{"id":13841,"date":"2025-01-25T18:42:56","date_gmt":"2025-01-25T17:42:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=13841"},"modified":"2025-01-25T18:47:00","modified_gmt":"2025-01-25T17:47:00","slug":"modelovani-kvality-ovzdusi-jako-nastroj-pro-stanoveni-strategie-k-dosazeni-imisnich-limitu-dojmy-a-poznatky-ze-seminare-ec4macs","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/modelovani-kvality-ovzdusi-jako-nastroj-pro-stanoveni-strategie-k-dosazeni-imisnich-limitu-dojmy-a-poznatky-ze-seminare-ec4macs\/","title":{"rendered":"Modelov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed jako n\u00e1stroj pro stanoven\u00ed strategie k\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed imisn\u00edch limit\u016f \u2013 dojmy a poznatky ze semin\u00e1\u0159e EC4MACS"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"13841\" class=\"elementor elementor-13841\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-759ace8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"759ace8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b4df98\" data-id=\"2b4df98\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9b10c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9b10c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V b\u0159eznu 2012 jsem se z\u00fa\u010dastnil dvoudenn\u00edho pracovn\u00edho semin\u00e1\u0159e EC4MACS zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho na modelov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">M\u016fj prvn\u00ed z\u00e1\u017eitek z cesty se v\u00edce ne\u017eli atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho rozptylu t\u00fdkal depozice. V polovin\u011b cesty mezi Prahou a Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e\u00ed mi m\u00e1 spolucestuj\u00edc\u00ed k m\u00e9mu velk\u00e9mu p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed n\u00e1zorn\u011b p\u0159edvedla, jak se m\u016f\u017ee pomeran\u010dov\u00fd d\u017eus z kel\u00edmku rozpt\u00fdlit ve vzduchu a pak se v d\u016fsledku kombinace emisn\u00ed rychlosti a p\u016fsoben\u00ed gravita\u010dn\u00edch sil kr\u00e1sn\u011b usadit v m\u00e9m kl\u00edn\u011b, aby pak \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b odol\u00e1val v\u0161em pokus\u016fm o resuspenzi. Vystupuj\u00edc z letadla s polosuch\u00fdmi kalhotami jsem doufal, \u017ee se zbytek cesty bude ub\u00edrat lep\u0161\u00edm sm\u011brem a to se tak\u00e9 na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed stalo.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jedn\u00edm z c\u00edl\u016f EC4MACS je vytvo\u0159en\u00ed propracovan\u00e9 metodiky modelov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed pro posouzen\u00ed efektivnosti navrhovan\u00fdch zm\u011bn, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed v celoevropsk\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku v\u00e9st ke spln\u011bn\u00ed evropsk\u00fdch imisn\u00edch limit\u016f. D\u00edky nov\u00e9 metodice bude mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat v\u011bdeck\u00e9 podklady pro revizi \u201eThematic Strategy on Air Pollution\u201c (Tematick\u00e1 strategie kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed), kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt dokon\u010dena Evropskou komis\u00ed na p\u0159elomu let 2012 a 2013. Pr\u00e1ce na revizi t\u00e9to strategie zahrnuje odhad n\u00e1klad\u016f a p\u0159\u00ednos\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Mohlo by se zd\u00e1t, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 \u010dist\u011b o z\u00e1le\u017eitost Evropsk\u00e9 komise, av\u0161ak metodika, \u0159e\u0161en\u00e1 t\u00e9mata a probl\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159ekon\u00e1ny a vy\u0159e\u0161eny, se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed v\u0161ech \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 na sv\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed mus\u00ed zajistit spln\u011bn\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00fdch limit\u016f. Nap\u0159. