{"id":2927,"date":"2023-12-27T16:33:24","date_gmt":"2023-12-27T15:33:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=2927"},"modified":"2025-02-21T18:46:36","modified_gmt":"2025-02-21T17:46:36","slug":"ernst-mach","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/ernst-mach\/","title":{"rendered":"Ernst Mach"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2927\" class=\"elementor elementor-2927\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-41a90d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"41a90d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e7f09fb\" data-id=\"e7f09fb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d903f0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d903f0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Ernst Mach<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7c97766 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7c97766\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-388da38\" data-id=\"388da38\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f51601b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f51601b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>1838<\/strong><strong>\u2013<\/strong>1916<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bf3ff4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bf3ff4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-98aac9a\" data-id=\"98aac9a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e81dfb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e81dfb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ErnstMach.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"ErnstMach\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjkyOSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cDpcL1wvd3d3LmNtZXMuY3pcL3dlYlwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTJcL0VybnN0TWFjaC5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"235\" height=\"300\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ErnstMach-235x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2929\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ErnstMach-235x300.jpg 235w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ErnstMach.jpg 447w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 235px) 100vw, 235px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5a6a8a6\" data-id=\"5a6a8a6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef7c764 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ef7c764\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a id=\"OLE_LINK6\" name=\"OLE_LINK6\"><\/a><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Ernst Mach, meteorologie a Brno<\/strong><\/span><\/h2><p class=\"rtejustify\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159ed 170 lety, p\u0159esn\u011b 18. \u00fanora 1838, se narodil na z\u00e1mku v Chrlic\u00edch, je\u017e jsou od roku 1971 sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed m\u011bsta Brna, Ernst Mach, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed fyzik, kter\u00fd v na\u0161\u00ed zemi p\u016fsobil v 19. stolet\u00ed a kter\u00fd zejm\u00e9na v experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed fyzice pat\u0159il k p\u0159edn\u00edm osobnostem evropsk\u00e9 v\u011bdy. Proto si ho Brno p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 jako jednoho z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch rod\u00e1k\u016f. P\u0159itom v Chrlic\u00edch, kde byl jeho otec, p\u016fvodn\u011b gymnazijn\u00ed profesor, zam\u011bstn\u00e1n u tamn\u00edho barona, pro\u017eil Ernst jen prv\u00e9 dva roky sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota, proto\u017ee rodina se brzy odst\u011bhovala do Doln\u00edho Rakouska.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e93c11f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e93c11f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6b169ea\" data-id=\"6b169ea\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-768db9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"768db9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Po maturit\u011b na gymn\u00e1ziu v Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017ei vystudoval matematiku a fyziku na v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b. Pozd\u011bji p\u016fsobil na univerzit\u00e1ch ve \u0160t\u00fdrsk\u00e9m Hradci a V\u00eddni, av\u0161ak sv\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u00edlo vytvo\u0159il b\u011bhem n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch 28 let jako profesor filozofick\u00e9 fakulty nejprve dvojjazy\u010dn\u00e9 a pozd\u011bji n\u011bmeck\u00e9 Karlo-Ferdinandovy univerzity V Praze. Byl zvolen rektorem je\u0161t\u011b spole\u010dn\u00e9 a pak po rozd\u011blen\u00ed \u0161koly prvn\u00edm rektorem n\u011bmeck\u00e9 univerzity. V roce 1895 p\u0159ijal veden\u00ed nov\u011b z\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 katedry filozofie, d\u011bjin a teorie induktivn\u00ed v\u011bdy v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9 univerzity. Pedagog, filozof, fyziolog, psycholog a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm fyzik Mach zem\u0159el 19. \u00fanora 1916 v bavorsk\u00e9m m\u011bste\u010dku Haar nedaleko Mnichova.