{"id":14081,"date":"2025-01-28T19:39:30","date_gmt":"2025-01-28T18:39:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=14081"},"modified":"2025-01-28T19:42:03","modified_gmt":"2025-01-28T18:42:03","slug":"prinos-meteorologickych-dat-prenasenych-z-dopravnich-letadel","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/prinos-meteorologickych-dat-prenasenych-z-dopravnich-letadel\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u0159\u00ednos meteorologick\u00fdch dat p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch z\u00a0dopravn\u00edch letadel"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"14081\" class=\"elementor elementor-14081\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dba60ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dba60ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c301041\" data-id=\"c301041\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d60ce7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d60ce7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u011bt\u0161ina meteorolog\u016f by jist\u011b souhlasila se sd\u011blen\u00edm, \u017ee se v leteck\u00e9m provozu po\u0159izuj\u00ed \u00fadaje o teplot\u011b, sm\u011bru a rychlosti v\u011btru, mo\u017en\u00e1 i dal\u0161\u00ed meteorologick\u00e1 data. Pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eby tak\u00e9 spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na vyu\u017eit\u00ed takto z\u00edskan\u00fdch informac\u00ed v\u00a0procesu asimilace pro numerick\u00e9 p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed modely. V tomto bod\u011b do ned\u00e1vna p\u0159\u00ednos leteck\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pro v\u0161eobecnou p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed slu\u017ebu kon\u010dil, nebo\u0165 nebylo v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 praxi snadn\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt data jin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Se zaveden\u00edm modern\u00edch zobrazovac\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u010cHM\u00da syst\u00e9mu Visual Weather, se prognostik\u016fm otev\u0159el nov\u00fd kan\u00e1l s vysok\u00fdm informa\u010dn\u00edm potenci\u00e1lem. Jedin\u00fdm omezen\u00edm pro n\u00e1rodn\u00ed meteorologickou slu\u017ebu je po\u010det leteck\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed, se kter\u00fdmi jsou uzav\u0159eny p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 dohody. V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice m\u00e1me v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b k dispozici m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed z letadel Lufthansy a Finnair.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro meteorologick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely se data p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm glob\u00e1ln\u00ed telekomunika\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b Sv\u011btov\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 organizace (SMO) ve zpr\u00e1v\u011b AMDAR, v Evrop\u011b u\u017e jen v bin\u00e1rn\u00edm k\u00f3du bufr vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00edm speci\u00e1ln\u00ed dekod\u00e9r. Ozna\u010den\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy je zkratkou n\u00e1zvu projektu Aircraft Meteorological DAta Relay (P\u0159enos meteorologick\u00fdch dat z letadel), v r\u00e1mci kter\u00e9ho SMO zaji\u0161\u0165uje dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed dohodnut\u00fdch standard\u016f a verifikaci m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed koordinovan\u00e9 pokusy o uplatn\u011bn\u00ed leteck\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v meteorologii se objevily u\u017e v 70. letech (SMO 2003), v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rozvoj nastal a\u017e po roce 2000 a mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst po\u0159izovan\u00fdch dat se projevil v posledn\u00edch p\u011bti letech (SMO 2014). Pod patronac\u00ed SMO je zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1na p\u0159esnost m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty na 1 \u00b0C, tlaku na 4 hPa a rychlosti v\u011btru na 2\u20133 m.s <sup>\u20131<\/sup> . P\u0159edpokladem uspokojiv\u00e9ho ur\u010den\u00ed sm\u011bru v\u011btru je p\u0159esn\u00e9 nastaven\u00ed kompasu, kter\u00fd za letu ud\u00e1v\u00e1 orientaci trupu letadla. V kombinaci se sledov\u00e1n\u00edm pozice stroje naviga\u010dn\u00edmi prost\u0159edky se pak odvozuje sm\u011br a rychlost proud\u011bn\u00ed okoln\u00edho vzduchu. Za letu prob\u00edh\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed podle podm\u00ednek ka\u017ed\u00fdch 5\u201310 minut, p\u0159i startu letadla se vyu\u017eije prvn\u00edch deset \u00fadaj\u016f na ka\u017ed\u00fdch 10 hPa dosa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky, p\u0159i