\u00e1.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pri praktickom prev\u00e1dzan\u00ed sa v\u0161ak vyskytnu r\u016fzn\u00e9 podmienky, ktor\u00e9 ur\u010duj\u00fa presnos\u0165 tak\u00e9ho to meranie:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Injektovan\u00fd roztok sa mus\u00ed dostato\u010dne premie\u0161a\u0165.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pou\u017eit\u00fa chemik\u00e1liu m\u00e1me ur\u010di\u0165 aj pri velkom zrieden\u00ed, aby sme s \u00faspechom mohli mera\u0165 prietoky cca do 3 \u2014 5 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/sec.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Doba injektovania nem\u00e1 by\u0165 p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 kr\u00e1tk\u00e1, av\u0161ak zasa nie p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dlh\u00e1.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Meranie prietokov chemick\u00fdm sp\u016fsobom je velmi p\u0159esn\u00e9, ak spln\u00edme uveden\u00e9 podmienky. T\u00fdmto sp\u016fsobom je mo\u017en\u00e9 zmera\u0165 prietoky na tak\u00fdch tokoch a pri podmienkach, ktor\u00e9 zni\u017euj\u00fa presnos\u0165 merania hydrometrick\u00fdm. kr\u00eddlom, ako napr. pri zis\u0165ovan\u00ed prietoku pod radovou pokr\u00fdvkou.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dia doteraj\u0161\u00edch sk\u00fasenost\u00ed sa uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee presnos\u0165 merania z\u00e1vis\u00ed od injektovan\u00e9ho mno\u017estva. O nie\u010do zlo\u017eitej\u0161ia je volta chemik\u00e1lie. Dia posledn\u00fdch pokusov hydrologick\u00e9ho laborat\u00f3ria v Grenobl\u016f sa odpor\u00fa\u010dalo pou\u017ei\u0165 roztok dvojchromanu sodn\u00e9ho, ktor\u00fd e\u0161te zist\u00edme aj pri zrieden\u00ed 2 \u2014 1 mg\/l. T\u00fato sol pou\u017e\u00edval s \u00faspechom citovan\u00fd autor.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ko\u00edtcom zimy 1954 sme previedli rad meran\u00ed prietokov na byst\u0159in\u00e1ch Vysok\u00fdch Tatier. Na injektovanie sme pou\u017e\u00edvali p\u0159\u00edstroj zakl\u00e1d\u00e1j \u00faci sa na principe Mariotteho n\u00e1doby, \u010d\u00edm bol zaru\u010den\u00fd kon\u0161tantn\u00fd prietok roztoku \u2014 27 cm<sup>3<\/sup>\/sec. Meralo sa roztokom dvojchromanu sodn\u00e9ho a dusitanu sodn\u00e9ho. Doba injektovania sa sk\u00fa\u0161ala pri dobe 10 a 5 min\u00fat za rovnom\u011br\u00adn\u00e9ho prietoku 27 cm<sup>3<\/sup>\/sec. Hodnoty z\u00edskan\u00e9 chemick\u00fdm meran\u00edm neodchyluj\u00fa sa od hodnot z\u00edskan\u00fdch hydrometrick\u00fdm meran\u00edm. Odch\u00fdlka p\u0159esnosti obn\u00e1\u0161a = 5 %.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mieru zriedenia sme ur\u010dovali kolorimetrom. Po ust\u00e1len\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvanej chemik\u00e1lie sta\u010d\u00ed urobi\u0165 vhodn\u00fa kolorimetrick\u00fa stup-nicu a jfarbenie vzorkov, \u011bi\u017ee koncentr\u00e1ciu p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho roztoku si ur\u010d\u00edme priamo v ter\u00e9ne.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zhrn\u00fac v\u00fdsledky a sk\u00fasenost\u00ed z na\u0161ich pr\u00e1c, m\u016f\u017eeme poveda\u0165, \u017ee chemick\u00fd sp\u016fsob merania prietoku je u n\u00e1s pou\u017eiteln\u00fd aj pot\u0159ebn\u00fd a to ponajprv pri zis\u0165ovan\u00ed prietokov na vysokohor\u00adsk\u00fdch byst\u0159in\u00e1ch. Ot\u00e1zka vy\u0161\u0161ieho finan\u010dn\u00e9ho n\u00e1kladu pad\u00e1, ak pot\u0159ebujeme ur\u010di\u0165 prietok byst\u0159iny a meranie kr\u00eddlom je neprevediteln\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nie je vyl\u00fa\u010den\u00e9, \u017ee v spolupr\u00e1ci s chemick\u00fdmi odborn\u00edkmi sa n\u00e1m poda\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1js\u0165 e\u0161te vhodnej\u0161ie chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, ktor\u00e9 bud\u00fa nielen lacnej\u0161ie, ale velmi p\u0159esn\u00e9 a jednoducho ur\u010do-vateln\u00e9 v mal\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Hydrologick\u00e9 sekce skon\u010dila svoje jedn\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u010der dne 24. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1954.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V z\u00e1v\u011bru konference dne 25. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1954 dopoledne bylo na programu nejprve schv\u00e1len\u00ed usnesen\u00ed, je\u017e se na z\u00e1klad\u011b rozhod\u00adnut\u00ed konference konalo en bloc.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">N\u00e1vrhy na usnesen\u00ed z \u010d\u00e1sti meteorologicko-klimatick\u00e9 p\u0159ed\u00adnesl vedouc\u00ed sekce Dr Petrovi\u010d. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 jednotliv\u00e9 usnesen\u00ed bylo od\u016fvodn\u011bno, jeho zn\u011bn\u00ed bu\u010f ponech\u00e1no, nebo po kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 diskusi upraveno.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jednomysln\u011b konferenc\u00ed schv\u00e1len\u00e1 a p\u0159ijat\u00e1 usnesen\u00ed z \u010d\u00e1sti meteorologicko-klimatick\u00e9 jsou tato:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro zhodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdznamu rybn\u00edk\u016f a vodn\u00edch ploch se doporu\u010duje, aby tato ot\u00e1zka byla ujasn\u011bna shrnut\u00edm dosavadn\u00edch znalost\u00ed u n\u00e1s i v cizin\u011b, a to jednak s hle\u00addiska jejich vlivu na klima a mikroklima, a jednak s hle\u00addiska ekonomick\u00e9ho.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy se ustavuje komise slo\u017een\u00e1 z t\u011bchto odborn\u00edk\u016f: Dan\u011b, prof. Ing. Dr Dokl\u00e1dal, prof. Ing. Dr Dub, Dr J\u00edlek, prof. Dr Kon\u010dek, Ing. Dr Min\u00e1\u0159 a prof. Dr Smol\u00edk. Komisi svol\u00e1 po dohod\u011b s jej\u00edmi \u010dleny Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav. Komise provede zhodnocen\u00ed po etap\u00e1ch; prvn\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed zpr\u00e1va pod\u00e1 do konce listopadu 1954.