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika ji\u017e podala k Evropsk\u00e9 komisi \u017e\u00e1dost na prodlou\u017een\u00ed term\u00ednu, dokdy m\u00e1 splnit limity koncentrac\u00ed PM10 a NO2. Tato \u017e\u00e1dost v\u0161ak mus\u00ed b\u00fdt podlo\u017eena vytvo\u0159en\u00edm pl\u00e1n\u016f \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Od za\u010d\u00e1tku semin\u00e1\u0159e bylo z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00ed odborn\u00edci na kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed pova\u017euj\u00ed modelov\u00e1n\u00ed za nezbytn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro tvorbu takov\u00fdchto pl\u00e1n\u016f, a to i p\u0159esto\u017ee modelov\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed pro tyto \u00fa\u010dely zmi\u0148ov\u00e1no v evropsk\u00e9 sm\u011brnici 2008\/50\/EC. Souhrnn\u00e9 modelov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed je nezbytn\u00e9 pro posouzen\u00ed, zda m\u011bstem \u010di krajem pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed povede k po\u017eadovan\u00e9mu zlep\u0161en\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. T\u00edm se zpravidla mysl\u00ed dosa\u017een\u00ed evropsk\u00fdch limit\u016f v roce 2015.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">EC4MACS vych\u00e1z\u00ed z v\u00fdsledk\u016f a poznatk\u016f z\u00edskan\u00fdch v projektech City-Delta 1 a 2, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly za c\u00edl poskytnout n\u00e1vod, jak zahrnout \u00fadaje o kvalit\u011b m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho ovzdu\u0161\u00ed do celoevropsk\u00e9ho posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1klad\u016f a efektivity strategi\u00ed kontroly emis\u00ed. EC4MACS vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pokroku dosa\u017een\u00e9ho ve v\u00fdvoji model\u016f, v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00edm v\u00fdkonu a vstupn\u00edch informac\u00edch. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka, na n\u00ed\u017e je hled\u00e1na odpov\u011b\u010f, zn\u00ed: \u201eJak\u00e1 je ide\u00e1ln\u00ed rovnov\u00e1ha mezi opat\u0159en\u00edmi, kter\u00e9 se mohou uplatnit v celoevropsk\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku a opat\u0159en\u00edmi, kter\u00e9 je nutno prov\u00e9st v m\u011bstsk\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku, vezmou-li se v potaz rozd\u00edly mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi m\u011bsty, klimatick\u00e9, popula\u010dn\u00ed a kulturn\u00ed rozd\u00edly?\u201c.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Modelov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0Evrop\u011b Program EMEP vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 model GAINS pro nalezen\u00ed strategi\u00ed kontroly zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by maximalizovaly p\u0159\u00ednos nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d v\u0161emi m\u011b\u0159\u00edtky. Model zkoum\u00e1 vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 vazby mezi opat\u0159en\u00edmi na kontrolu lok\u00e1ln\u00ed a region\u00e1ln\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f. Pr\u00e1v\u011b pro tyto \u00fa\u010dely je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n v projektu EC4MACS.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prom\u011bnlivost zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed mezi venkovsk\u00fdmi a m\u011bstsk\u00fdmi oblastmi nen\u00ed modely s hrub\u00fdm rozli\u0161en\u00edm spr\u00e1vn\u011b zachycena (nap\u0159. model EMEP m\u00e1 rozli\u0161en\u00ed 50 \u00d7 50 km). Hodnoty zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v m\u011bstsk\u00fdch oblastech mus\u00ed b\u00fdt proto z\u00edsk\u00e1ny smysluplnou anal\u00fdzou modelov\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f. S touto prom\u011bnlivost\u00ed v subgridov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku se pak mus\u00ed po\u010d\u00edtat p\u0159i vyhodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed dopad\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Projekt City-Delta p\u0159inesl poznatky o odchylk\u00e1ch (p\u0159\u00edr\u016fstku nebo schodku) m\u011bstsk\u00fdch koncentrac\u00ed oproti v\u00fdsledk\u016fm velkoprostorov\u00e9ho modelu. C\u00edlem EC4MACS je pops\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto odchylek na \u00fazem\u00ed Evropy. Tato informace pak dopln\u00ed v\u00fdsledky modelu EMEP a poskytne tak detailn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vstup modelu GAINS, kter\u00fd umo\u017en\u00ed ur\u010dit postupy, jak dos\u00e1hnout s co nejmen\u0161\u00edmi