dal\u0161\u00edm stoup\u00e1n\u00ed pak po 50 hPa stejn\u011b jako p\u0159i zah\u00e1jen\u00ed sestupn\u00e9ho man\u00e9vru, pod hladinou 700 hPa se zaznamen\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed op\u011bt na ka\u017ed\u00fdch 10 hPa. Syst\u00e9m Visual Weather umo\u017e\u0148uje nastaven\u00ed tolerance v\u00fd\u0161ky a \u010dasu, s jak\u00fdmi jsou data z\u00a0letadel zobrazena k dan\u00e9mu synoptick\u00e9mu term\u00ednu a zvolen\u00e9 tlakov\u00e9 hladin\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Data z letov\u00e9 hladiny jsou cenn\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i p\u0159eletech oce\u00e1n\u016f nebo \u0159\u00eddce os\u00eddlen\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, z\u00e1znamy ze start\u016f nebo p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00ed nahrazuj\u00ed nebo dopl\u0148uj\u00ed aerologick\u00e9 sond\u00e1\u017ee atmosf\u00e9ry. V roce 2013 bylo ud\u00e1v\u00e1no kolem 400 000 zpr\u00e1v AMDAR za den (patrn\u011b v\u010detn\u011b m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed z letov\u00fdch hladin po 5\u201310 minut\u00e1ch). Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed SMO registruje kolem 1 300 aerologick\u00fdch stanic, z nich\u017e dv\u011b t\u0159etiny m\u011b\u0159\u00ed zvrstven\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry v term\u00ednech 00:00 i 12:00 UTC. Ani p\u0159i sondov\u00e1n\u00ed po 6 hodin\u00e1ch by po\u010det m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ve voln\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9\u0159e zdaleka nedos\u00e1hl \u010detnosti zpr\u00e1v AMDAR. Nav\u00edc ekonomick\u00e9 kalkulace ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee \u00a0n\u00e1klady na m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vertik\u00e1ln\u00edch profil\u016f atmosf\u00e9ry z\u00a0letadel jsou v dlouhodob\u011bj\u0161\u00edm re\u017eimu na \u00farovni 5\u201310 % ceny vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed radiosond. Zna\u010dn\u00fdm omezen\u00edm dat AMDAR je absence m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vlhkosti. Klasick\u00e1 \u010didla podm\u00ednky letu nevydr\u017e\u00ed a nov\u011b zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fd laserov\u00fd senzor WVSS vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd zejm\u00e9na v USA zvy\u0161uje cenovou hladinu letov\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na \u00farove\u0148 12\u201320 % ceny balonov\u00fdch sond\u00e1\u017e\u00ed. V Evrop\u011b se zat\u00edm monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed vlhkosti objevuje sp\u00ed\u0161e ojedin\u011ble, ale m\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt jen ot\u00e1zka \u010dasu, kdy lete\u010dt\u00ed dopravci nechaj\u00ed vybavit vlhkostn\u00edmi senzory i letouny evropsk\u00fdch aerolinek.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee z po\u0159izov\u00e1n\u00ed meteorologick\u00fdch dat m\u00e1 prosp\u011bch \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed letov\u00e9ho provozu, a to nejen z hlediska bezpe\u010dnosti a ekonomiky letu ve v\u00fd\u0161ce, ale i p\u0159i provozu samotn\u00fdch leti\u0161\u0165. P\u0159\u00ednos pro meteorologickou slu\u017ebu hodnot\u00ed ned\u00e1vno publikovan\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va SMO (2014). Ponech\u00e1me-li stranou p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed klimatu a jeho zm\u011bn, je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee letov\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed zlep\u0161uj\u00ed prediktabilitu numerick\u00fdch p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00edch model\u016f redukc\u00ed chyb a\u017e o 20 %, co\u017e se potvrdilo p\u0159i omezen\u00ed letov\u00e9ho provozu nad USA v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2001 nebo po v\u00fdbuchu islandsk\u00e9 sopky v dubnu 2010. V leteck\u00e9 i civiln\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed slu\u017eb\u011b p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy AMDAR zkvalitn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011bdi teploty a v\u011btru na zemi i ve v\u00fd\u0161ce, p\u0159edpov\u011bdi bou\u0159ek, formov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00e9 obla\u010dnosti a mlh, sledov\u00e1n\u00ed teplotn\u00edch inverz\u00ed,<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">detekci hladiny mrznut\u00ed, turbulence, jet-streamu nebo n\u00e1mrazy. To dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed zku\u0161enosti meteorolog\u016f z leti\u0161t\u011b AmsterdamSchiphol, ale i dal\u0161\u00edch ze Skandin\u00e1vie, Nov\u00e9ho Z\u00e9landu \u010di Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f (SMO 2014).