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje studovat vliv rybn\u00edk\u016f, resp. vodn\u00edch ploch na klima a mikroklima. \u00daloha dlouho\u00addob\u00e1. P\u0159i studiu tohoto probl\u00e9mu po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 Hydrometeoro\u00adlogick\u00fd \u00fastav o spolupr\u00e1ci v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed v tomto oboru pracuj\u00ed v \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 akademii zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch v\u011bd a v meteorologick\u00fdch, resp. klimatologick\u00fdch \u00fasta\u00advech vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference pova\u017euje za vy\u0159e\u0161enou ot\u00e1zku vlivu lesa na mno\u017estv\u00ed vertik\u00e1ln\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek, a proto nedoporu\u010duje tento probl\u00e9m d\u00e1le studovat, pon\u011bvad\u017e sr\u00e1\u017ekotvorn\u00e1 funkce lesa je v na\u0161ich pom\u011brech zanedbateln\u00e1. Doporu\u010duje v\u0161ak v\u0161em zainteresovan\u00fdm org\u00e1n\u016fm a \u00fastav\u016fm pro\u00adhloubit v\u00fdzkum vodn\u00edho a mikroklimatick\u00e9ho re\u017eimu lesn\u00edch porost\u016f, jen\u017e m\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00fdznam pro ochra\u00adnu vody, p\u016fdy a m\u00edstn\u00edho podneb\u00ed pro zveleben\u00ed na\u00ad\u0161ich pro\u0159\u00eddl\u00fdch les\u016f a pro zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed sklizn\u00ed v zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference s uzn\u00e1n\u00edm vzala na v\u011bdom\u00ed zpr\u00e1vu komise o doposud stanoven\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00edch pro vymezen\u00ed p\u0159iro\u00adzen\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, a doporu\u010duje, aby se na tomto \u00fakolu d\u00e1le pracovalo. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 doporu\u010duje, aby pou\u017eit\u00edm Kon\u010dekova vzorce pro zavla\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00fd se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdti jedn\u00edm ze spolehliv\u00fdch a citliv\u00fdch a p\u0159i tom jedno\u00adduch\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed p\u0159i vymezen\u00ed such\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, bylo roz\u00ad\u0161\u00ed\u0159eno i na jin\u00e9 \u00fakoly, p\u0159i nich\u017e je nutn\u00e9 sledovat kom\u00adplexn\u00ed vliv teploty, sr\u00e1\u017eek a S\u00edly v\u011btru.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby se pro \u010cechy a Moravu vy\u00adpracovala fenologick\u00e1 mapa podle metody M. Kurpelov\u00e9 jako p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek k vymezen\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch oblast\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje p\u0159i speci\u00e1ln\u00edch studi\u00edch zem\u011bd\u011bl\u00adsk\u00fdch uva\u017eovat sr\u00e1\u017eky ve vztahu k vegetaci s p\u0159ihl\u00e9d\u00adnut\u00edm k z\u00e1sob\u00e1m vl\u00e1hy v p\u016fd\u011b za chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st roku. \u00dahrnn\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky v t\u00e9to souvislosti vyhodnocovat za t. zv. vegeta\u010dn\u00ed rok, kter\u00fd za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 1. \u0159\u00edjna a kon\u010d\u00ed 30. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby Komise pro meteorologii a klimatologii p\u0159i \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 akademii v\u011bd se ujala \u00fakolu utvo\u0159it pracovn\u00ed skupinu odborn\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00e1 by p\u0159e\u00adzkoumala dosavadn\u00ed metody prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed prostorov\u00e9ho pr\u016fzkumu klimatick\u00e9ho a mikroklimatic\u00adk\u00e9ho, a aby pak navrhla jednotn\u00fd postup a doporu\u010dila jej jak \u00fastav\u016fm a instituc\u00edm, kter\u00e9 takov\u00e9 pr\u016fzkumy prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, tak instituc\u00edm a org\u00e1n\u016fm, kter\u00e9 je vy\u017eaduj\u00ed nebo na\u0159izuj\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje vytvo\u0159it st\u00e1lou pracovn\u00ed skupinu pracovn\u00edk\u016f v bioklimatologii, a to z \u00dastav\u016f hygieny v Praze a v Bratislav\u011b, z V\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f l\u00e1ze\u0148sk\u00fdch v Praze a v Mari\u00e1nsk\u00fdch L\u00e1zn\u00edch, z l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch fakult, z Vojensk\u00e9 l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 akademie, z Hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu a za \u00fa\u010dasti bioklimatick\u00e9 komise \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 akademie v\u011bd. Tato pracovn\u00ed skupina odborn\u00edk\u016f by na spole\u010dn\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch sch\u016fzk\u00e1ch prodiskutovala a ur\u010dila metodiku pr\u00e1ce a zhodnotila zp\u016fsoby pr\u00e1ce na v\u0161ech pracovi\u0161t\u00edch. V\u00fdsledky by se p\u0159ednesly na n\u011bkter\u00e9 z p\u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00adt\u00edch meteorologick\u00fdch konferenc\u00ed. Inici\u00e1torem pro jed\u00adn\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to pracovn\u00ed skupiny bude Ustav hygieny v Praze.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference pova\u017euje za velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd \u00fakol studovat fysiku a mikrofysiku oblak\u016f a doporu\u010duje, aby \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 akademie v\u011bd tomuto probl\u00e9mu v\u011bnovala zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost, zejm\u00e9na v souvislosti s kondensaci.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na to se projedn\u00e1vala usnesen\u00ed z \u010d\u00e1sti hydrologick\u00e9, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ed\u010d\u00edtal vedouc\u00ed sekce Ing. Lorenz. I tato usnesen\u00ed byla od\u016f\u00advodn\u011bna, prodiskutov\u00e1na, zejm\u00e9na pokud maj\u00ed zajistit spolu\u00adpr\u00e1ci jednotliv\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f a instituc\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u011b upra\u00advena nebo shrnuta a pak jednomysln\u011b konferenc\u00ed schv\u00e1lena v tomto zn\u011bn\u00ed:<\/span><\/p><ul><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodohos\u00adpod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v Praze ve spolupr\u00e1ci se zainteresovan\u00fdmi in\u00adstitucemi prov\u00e1d\u011bl v\u00fdzkum vodn\u00edho re\u017eimu v kultur\u00e1ch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch a v lesn\u00edch porostech, li\u0161\u00edc\u00edch se typologicky nebo hospod\u00e1\u0159sky.