{"id":8164,"date":"2024-11-22T20:31:35","date_gmt":"2024-11-22T19:31:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=8164"},"modified":"2024-11-22T20:46:45","modified_gmt":"2024-11-22T19:46:45","slug":"nejnizsi-namerena-teplota-vzduchu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/nejnizsi-namerena-teplota-vzduchu\/","title":{"rendered":"Nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 teplota vzduchu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8164\" class=\"elementor elementor-8164\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2a6b3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2a6b3c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f133ea\" data-id=\"3f133ea\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba0aef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba0aef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Od 21. \u010dervence 1983 m\u00e1me ve sv\u011btov\u00fdch tabulk\u00e1ch extr\u00e9mn\u00edch hodnot meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f pro teplotu uvedenu hodnotu \u201389,2 \u00b0C (WMO, 2014). Tato teplota byla nam\u011b\u0159ena v Antarktid\u011b na rusk\u00e9 (tehdy sov\u011btsk\u00e9) v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 stanici Vostok (obr. 1).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89e7e76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89e7e76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-67fbc28\" data-id=\"67fbc28\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdfb95a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fdfb95a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"551\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Vostok-1024x551.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8166\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Vostok-1024x551.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Vostok-300x162.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Vostok-768x413.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Vostok.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Obr. 1 Antarktick\u00e1 stanice Vostok (meteorologick\u00e1 stanice vpravo vzadu). Zdroj: NOAA 2001.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ab3ae6\" data-id=\"1ab3ae6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70afc1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70afc1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">N\u011bkdy se objevuje v\u00a0literatu\u0159e i hodnota \u201389,4 \u00b0C (Krause, Flood, 1997), kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak vznikla zaokrouhlov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159i p\u0159evodu p\u016fvodn\u00ed hodnoty nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 ve stupn\u00edch Celsia na stupn\u011b Fahrenheita a zp\u011bt: \u201389,2 \u00b0C = \u2013128,56 \u00b0F, \u2013129 \u00b0F = \u201389,4 \u00b0C.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podle dostupn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f byla hodnota nam\u011b\u0159ena maximo-minim\u00e1ln\u00edm teplom\u011brem (obr. 2) v meteorologick\u00e9 budce. V\u00fd\u0161ka budky nen\u00ed dohledateln\u00e1, ale na sov\u011btsk\u00fdch stanic\u00edch se teplom\u011bry um\u00eds\u0165ovaly do standardn\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky dvou metr\u016f nad povrchem.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b813aba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b813aba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d7fc1ad\" data-id=\"d7fc1ad\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5032d8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5032d8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00a0Stanice Vostok se nach\u00e1zela na V\u00fdchodoantarktick\u00e9 plo\u0161in\u011b ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 3 420 m. Ve dnech kolem tohoto teplotn\u00edho rekordu nebyl v oblasti zaznamen\u00e1n \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd slune\u010dn\u00ed svit (vrcholila antarktick\u00e1 zima), bylo jasno a v\u00edcedenn\u00ed bezv\u011bt\u0159\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55f1f27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"55f1f27\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5046aec\" data-id=\"5046aec\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4655a8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4655a8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Antarktida-mapa.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Antarktida-mapa\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ODE2NywidXJsIjoiaHR0cDpcL1wvd3d3LmNtZXMuY3pcL3dlYlwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNFwvMTFcL0FudGFya3RpZGEtbWFwYS5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"964\" height=\"849\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Antarktida-mapa.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8167\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Antarktida-mapa.jpg 964w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Antarktida-mapa-300x264.