n\u00e1klady c\u00edlov\u00e9 kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a redukce sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na semin\u00e1\u0159i byl prezentov\u00e1n postup vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed model CHIMERE. Zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno byly pou\u017eity dv\u011b konfigurace modelu \u2013 jedna s rozli\u0161en\u00edm 50 \u00d7 50 km odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed modelu CHIMERE a jedna s rozli\u0161en\u00edm 7 \u00d7 7 km, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla zachytit prom\u011bnlivost v subgridov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku a po ode\u010dten\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f z\u00edskat odchylky koncentrac\u00ed v m\u011bstsk\u00fdch oblastech.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro tyto \u00fa\u010dely bylo nezbytn\u00e9 prov\u00e9st \u00fapravy vstupn\u00edch dat modelu CIMERE: mimo jin\u00e9 byla o polovinu sn\u00ed\u017eena rychlost v\u011btru a vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed difuze v m\u011bstsk\u00fdch oblastech, aby byl odstran\u011bn probl\u00e9m nadhodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed rychlosti v\u011btru v m\u011bstsk\u00e9 mezn\u00ed vrstv\u011b. Stejn\u011b tak byla sn\u00ed\u017eena frik\u010dn\u00ed rychlost U* vystupuj\u00edc\u00ed z modelu WRF. Bylo vylep\u0161eno v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed (nebyly ji\u017e uvol\u0148ov\u00e1ny pouze do prvn\u00ed modelov\u00e9 vrstvy). Zahrnut\u00edm teplotn\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti byly vylep\u0161eny \u010dasov\u00e9 profily emis\u00ed z vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed (kategorie SNAP 2). Emise z invent\u00e1\u0159e EMEP byly p\u0159einterpolov\u00e1ny za pou\u017eit\u00ed dat o hustot\u011b populace a dat vyu\u017eit\u00ed zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu, co\u017e vedlo ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed popisu prostorov\u00e9ho rozlo\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Emisn\u00ed invent\u00e1\u0159e pro modelov\u00e1n\u00ed Velk\u00fd prostor byl v\u011bnov\u00e1n diskuzi emisn\u00edch invent\u00e1\u0159\u016f, a to d\u00edky d\u016fle\u017eitosti, kterou maj\u00ed pro modelov\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy a z\u00e1rove\u0148 rozd\u00edl\u016fm, kter\u00e9 mezi nimi panuj\u00ed. Provede-li se nap\u0159. pro jednotliv\u00e9 kategorie SNAP anal\u00fdza invent\u00e1\u0159\u016f EMEP a MACC, z\u00edsk\u00e1me v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly. V sou\u010dasnosti jsou emise EMEP downscalovan\u00e91 spole\u010dnost\u00ed TNO \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny k modelov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b ve vysok\u00e9m rozli\u0161en\u00ed. Emise jsou downscalov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed popula\u010dn\u00ed hustoty, a to m\u016f\u017ee, jak bylo na semin\u00e1\u0159i zm\u00edn\u011bno, v\u00e9st k chyb\u00e1m ve v\u00fdsledc\u00edch model\u016f s vysok\u00fdm rozli\u0161en\u00edm. Na p\u0159\u00edkladu Lond\u00fdna bylo uk\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee tato downscalovac\u00ed metoda vede k nadhodnocen\u00ed emis\u00ed ze \u00a0palov\u00e1n\u00ed uhl\u00ed a d\u0159eva v hust\u011b obydlen\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech Lond\u00fdna, a\u010dkoli je v nich tento typ vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n z\u0159\u00eddka, a \u010dasto je dokonce zak\u00e1z\u00e1n. Emise z tohoto druhu vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed naopak poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z venkovsk\u00fdch oblast\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem je, \u017ee obchodn\u00ed adresa nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt toto\u017en\u00e1 s\u00a0um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm zdroje. To pro modely s rozli\u0161en\u00edm 50 \u00d7 50 km nep\u0159edstavuje v\u00e1\u017en\u00fd probl\u00e9m, ale m\u016f\u017ee to z\u00e1sadn\u011b ovlivnit v\u00fdsledky model\u016f s vysok\u00fdm rozli\u0161en\u00edm.