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">D\u00e1le pak doporu\u010duje prov\u00e1d\u011bt v\u00fdzkum vlivu biologick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch a lesn\u00edch p\u016fd\u00e1ch (travopoln\u00ed soustava, nov\u00e9 zalesn\u011bn\u00ed, \u00fapravy porostn\u00edch skladeb) na vodn\u00ed re\u017eim.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodo\u00adhospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v Praze po\u017e\u00e1dal ministerstvo les\u016f a d\u0159eva\u0159\u00adsk\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu, aby oblasti povod\u00ed Kychov\u00e9 a Zd\u011bchovky v Beskydech byly prohl\u00e1\u0161eny za p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumnou laborato\u0159.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav a V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed ochran\u00adn\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017en\u00edch prostor\u016f vy\u010derpaly v\u0161echny zjistiteln\u00e9 poznatky o povod\u0148ov\u00fdch re\u017eimech a braly je za z\u00e1klad \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodohos\u00adpod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v Praze d\u00e1le studoval mo\u017enosti p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f pro vltavsk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee a v\u00fdsledky sd\u011bl\u00ed pro prak\u00adtick\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby \u00dastav hygieny v z\u00e1jmu zdrav\u00ed na\u0161eho lidu d\u00e1le sledoval ot\u00e1zku jakosti vody v \u00fadoln\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch po str\u00e1nce hygienick\u00e9, a aby \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed spr\u00e1va vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed zajistila, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd projekt \u00fadoln\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee bude op\u0159en o v\u00fdsledky komplexn\u00edho v\u00fd\u00adzkumu cel\u00e9ho povod\u00ed a zejm\u00e9na tak\u00e9 o prognosu jakosti vody v budouc\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ei.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby Slovensk\u00e1 akademie v\u011bd vypracovala v\u00fdb\u011br typick\u00fdch \u010dar pr\u016ftok\u016f pro na\u0161e toky.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodohos\u00adpod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v Praze vydal mapu isolini\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch ro\u010d\u00adn\u00edch specifick\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f pro cel\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cSB.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav \u2014 odbor Hydrologie Slovenska \u2014 pokra\u010doval ve v\u00fdzkumu metody pro zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftoku chemick\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, a aby v\u00fdsledky p\u0159edlo\u017eil na n\u011bkter\u00e9 z p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch konferenc\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav svolal v listopadu 1954 poradu o ledov\u00fdch \u00fakazech na toc\u00edch, na kter\u00e9 se vypracuje n\u00e1vrh sm\u011brnic pro jejich soustavn\u00e9 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f, a n\u00e1vrh n\u00e1zvoslov\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav zajistil p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 dopln\u011bn\u00ed hydrometrick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f bu\u010f dovozem z\u00a0ciziny, nebo zaveden\u00edm dom\u00e1c\u00ed v\u00fdroby.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodohos\u00adpod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v Bratislav\u011b z\u0159\u00eddil v\u00fdzkumnou v\u00fdparom\u011brnou stanici s p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b velikou vodn\u00ed plochou, aby zjistil vztahy v\u00fdsledk\u016f k v\u00fdsledk\u016fm nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdm jin\u00fdmi v\u00fdparom\u011bry a tak umo\u017enil zhodnocen\u00ed dosavadn\u00edho v\u00fdparom\u011brn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodo\u00adhospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v Bratislav\u011b vyzkou\u0161el pou\u017eitelnost foto-elektrick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstroje na m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed stupn\u011b zakalen\u00ed vody pro v\u00fdzkum plavenin \u2014 za p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee se mu poda\u0159\u00ed tento p\u0159\u00edstroj opat\u0159it \u2014 a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b dosa\u017een\u00ed kladn\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f, aby v z\u00e1jmu urychlen\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu erose zavedl p\u0159\u00edstroj do praxe.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodo\u00adhospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v Bratislav\u011b svolal co nejd\u0159\u00edve pracovn\u00ed poradu odborn\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00e1 projedn\u00e1 jednotn\u00e9 metody a pou\u017eitelnost nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f k v\u00fdzkumu pla\u00advenin a splavenin.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Doporu\u010duje se, aby se porada zab\u00fdvala tak\u00e9 ot\u00e1zkou do\u00adpl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1sob bahna v obto\u010dn\u00e9m rameni u Pie\u0161\u0165an.