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Antarktida-mapa-768x676.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 964px) 100vw, 964px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Obr. 2 Sn\u00edmek lokality s\u00a0v\u00fdskytem rekordn\u00ed teploty 10. 8. 2010 (\u201393,2 \u00b0C), 31. 7.\u00a0 (\u201393,0 \u00b0C) a poloha stanice Vostok (\u010derven\u00e9 body). Nov\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed proveden\u00e1 dru\u017eic\u00ed Landsat 8 v\u00a0roce 2013 (fialov\u00e9 \u010dtverce) jen up\u0159esnila polohu obou studen\u00fdch lokalit. Zdroj: NSIDC 2013.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-84ae85f\" data-id=\"84ae85f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-860266b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"860266b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V prosinci 2013 zve\u0159ejnili v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci americk\u00e9ho N\u00e1rodn\u00edho centra pro v\u00fdzkum sn\u011bhu a ledu (NSIDC, 2013, National Snow and lce Data Center) informaci, \u017ee p\u0159i anal\u00fdze dru\u017eicov\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t zaznamenali teploty, kter\u00e9 tento rekord poko\u0159ily. Pracovn\u00edci NSIDC analyzovali dru\u017eicov\u00e9 sn\u00edmky V\u00fdchodoantarktick\u00e9 plo\u0161iny za obdob\u00ed let 2003 a\u017e 2013 po\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 dru\u017eicemi NASA (Aqua se sn\u00edma\u010dem MODIS a v roce 2013 i Landsat 8). V oblasti nalezli n\u011bkolik \u201ekapes studen\u00e9ho vzduchu\u201c s teplotou v intervalu \u201392 a\u017e \u201394 \u00b0C (obr. 2).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tyto kapsy jsou vlastn\u011b erozn\u00ed prohlubn\u011b v ledovci o hloubce dvou a\u017e \u010dty\u0159 metr\u016f, do kter\u00fdch st\u00e9k\u00e1 vzduch z okol\u00ed a d\u00e1le se ochlazuje.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dru\u017eice sn\u00edm\u00e1 povrch infra\u010dervenou radiometri\u00ed a je tedy analyzov\u00e1no dlouhovlnn\u00e9 vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu a z n\u011bj n\u00e1sledn\u011b vypo\u010dtena teplota povrchu nebo vrstvy vzduchu.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c9f7af5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c9f7af5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5110788\" data-id=\"5110788\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8f43a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8f43a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00a0Rozli\u0161ovac\u00ed schopnost MODIS v infra\u010derven\u00e9 oblasti na dru\u017eici Aqua je 1 x 1 km, Landsat 8 m\u00e1 rozli\u0161en\u00ed 100 x 100 m. Je tedy z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee uveden\u00e9 minim\u00e1ln\u00ed teploty jsou jen velice hrub\u00fdmi odhady. Nejde tedy o m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty vzduchu v meteorologick\u00e9m smyslu (WMO, 2008) a nav\u00edc plat\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch se p\u0159esnost radiometrick\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed rychle sni\u017euje.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-289d838 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"289d838\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2a144a8\" data-id=\"2a144a8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-059efca elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"059efca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"308\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Min-max-teplomer-308x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8168\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Min-max-teplomer-308x1024.jpg 308w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Min-max-teplomer-90x300.jpg 90w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Min-max-teplomer.jpg 325w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 308px) 100vw, 308px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Obr. 3 Six\u016fv maximo-minin\u00e1ln\u00ed teplom\u011br z N\u00e1vodu pro pozorovatele (Hrube\u0161, Kocourek 1955). Je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee byl na stanici Vostok vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n podobn\u00fd typ.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-568a930\" data-id=\"568a930\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39d5dd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"39d5dd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Analyzovan\u00e9 teploty, kter\u00e9 jsou v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b k dispozici z dru\u017eicov\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, maj\u00ed pro pozn\u00e1n\u00ed klimatu Zem\u011b obrovsk\u00fd v\u00fdznam. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 bodov\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty na meteorologick\u00fdch stanic\u00edch nep\u0159inesla a nep\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed tak prostorov\u011b dobrou p\u0159edstavu o rozlo\u017een\u00ed teploty a jejich prostorov\u00fdch zm\u011bn\u00e1ch. Ale jedn\u00e1 se principi\u00e1ln\u011b o jin\u00fd typ m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Nem\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159\u00edmo srovn\u00e1vat hodnoty teploty nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 podle metodick\u00fdch p\u0159edpis\u016f WMO (teplom\u011brem v meteorologick\u00e9 budce nebo teplom\u011brn\u00fdm \u010didlem ve st\u00edn\u00edtku ve standardn\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ce nad povrchem) s vypo\u010dtenou teplotou vrstvy vzduchu nebo povrchu ledovce v erozn\u00edch prohlubn\u00edch. <strong>Dosavadn\u00ed nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 hodnota teploty vzduchu tedy p\u0159ekon\u00e1na nebyla.<\/strong> V jin\u00fdch oblastech Zem\u011b by takov\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky vedly k instalaci n\u011bkter\u00e9 z modern\u00edch automatick\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch stanic v oblasti, kde je podle anal\u00fdzy dru\u017eicov\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f mo\u017en\u00e9 o\u010dek\u00e1vat zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky. Na Antarktick\u00e9 plo\u0161in\u011b to je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Dnes dostupn\u00e9 technologie automatick\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty v\u00a0t\u011bchto podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch nefunguj\u00ed. A\u017e technika zase o kr\u016f\u010dek pokro\u010d\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eeme se nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch teplot vzduchu pod \u201390 \u00b0C, do\u010dkat.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Literatura<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">HRUBE\u0160, P., KOCOUREK, F., 1955. N\u00e1vod pro pozorovatele pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch stanic Meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby \u010cSR. Praha: HM\u00da. 166 s.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">KRAUSE, P F., FLOOD, K., 1997. Weather and Climate Extremes (TEN-0099). Fort Belvoir, VA: U. S. Army Engineer Topographic Engineering Center.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">NOAA, 2001. Vostok Site [online]. [cit. 12. 10. 2001]. Dostupn\u00e9 z WWW: <a style=\"color: #003366;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/paleo\/slides\/slideset\/15\/15_300_slide.html\">http:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/paleo\/slides\/slideset\/15\/15_300_slide.html<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">NSIDC, 2013. Landsat 8 helps uveil the coldest place on Earth [online]. [cit. 9. 12. 2013]. Dostupn\u00e9 z WWW: <a style=\"color: #003366;\" href=\"http:\/\/nsidc.org\/news\/newsroom\/2013_ColdestPlace_PR.html\">http:\/\/nsidc.org\/news\/newsroom\/2013_ColdestPlace_PR.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b547a56 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b547a56\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e25e77\" data-id=\"5e25e77\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1abcaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e1abcaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">WMO, 2012. Guide to Meteorological instruments and Methods of Observation. WMO-No. 8, 2008 edition, updated 2010, ISBN 978-92-63-10008-5 [online]. [cit. 4. 10. 2012). Dostupn\u00e9 z WWW: <a style=\"color: #003366;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.wmo.int\/pages\/prog\/www\/IMOP\/CIMO-Guide.html\">http:\/\/www.wmo.int\/pages\/prog\/www\/IMOP\/CIMO-Guide.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">WMO, 2014. World Weather\/Climate Extremes Archive lonline]. [cit. 31. 1.2014]. Dostupn\u00e9 z WWW: <a style=\"color: #003366;\" href=\"http:\/\/wmo.asu.edu\/\">http:\/\/wmo.asu.edu\/<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Radim Tolasz, MZ 2014\/5, ro\u010dn\u00edk 67, str. 154\u2013155<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Od 21. \u010dervence 1983 m\u00e1me ve sv\u011btov\u00fdch tabulk\u00e1ch extr\u00e9mn\u00edch hodnot meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f pro teplotu uvedenu hodnotu \u201389,2 \u00b0C (WMO, 2014). Tato teplota byla nam\u011b\u0159ena v Antarktid\u011b na rusk\u00e9 (tehdy sov\u011btsk\u00e9) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8164","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8164","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8164"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8164\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8171,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8164\/revisions\/8171"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8164"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}