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ernst Mach \u017eil v dob\u011b bou\u0159liv\u00e9ho rozvoje fyziky, kter\u00e1 se podle metod rozli\u0161ila na experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed a teoretickou, kdy vznikaly nov\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed obory, a doch\u00e1zelo k boj\u016fm mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi sm\u011bry fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho my\u0161len\u00ed. Zab\u00fdval se hlavn\u011b optikou, akustikou (pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159edstav o akustick\u00fdch d\u011bj\u00edch zkonstruoval vlnostroje), termodynamikou a vynikl v hydrodynamice. Velk\u00e9ho ohlasu dos\u00e1hla jeho kritika Newtonov\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f klasick\u00e9 mechaniky, z nich\u017e vy\u0161ly i podn\u011bty k objevu teorie relativity formulovan\u00e9 Albertem Einsteinem (1879\u20131955), kterou v\u0161ak Mach odm\u00edtal jako p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 spekulativn\u00ed (p\u0159esto se Einstein pova\u017eoval za jeho \u017e\u00e1ka). Za fyzika sp\u00ed\u0161e konzervativn\u00edho byl Mach pova\u017eov\u00e1n tak\u00e9 proto, \u017ee hmotu ch\u00e1pal jako kontinuum a neuzn\u00e1val existenci atom\u016f; jeho spory s hlasatelem progresivn\u00edch n\u00e1zor\u016f E. Boltzmannem (1844\u20131906) jsou zn\u00e1my v\u0161em z\u00e1jemc\u016fm o historii fyziky. Spolu s R. Avenariem (1843\u20131896) byl p\u0159edstavitelem empiriokriticismu, sm\u011bru pozitivismu, jeho\u017e hlavn\u00edm pojmem je \u010dist\u00e1 zku\u0161enost opro\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 od rozumov\u00fdch p\u0159edstav (metafyziky).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Meteorologick\u00e9 problematiky se t\u00fdk\u00e1 nap\u0159. Mach\u016fv d\u016fkaz platnosti Dopplerova principu pro v\u0161echny druhy vln\u011bn\u00ed: princip, kter\u00e9ho vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed i meteorologick\u00e9 radiolok\u00e1tory a akustick\u00e9 lok\u00e1tory, plat\u00ed bez ohledu na to, jak\u00e9ho druhu je vln\u011bn\u00ed vys\u00edlan\u00e9 pohybuj\u00edc\u00edm se zdrojem. V\u00a0hydrodynamice Mach u\u010dinil prvn\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 kroky k teorii nadzvukov\u00e9ho proud\u011bn\u00ed. Dnes se ji zab\u00fdv\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e1 akustika i leteck\u00e1 meteorologie p\u0159i v\u00fdkladu vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed r\u00e1zov\u00fdch vln a praktick\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed nach\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159i letech vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch a vysok\u00fdch rychlost\u00ed. Jeho jm\u00e9no nese n\u011bkolik jev\u016f, charakteristik a p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f, nap\u0159. ku\u017eel popisuj\u00edc\u00ed zp\u016fsob \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed vzruchu od dan\u00e9ho objektu letadla, aerodynamick\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo v letectv\u00ed ud\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed pom\u011br rychlosti letu k rychlosti zvuku v dan\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed (Machovo \u010d\u00edslo), rychlom\u011br (machmetr) aj.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Machovy studie, kter\u00e9 ovlivnily letectv\u00ed, a rovn\u011b\u017e bl\u00edzkost jeho rodi\u0161t\u011b od brn\u011bnsk\u00e9ho leti\u0161t\u011b, vedly veden\u00ed Brna k pod\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1vrhu Jihomoravsk\u00e9mu kraji na pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed leti\u0161t\u011b po slavn\u00e9mu fyzikovi. N\u00e1vrh zavr\u0161il Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 dny Ernsta Macha 2008 uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 v Brn\u011b ve dnech 15. 11. kv\u011btna 2008 u p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti jeho 170. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed narozen\u00ed n\u011bkolika po\u0159adateli za koordinace Masarykovy univerzity.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Literatura<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[1] KOLOM\u00dd R., 1999. Albert Einstein na n\u011bmeck\u00e9 univerzit\u011b v Praze (1911\u20131912). Meteorologick\u00e9 Zpr\u00e1vy, ro\u010d. 52, \u010d. 5. s. 149\u2013151.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[2] MAL\u00cd\u0160EK, V., 1986. Co v\u00edte o d\u011bjin\u00e1ch fyziky. Praha: Horizont. 212 s., p\u0159\u00edl.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Karel Kr\u0161ka, MZ 2008\/3, ro\u010dn\u00edk 61, str. 89<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ernst Mach 1838\u20131916 Ernst Mach, meteorologie a Brno P\u0159ed 170 lety, p\u0159esn\u011b 18. \u00fanora 1838, se narodil na z\u00e1mku v Chrlic\u00edch, je\u017e jsou od roku 1971 sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed m\u011bsta Brna, Ernst [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2927","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2927","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2927"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2927\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15591,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2927\/revisions\/15591"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2927"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}