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav a V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 \u00fastavy vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 v Praze a v Bra\u00adtislav\u011b spole\u010dn\u011b a za spolupr\u00e1ce s \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm \u00fastavem geologick\u00fdm, Kabinetem pro geomorfologii \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 akademii v\u011bd a Zem\u011bpisn\u00fdm \u00fastavem Slovensk\u00e9 akademie v\u011bd vypracovaly n\u00e1vrh soustavy pozorovac\u00edch stanic pro v\u00fdzkum podzemn\u00edch vod v &#8216;hospod\u00e1\u0159sky d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch oblastech v\u00fdb\u011brem z oblast\u00ed, je\u017e souborn\u011b vymez\u00ed \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed \u00fastav geologick\u00fd podle pl\u00e1nu hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 pot\u0159eby a po\u0159ad\u00ed nal\u00e9havosti, kter\u00fd bude stanoven St\u00e1tn\u00edm vodohospo\u00add\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm pl\u00e1nem.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodohos\u00adpod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v Bratislav\u011b zhodnotil poznatky o re\u017eimu pod\u00adzemn\u00edch vod na \u017ditn\u00e9m ostrov\u011b, zejm\u00e9na za povodn\u011b v \u010dervenci t. r., pro projekt pl\u00e1novan\u00e9ho dunajsk\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho d\u00edla.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konference doporu\u010duje, aby Slovensk\u00e1 akademie v\u011bd d\u00e1le sledovala pod\u00edl podzemn\u00edch vod v celkov\u00e9 odtokov\u00e9 bilanci v mal\u00fdch povod\u00edch.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"rtecenter\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">* * *<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Po schv\u00e1len\u00ed n\u00e1vrh\u016f usnesen\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1dal \u0159editel HM\u00da v\u00fdzna\u010d\u00adn\u00e9ho pracovn\u00edka v oboru meteorologie a klimatologie Doc. Dr AI. Gregora o zhodnocen\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bhu meteorologicko-klima\u00adtick\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti konference.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Doc. Dr Alois Gregor hodnotil \u00farove\u0148 jak refer\u00e1t\u016f, tak \u017ei\u00adv\u00fdch a p\u0159il\u00e9hav\u00fdch diskus\u00ed, zda\u0159ile usm\u011br\u0148ovan\u00fdch vedouc\u00edm meteorologicko-klimatick\u00e9 sekce Dr Petrovi\u010dem, podstatn\u011b v\u00fd\u0161e, ne\u017e u p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00fdch dvou konferenc\u00ed. Bylo to t\u00e9\u017e z\u00e1sluhou mlad\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f, na p\u0159. Ing. Kre\u010dmera a Dr Petra, kte\u0159\u00ed dokazuj\u00ed, \u017ee na\u0161e mlad\u00e1 v\u011bdeck\u00e1 generace kr\u00e1\u010d\u00ed po spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 a zdrav\u00e9 cest\u011b. Do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry postr\u00e1dal v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed odezvu k problematice v hled\u00e1n\u00ed kriteri\u00ed na vymezen\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, je\u017e souvis\u00ed s pomoc\u00ed na\u0161emu zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. P\u0159ipomenul n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00ed \u00famluvu o spolupr\u00e1ci mezi ministerstvy n\u00e1rodn\u00ed obrany a \u0161kolstv\u00ed a doporu\u010dil sjedn\u00e1n\u00ed dohody o spolupr\u00e1ci mezi ministerstvy les\u016f a \u0161kolstv\u00ed a \u010ceskoslovenskou akademi\u00ed v\u011bd. Kladl velik\u00fd v\u00fdznam na uve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch refer\u00e1t\u016f, na p\u0159. soudr. Brablece, soudr. Vr\u00e1ny a jin\u00fdch i mimo r\u00e1mec Sborn\u00edku konference s poukazem, \u017ee propagov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00fdsledk\u016f na\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ce umo\u017e\u0148ujeme jejich vhodn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159i budov\u00e1n\u00ed socialismu. Vysoce hodnotil v\u00fdznam \u00fa\u010dasti \u010dlena vl\u00e1dy a resortn\u00edho ministra a j\u00edm vyslo\u00adven\u00e9ho uzn\u00e1n\u00ed strany a vl\u00e1dy o pr\u00e1ci \u00fastavu p\u0159i zah\u00e1jen\u00ed kon\u00adference. Pouk\u00e1zal na v\u00fdznam p\u0159\u00edslibu, jeho\u017e se mu dostalo od soudr. ministra p\u0159i improvisovan\u00e9 audienci, \u017ee bude pod\u00adporovat snahu, aby se z\u00e1stupci HM\u00da dostali do SSSR.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1v\u011brem vyslovil p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 a v\u0161ech \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f konference, aby nesto\u0159i na\u0161\u00ed meteorologie zav\u00edtali op\u011bt na p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed konferenci.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u0158editel HM\u00da pod\u011bkoval Doc. Dr Gregorovi za pronesen\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed a po\u017e\u00e1dal \u0159editele V\u00daH Ing. Dr Jelena o zhodnocen\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010d\u00e1sti hydrologick\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. Dr V. Jelen hodnotil konferenci po str\u00e1nce organisa\u010dn\u00ed i obsahov\u00e9, p\u0159i \u010dem\u017e pou\u017eil p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka ne\u017e jeho p\u0159ed\u00adch\u016fdce. Vyslovil n\u00e1zor, \u017ee nebylo mo\u017eno s \u00fasp\u011bchem projednat tolik refer\u00e1t\u016f v tak kr\u00e1tce vymezen\u00e9 dob\u011b. L\u00e9pe by bylo v\u011b\u00adnovat ka\u017ed\u00e9 sekci cel\u00fd t\u00fdden, p\u0159i \u010dem\u017e by jedn\u00e1n\u00ed mohla pro\u00adb\u00edhat sou\u010dasn\u011b. Doporu\u010doval v\u011bnovat volb\u011b refer\u00e1t\u016f v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pe\u010d\u00adlivost a p\u0159i jejich za\u0159azen\u00ed do po\u0159adu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed se dr\u017eet z\u00e1sady: \u201eM\u00e9n\u011b by bylo v\u00edce.&#8221; O veden\u00ed diskus\u00ed v sekci hydrologick\u00e9 se nevyslovil tak pochvaln\u011b, jako jeho p\u0159edch\u016fdce, pon\u011bvad\u017e snaha o dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vymezen\u00e9 doby p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b zkracovala dis\u00adkuse. Pro budoucnost doporu\u010doval rozmno\u017een\u00ed refer\u00e1t\u016f, aby mohly b\u00fdt p\u0159edem prostudov\u00e1ny. Velmi pochvaln\u011b se vyslovil<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">mlad\u00fdch odchovanc\u00edch prof. Ing. Dr Duba, v nich\u017e vyr\u016fst\u00e1 jeho \u0161kola hydrolog\u016f. Pro budouc\u00ed konferenci nab\u00eddl p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161\u00adkov\u00fd s\u00e1l V\u00daV, kde je t\u00e9\u017e mo\u017enost prom\u00edtat obr\u00e1zky a diagramy, co\u017e na konferenci bylo postr\u00e1d\u00e1no.