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice se v p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed slu\u017eb\u011b \u010cHM\u00da s mo\u017enostmi vyu\u017eit\u00ed dat AMDAR teprve za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1me seznamovat. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee pro leti\u0161t\u011b v Praze-Ruzyni m\u016f\u017eeme po\u010d\u00edtat v pr\u016fm\u011bru s p\u011bti vertik\u00e1ln\u00edmi profily za den, z nich\u017e jeden je z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n v pozdn\u00edch odpoledn\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch a dal\u0161\u00ed b\u011bhem ve\u010dera, tak\u017ee m\u00e1me alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1hradu za zru\u0161enou sond\u00e1\u017e na Libu\u0161i v term\u00ednu 18:00 UTC. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed leteck\u00fdch dat s \u010dasov\u011b bl\u00edzkou aerologickou sond\u00e1\u017e\u00ed prok\u00e1zalo dobrou shodu teplotn\u00ed k\u0159ivky i m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u011btru. Z bl\u00edzk\u00fdch leti\u0161\u0165 m\u016f\u017eeme \u010derpat informace z n\u011bkolika spoj\u016f do Wroclawi, Dr\u00e1\u017e\u010fan, Lipska nebo Norimberka, v\u00edce spoj\u016f je do V\u00eddn\u011b nebo Mnichova a v pr\u016fm\u011bru ka\u017edou hodinu chod\u00ed AMDAR z Frankfurtu nad Mohanem (m\u00edrn\u011b omezen je no\u010dn\u00ed provoz).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u016f\u017eeme mluvit a\u017e o \u201eanimaci\u201c sond\u00e1\u017e\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry a sledovat zm\u011bny zvrstven\u00ed p\u0159i p\u0159echodech front, chov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1dr\u017en\u00fdch vrstev p\u0159i nejistot\u011b v\u00fdvoje bou\u0159kov\u00e9 obla\u010dnosti, efekt v\u00fdparu sr\u00e1\u017eek na teplotu such\u00e9 vrstvy pod front\u00e1ln\u00ed obla\u010dnost\u00ed nebo labilizaci zvrstven\u00ed p\u0159i p\u016fsoben\u00ed d\u00e9letrvaj\u00edc\u00edch vzestupn\u00fdch pohyb\u016f. V zim\u011b pak je aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdvoj teplotn\u00edho zvrstven\u00ed p\u0159i nebezpe\u010d\u00ed mrznouc\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek, formov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00edch inverz\u00ed nebo sledov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkyv\u016f v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9 inverze \u010di propagace subsidence p\u0159i p\u0159esunu tlakov\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161\u00ed. Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed jen na meteorologovi, kolik \u010dasu si p\u0159i slu\u017eb\u011b pro zobrazen\u00ed sond\u00e1\u017e\u00ed vymez\u00ed nebo nakolik vyu\u017eije nab\u00edzen\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed pro p\u0159\u00edpadov\u00e9 studie \u010di ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed sv\u00fdch p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed nebo prognostick\u00fdch temp\u016f z model\u016f. Doba expirace zpr\u00e1v AMDAR je ov\u0161em omezen\u00e1, ve Visual Weather b\u011b\u017en\u011b jen na 24 hodin, tak\u017ee je t\u0159eba data v\u010das zpracovat. O tom, \u017ee AMDAR je jedn\u00edm z fenom\u00e9n\u016f modern\u00ed meteorologie, sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed i zcela nov\u00fd v\u00fdukov\u00fd modul na internetov\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edm serveru konsorcia COMET (viz www.meted.ucar.edu), kter\u00fd byl shodou okolnost\u00ed zve\u0159ejn\u011bn v dob\u011b psan\u00ed tohoto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Literatura:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">SMO, 2003. AMDAR Reference Manual. WMO-No. 958. ISBN 92-63-10958-3.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">SMO, 2014. The Benefits of AMDAR to Meteorology and Aviation. WMO Integrated Global Observing System. Technical Report No. 2014-1.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Jan Sulan,<\/em> <em>Meteorologick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, ro\u010d. 68, 2015\/3<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u011bt\u0161ina meteorolog\u016f by jist\u011b souhlasila se sd\u011blen\u00edm, \u017ee se v leteck\u00e9m provozu po\u0159izuj\u00ed \u00fadaje o teplot\u011b, sm\u011bru a rychlosti v\u011btru, mo\u017en\u00e1 i dal\u0161\u00ed meteorologick\u00e1 data. Pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eby tak\u00e9 spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14081","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14081","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14081"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14081\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14085,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14081\/revisions\/14085"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14081"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}