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u0158editel HM\u00da pod\u011bkoval za up\u0159\u00edmn\u00e1 slova o pr\u016fb\u011bhu kon\u00adference, kter\u00e1 v\u0161echny \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky sbl\u00ed\u017eila v jednu rodinu. Po\u00ad\u017e\u00e1dal Ing. Mil. Novotn\u00e9ho o z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00fd projev.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ing. Mil. Novotn\u00fd zd\u016fraznil z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam konference, spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed v p\u0159ehl\u00eddce a hodnocen\u00ed vykonan\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce a ve vyty\u00ad\u010den\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f. Podle hodnocen\u00ed odborn\u00edk\u016f splnila konfe\u00adrence po\u017eadavek vyt\u010den\u00fd \u0159editelem \u00fastavu v \u00favodn\u00edm projevu. M\u011bla pr\u016fb\u011bh vysoce odborn\u00fd, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na v\u011bdeck\u00e9 propraco\u00adv\u00e1n\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f a metodik ve v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch prac\u00edch. S\u00e1m je v\u0161ak n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee by bylo l\u00e9pe omezit se na refer\u00e1ty podn\u011btn\u00e9, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed charakter tv\u016fr\u010d\u00ed a probl\u00e9my z nich vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed sledovat<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">na jin\u00fdch pracovi\u0161t\u00edch meteorologick\u00fdch a hydrologick\u00fdch. Naproti tomu probl\u00e9my vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z refer\u00e1t\u016f informativn\u00edch sta\u010d\u00ed \u0159e\u0161it pouze na p\u016fd\u011b \u00fastavu. T\u00edm nem\u00edn\u00ed p\u0159eb\u00edrat Akademii nebo jin\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 organisaci \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch ot\u00e1zek, na kter\u00e9 je v\u0161ak mo\u017eno na konferenci upozornit. Podtrhl v\u00fdznam z\u00e1\u00adv\u011bru o zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 meteorologii a fenologii.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zd\u016fraznil, \u017ee z osobn\u00edho a odborn\u00e9ho sezn\u00e1men\u00ed se meteoro\u00adlog\u016f a hydrolog\u016f vzejde dal\u0161\u00ed zlep\u0161en\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce t\u00e9to organisa\u010dn\u011b spojen\u00e9 rodiny. Sjezd m\u011bl z\u00e1sluhou dobr\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpravy vzorn\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh. Meteorologov\u00e9 a hydrologov\u00e9 svou prac\u00ed v\u00fd\u00adzna\u010dn\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed lidstvu v jeho snaze vyu\u017e\u00edvat po\u010das\u00ed a vody ve sv\u016fj prosp\u011bch. Jejich pr\u00e1ce zauj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 m\u00edsto v pln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edho ekonomick\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona socialismu o zabezpe\u010den\u00ed ma\u00adxim\u00e1ln\u00edho uspokojov\u00e1n\u00ed materi\u00e1ln\u00edch a kulturn\u00edch pot\u0159eb spole\u010dnosti na z\u00e1klad\u011b socialistick\u00e9 v\u00fdroby a za pomoc\u00ed v\u011bdy a techniky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Oba v\u011bdn\u00ed obory u n\u00e1s postupuj\u00ed ve sv\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch pracech p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b dialekticky a tak sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed k p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrody ve prosp\u011bch n\u00e1roda. Refer\u00e1ty i diskuse na konferenci p\u0159ednesen\u00e9 jasn\u011b uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee na\u0161i meteorologov\u00e9 i hydrologov\u00e9 se v naprost\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b pod\u00edlej\u00ed na uskute\u010d\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed programu na\u0161\u00ed strany a vl\u00e1dy, na budov\u00e1n\u00ed socialismu v na\u0161\u00ed zemi a tak dali jasnou odpov\u011b\u010f hlas\u016fm ze z\u00e1padn\u00ed ciziny, propaguj\u00edc\u00edm objektivismus, nadstranickost v\u011bdy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1v\u011brem vyslovil p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed, aby v\u0161e dobr\u00e9 a spr\u00e1vn\u00e9, co bylo na konferenci vysloveno, se c\u00edlev\u011bdom\u011b uskute\u010dnilo. Pod\u011bkoval v\u0161em host\u016fm, z\u00e1stupc\u016fm v\u011bdeck\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f i p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016fm HMU za snahu o zdar konference, za pr\u00e1ci i pozornost p\u0159i jed\u00adn\u00e1n\u00edch a zakon\u010dil jm\u00e9nem HMU III. hydrometeorologickou konferenci s p\u0159\u00e1n\u00edm na shledanou na p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed konferenci.<\/span><\/p><\/div><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Ing. Jan Lorenz, MZ 1955\/1, ro\u010dn\u00edk 8, str. 1-11<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f27cc5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f27cc5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8954ffd\" data-id=\"8954ffd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54d5c1 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a54d5c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bb084a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bb084a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8244a7a\" data-id=\"8244a7a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02571a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"02571a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>II. celost\u00e1tn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e1 konference<\/strong><\/span><\/h2><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">St\u00e1tn\u00ed meteorologick\u00fd \u00fastav uspo\u0159\u00e1dal se svolen\u00edm vl\u00e1dy II. celost\u00e1tn\u00ed meteorologickou konferenci. Konala se v Bra\u00adtislav\u011b, ve dnech 21. a\u017e 26. \u0159\u00edjna 1953. Na rozd\u00edl od I. me\u00adteorologick\u00e9 konference, kter\u00e1 se se\u0161la lo\u0148sk\u00e9ho roku rovn\u011b\u017e v Bratislav\u011b, a kter\u00e1 se zab\u00fdvala hlavn\u011b thematikou me\u00adteorologick\u00fdch prac\u00ed v \u010cSR, byla leto\u0161n\u00ed II. meteorologick\u00e1 konference zam\u011b\u0159ena v podstat\u011b na metody pr\u00e1ce. Toto za\u00adm\u011b\u0159en\u00ed nutn\u011b vyplynulo jak z konference prv\u00e9, tak i z mno\u017e\u00adstv\u00ed \u00fakol\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly na\u0161\u00ed meteorologii vyt\u00fd\u010deny mimo kon\u00adferenci, \u0161lo tedy nyn\u00ed vlastn\u011b o to, jak maj\u00ed meteorologov\u00e9 v\u0161echny nov\u00e9 \u00fakoly, p\u0159ed kter\u00e9 je stav\u00ed budov\u00e1n\u00ed socialismu, zvl\u00e1dnout, zvl\u00e1dnout je rychle a s v\u00fdsledky co mo\u017en\u00e1 nej-kvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi; \u0161lo o v\u00fdm\u011bnu zku\u0161enost\u00ed s dosavadn\u00edmi pra\u00adcovn\u00edmi metodami, o hled\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch cest a nov\u00fdch vzor\u016f. Proto tak\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed konference bylo podstatn\u011b jin\u00e9. Zat\u00edm co se I. celost\u00e1tn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 konference z\u00fa\u010dastnili krom\u011b meteorolog\u016f v zna\u010dn\u00e9m po\u010dtu z\u00e1stupci nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch obor\u016f hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho \u017eivota, aby formulovali sv\u00e9 po\u017eadavky na meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby, se\u0161li se na leto\u0161n\u00ed konferenci jen na\u0161i meteorologov\u00e9 \u2014 teoretici i praktici \u2014 v\u011bde\u010dt\u00ed a v\u00fd\u00adzkumn\u00ed pracovn\u00edci z t\u011bch obor\u016f a instituc\u00ed, kde se zpracov\u00e1vali meteorologick\u00e9 podklady; .byly tu zastoupeny \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 akademie v\u011bd, \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 akademie zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch v\u011bd, vysok\u00e9 \u0161koly v\u0161ech druh\u016f, pracovn\u00edci St\u00e1tn\u00edho meteorolo\u00adgick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu a \u0159ady dal\u0161\u00edch \u00fastav\u016f, \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f a instituc\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na II. celost\u00e1tn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 konferenci bylo p\u0159ednese\u00adno 51 z\u00e1kladn\u00edch refer\u00e1t\u016f a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ke v\u0161em byla velmi bohat\u00e1 a plodn\u00e1 diskuse. Nen\u00ed mo\u017eno v tomto kr\u00e1tk\u00e9m informa\u010d\u00adn\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku se zab\u00fdvat jednotliv\u00fdmi refer\u00e1ty a t\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b roz\u00ads\u00e1hlou diskus\u00ed. Nen\u00ed ani mo\u017eno probrat v\u00fdsledky konference formulovan\u00e9 v z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9m Usnesen\u00ed. Proto se jen stru\u010dn\u011b zm\u00edn\u00edme o n\u011bkter\u00fdch v\u00fdsledc\u00edch z jednotliv\u00fdch obor\u016f meteoro\u00adlogie.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V synoptick\u00e9 a leteck\u00e9 meteorologii se klade d\u016fraz na syste\u00admatick\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdch poruch, zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed dosavadn\u00edch zam\u011b\u0159ova\u010d\u00edch metod, zlep\u0161en\u00ed aparatury a syste\u00admatick\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f. V analyse a prognose se m\u00e1 krom\u011b advektivn\u011b dynamick\u00e9 metody zkou\u0161et i metoda po\u010detn\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011bdi barick\u00e9ho pole, krom\u011b dlouhodob\u00e9 p\u0159ed\u00adpov\u011bdi m\u00e1 se zkou\u0161et i p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f na 3 a\u017e 5 dn\u016f. M\u00e1 se stu\u00addovat vliv slune\u010dn\u00ed \u010dinnosti na atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 makroprocesy. Konference tak\u00e9 doporu\u010dila zlep\u0161en\u00ed zpravodajstv\u00ed o po\u010das\u00ed V \u010ds. rozhlase.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V oboru v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 klimatologie, bioklimatologie a l\u00e1ze\u0148sk\u00e9 klimatologie se uk\u00e1zala nutnost prov\u00e9st vymezen\u00ed p\u0159iroze\u00adn\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, byly konkretisov\u00e1ny pr\u00e1ce na klimatografii \u010c\u0160R a doporu\u010deno v\u011bnovat pozornost m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ozonu v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e metodou, kter\u00e1 byla na konferenci prodisku\u00adtov\u00e1na.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V oboru zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 meteorologie a fenologie byly vyty\u010deny sm\u011brnice pro studium rosy a studium no\u010d\u00adn\u00edch mraz\u016f v dob\u011b vegetace. Novou cestou se m\u00e1 d\u00e1\u00adle rozv\u00edjet pr\u016fzkum mikroklimatick\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f ve sklen\u00edc\u00edch; maj\u00ed b\u00fdt zlep\u0161ena pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed fenologick\u00e1.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V obora meteorologick\u00fdch pozorovac\u00edch metod a meteorologick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f bylo rozhodnuto o zkou\u00ad\u0161en\u00ed metod m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vlhkosti v p\u016fd\u011b, m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed hloubky promrz\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy, o m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed polarisace difusn\u00edho sv\u011btla oblohy, o m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed mal\u00fdch rychlost\u00ed proud\u011bn\u00ed vzdu\u00adchu, o m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek totalis\u00e1tory a sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011bry s Tre\u0165jakovovou ochranou a o m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vodn\u00ed hodnoty sn\u011b\u00adhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky. V p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch usnesen\u00edch se pamatu\u00adje i na zlep\u0161en\u00ed kvality meteorologick\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed stani\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b opat\u0159en\u00edmi jednak technick\u00fdmi, jednak vyd\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159esn\u00fdch n\u00e1vod\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V oboru popularisace, propagace a publikace byly nazna\u010deny cesty, jak meteorologii popularisovat a propagovat a jak zlep\u0161it publika\u010dn\u00ed \u010dinnost v meteo\u00adrologii.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u0161echna usnesen\u00ed II. celost\u00e1tn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 konference jsou v\u011bcn\u00e1, jasn\u00e1 a jednozna\u010dn\u00e1. Konference provedla i ne\u00adzbytnou d\u011blbu pr\u00e1ce t\u00edm, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edmo ur\u010dila, kdo kter\u00fd \u00fakol m\u00e1 plnit.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na\u0161e meteorologie z\u00edskala konferenc\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 p\u0159edpoklady k rychlej\u0161\u00edmu tempu v\u00fdvoje. Bude na v\u0161ech pracovn\u00edc\u00edch tohoto oboru na v\u0161ech pracovi\u0161t\u00edch, aby nejen d\u016fsledn\u011b plnili usnesen\u00ed konference, ale aby sv\u011bdomit\u011b a uv\u011bdom\u011ble plnili v\u0161echny svoje \u00fakoly, aby svou pr\u00e1ci st\u00e1le zlep\u0161ovali. Jen tak spln\u00ed konference sv\u016fj \u00fa\u010del, jen tak se dostaneme kup\u0159edu.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>A. V., MZ 1953\/6, ro\u010dn\u00edk 6, str. 160<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ab2cc3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ab2cc3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a84662d\" data-id=\"a84662d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bec740 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1bec740\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2dec91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2dec91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0c34037\" data-id=\"0c34037\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5318f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a5318f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">I. celost\u00e1tn\u00ed konference \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch geofysik\u016f<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dd20b17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dd20b17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eb01481\" data-id=\"eb01481\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e127102 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e127102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve dnech 5. a\u017e 7. b\u0159ezna 1952 svolal \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed \u00fastav fysik\u00e1ln\u00ed z podn\u011btu sv\u00e9ho geofysik\u00e1ln\u00edho sektoru (b\u00fdval\u00fd St\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fastav geofysik\u00e1ln\u00ed) do Domu v\u011bdeck\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f J. E. Purkyn\u011b v Liblic\u00edch u M\u011bln\u00edka prvn\u00ed konferenci \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch geo\u00adfysik\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00fa\u010dastnilo se j\u00ed 40 v\u011bdeck\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f geofysik\u016f, d\u00e1le z\u00e1stupci vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol a \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f. \u00dakolem konference bylo p\u0159ipravit organisaci \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 geofysiky tak, aby bylo mo\u017eno co nejl\u00e9pe plnit v\u0161echny \u00fakoly, p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed k \u00fasp\u011b\u0161\u00adn\u00e9mu budov\u00e1n\u00ed socialismu. Krom\u011b toho se konference zab\u00fd\u00advala ot\u00e1zkou v\u00fdchovy v\u011bdeck\u00fdch k\u00e1dr\u016f a jejich spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm a \u00fa\u010deln\u00fdm rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Konferenci zah\u00e1jil 5. b\u0159ezna \u0159editel \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edho \u00fastavu fysik\u00e1ln\u00edho Dr J. M. Ba\u010dkovsk\u00fd. Uv\u00edtal v\u0161echny p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 a p\u0159i\u00adpomn\u011bl velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam I. ideologick\u00e9 konference v\u011bdeck\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f v Brn\u011b. D\u00e1le promluvil Dr V. Proch\u00e1zka ze St\u00e1t\u00adn\u00edho \u00fa\u0159adu pl\u00e1novac\u00edho o organisaci v\u011bdy v Sov\u011btsk\u00e9m svazu, jeho\u017e zku\u0161enosti n\u00e1m velmi pomohou p\u0159i budov\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed Aka\u00addemie v\u011bd republiky \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Po volb\u011b v\u00fdboru konference a p\u0159edsed\u016f t\u0159\u00ed komis\u00ed (Ing. Dr V. B. Sta\u0148ka \u2014 komise linie, Dr Jana Pichy \u2014 komise orga\u00adnisace a doc. Dr A. Gregora \u2014 komise k\u00e1dr\u016f) se ujal \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed konference prof. Slovensk\u00e9 university Dr M. Kon\u010dek z Brati\u00adslavy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prv\u00fd refer\u00e1t o linii \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 geofysiky m\u011bl vedouc\u00ed geofysik\u00e1ln\u00edho sektoru \u00da\u00daF Dr Jan Bou\u0161ka. Objasnil v\u00fdvoj geofysiky na \u00fazem\u00ed na\u0161eho st\u00e1tu od jej\u00edch prvn\u00edch po\u010d\u00e1tk\u016f a\u017e do dne\u0161n\u00ed doby a uk\u00e1zal cestu, kterou se mus\u00ed na\u0161e geofysika ub\u00edrat, m\u00e1-li \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b plnit sv\u00e9 budovatelsk\u00e9 \u00fakoly. V dal\u0161\u00edm refer\u00e1tu promluvil vedouc\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00ed praktick\u00e9 geofysiky v \u00da\u00daG doc. Dr Rudolf B\u011bhounek o perspektiv\u011b u\u017eit\u00e9 geofysiky v \u010cSR. Konstatoval sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav a pot\u0159ebu praktick\u00fdch geofysik\u016f pro pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 \u00fakoly a rozvedl jednotliv\u00e9 pr\u016fzkum-nick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce pro nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed dobu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Odpoledne byl na po\u0159adu refer\u00e1t Dr Jana Pichy o d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed organisaci geofysiky v \u010cSR spolu s n\u00e1vrhem na nej vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed budouc\u00ed organisaci. Dr P\u00edcha zd\u016fraznil pot\u0159ebu z\u0159\u00eddit geo\u00adfysik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastav, jak o tom hovo\u0159il p\u0159edseda vl\u00e1dy A. Z\u00e1potock\u00fd v d\u016fvodov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1v\u011b 5LP ji\u017e v roce 1948. Dr J. Kaldrovit\u0161 se zab\u00fdval ve sv\u00e9m refer\u00e1t\u011b v\u00fdznamem a d\u016fle\u017eitost\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstrojo\u00adv\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed geofysik\u00e1ln\u00edch pracovi\u0161\u0165.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prof. Dr A. Z\u00e1topek se zab\u00fdval v refer\u00e1tu \u201eOt\u00e1zka geofysi\u00adk\u00e1ln\u00edch k\u00e1dr\u016f&#8221; \u0161kolen\u00edm vysoce kvalifikovan\u00fdch i st\u0159edn\u00edch a ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch geofysik\u00e1ln\u00edch k\u00e1dr\u016f, specialisovan\u00fdch v n\u011bkter\u00e9m z d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch obor\u016f geofysiky. Konstatoval dne\u0161n\u00ed stav geofysik\u00e1l\u00adn\u00edch v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch a pr\u016fzkumnick\u00fdch k\u00e1dr\u016f a objasnil zp\u016fsob \u0161kolen\u00ed na jednotliv\u00fdch vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch, hlavn\u011b pak na universit\u011b Karlov\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ot\u00e1zkou vyu\u010dovac\u00edho procesu v geofysice se zab\u00fdval ve sv\u00e9m refer\u00e1tu prof. Dr J. Proch\u00e1zka z VTA v Brn\u011b. Uvedl d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 momenty, zlep\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed vyu\u010dovac\u00ed proces v SSSR, kter\u00e9 se u n\u00e1s je\u0161t\u011b zdaleka neuplat\u0148uj\u00ed, a zd\u016fraznil nezbytnost postupn\u00e9ho odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed nedostatk\u016f. Jeho refer\u00e1t byl op\u0159en o poznatky, z\u00edskan\u00e9 z p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho styku se sov\u011btsk\u00fdmi v\u011bdci.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Druh\u00fd den konference prob\u011bhly diskuse v komis\u00edch o hlav\u00adn\u00edch thematech. Hlavn\u00ed pozornost byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na \u00fakol\u016fm a organisaci \u010ds. geofysiky. Podrobn\u011b bylo pojedn\u00e1no o geofysi\u00adk\u00e1ln\u00edch k\u00e1drech.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">T\u0159et\u00ed den byly prodiskutov\u00e1ny n\u00e1vrhy jednotliv\u00fdch komis\u00ed a za p\u0159edsednictv\u00ed prof. Dr J. Proch\u00e1zky byla vypracov\u00e1na kone\u010dn\u00e1 resoluce. V n\u00ed konference v\u00edt\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed vl\u00e1dy vybu\u00addovat Akademii v\u011bd republiky \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 jako vrcholn\u00fd org\u00e1n \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 v\u011bdy. Konference d\u00e1le doporu\u010duje ustaviti do konce roku 1952 p\u0159i Akademii v\u011bd R\u010cS geofysik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastav, kter\u00fd by byl pojmenov\u00e1n po vynikaj\u00edc\u00edm \u010desk\u00e9m geofysikovi prof. Dr V. L\u00e1skovi, zakladateli b\u00fdval\u00e9ho S\u00daG. Dal\u0161\u00ed body resoluce se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed velk\u00fdch budovatelsk\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f \u010ds. geo\u00adfysiky, c\u00edlev\u011bdom\u00e9 ideov\u00e9 a odborn\u00e9 v\u00fdchovy geofysik\u00e1ln\u00edch k\u00e1dr\u016f, organisace geofysik\u00e1ln\u00edch pracovi\u0161\u0165 a k\u00e1drov\u00e9ho vyba\u00adven\u00ed geofysik\u00e1ln\u00edch pracovi\u0161\u0165 Hlavn\u00edch spr\u00e1v p\u0159i ministerstvu energetiky a ministerstvu hut\u00ed a rudn\u00fdch dol\u016f, d\u00e1le spolupr\u00e1ce s p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdmi \u00fastavy na sty\u010dn\u00fdch probl\u00e9mech a popularisace geofysiky.<\/span><\/p><\/div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1v\u011brem konference bylo vyhl\u00e1\u0161eno n\u011bkolik pracovn\u00edch z\u00e1vazk\u016f.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Ing. V\u00e1clav Bucha, MZ 1952\/6, ro\u010dn\u00edk 5, str. 163-164<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Na tomto m\u00edst\u011b uv\u00e1d\u00edme informace o n\u011bkter\u00fdch konferenc\u00edch a semin\u00e1\u0159\u00edch s meteorologickou nebo p\u0159\u00edbuznou tematikou a nejsou po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny a spoluo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny meteorologickou spole\u010dnost\u00ed. KONFERENCE O STATISTICK\u00c9 KLIMATOLOGII Ve dnech 24. 6. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9166","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9166","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9166"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9166\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9196,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9166\/revisions\/9196"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9166"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}