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vyhodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f modelu CHIMERE uk\u00e1zalo jasn\u00e9 zlep\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159i p\u0159echodu z rozli\u0161en\u00ed 50 \u00d7 50 km na 7 \u00d7 7 km. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v oblastech jako je Ostravsko-Karvinsko doch\u00e1zelo v zimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed st\u00e1le k v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu podhodnocen\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed PM10 a PM 2,5. Emisn\u00ed vstupy byly identifikov\u00e1ny jako nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed slabina model\u016f v t\u011bchto oblastech.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zku\u0161enosti z Polska (z\u00edskan\u00e9 v r\u00e1mci projektu CECILIA) \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee emisn\u00ed invent\u00e1\u0159e budovan\u00e9 zdola (tedy na z\u00e1klad\u011b informac\u00ed o jednotliv\u00fdch zdroj\u00edch) vedou k lep\u0161\u00edm modelov\u00fdm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm. Pro tyto \u00fa\u010dely byl vyvinut emisn\u00ed model EMIL. V\u00fdsledky pro PM10 byly nicm\u00e9n\u011b st\u00e1le podhodnocen\u00e9. Jako jedna z mo\u017en\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din se jev\u00ed emise z\u00a0dom\u00e1c\u00edho spalov\u00e1n\u00ed neobchodovan\u00e9ho paliva, kter\u00e9 nejsou zohledn\u011bny v n\u00e1rodn\u00edch invent\u00e1\u0159\u00edch.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Popula\u010dn\u011b v\u00e1\u017een\u00e1 expozice<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">D\u00e1le byl p\u0159edstaven odli\u0161n\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup pro posouzen\u00ed dopad\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed kovarianci mezi popula\u010dn\u00ed hustotou a koncentracemi. Jedn\u00e1 se o metodu downscalingu vyvinutou pro odhad expozice s vyu\u017eit\u00edm v\u00fdsledk\u016f modelu EMEP (n\u00edzk\u00e9 rozli\u0161en\u00ed) za pou\u017eit\u00ed prostorov\u00e9 kovariance mezi popula\u010dn\u00ed hustotou a polem (skute\u010dn\u00fdch) koncentrac\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Opravn\u00fd faktor je po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u00fadaj\u016f o emis\u00edch, populaci a nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce a slou\u017e\u00ed k uzp\u016fsoben\u00ed hrub\u00fdch modelov\u00fdch koncentrac\u00ed pro v\u00fdpo\u010det expozice.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tento postup byl vyvinut v projektech MEGAPOLI a HEIMTSA a centrem ETC-ACM. Bylo uk\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee bez t\u00e9to korekce je na celoevropsk\u00e9 \u00farovni expozice oxidem dusi\u010dit\u00fdm podhodnocena o 44 %. Bohu\u017eel parametrizace pro ozon je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nejistou.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Ur\u010den\u00ed zdroj\u016f<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V modelu LOTOS-EUROS byl vyvinut nov\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed zdroj\u016f. Spolu s detailn\u00edm emisn\u00edm invent\u00e1\u0159em poslou\u017eil tento n\u00e1stroj k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed cenn\u00fdch informac\u00ed o zdroj\u00edch PM10 a PM 2,5 v Holandsku. Byly tak z\u00edsk\u00e1ny informace o pod\u00edlu zahrani\u010dn\u00edch zdroj\u016f a vyhodnoceny p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky jednotliv\u00fdch kategori\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edch zdroj\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Bylo \u0159e\u010deno, \u017ee n\u00e1stroj vyvinut\u00fd pro model LOTOS-EUROS je velmi podobn\u00fd modulu PSAT, kter\u00fd je dostupn\u00fd v modelu CAMx. Byly p\u0159edstaveny v\u00fdsledky z\u00edskan\u00e9 modulem PSAT modelu CAMx v r\u00e1mci projektu POMI. PSAT sleduje p\u016fvod prim\u00e1rn\u00edch a sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch aerosol\u016f a jejich prekurzor\u016f. K dispozici je z\u00e1rove\u0148 obdobn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro ozon. V\u00fdsledky uk\u00e1zaly vyu\u017eitelnost t\u011bchto n\u00e1stroj\u016f pro identifikaci r\u016fzn\u00fdch zdrojov\u00fdch oblast\u00ed aerosol\u016f. V USA byl modul PSAT \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b pou\u017eit k v\u00fdpo\u010dtu p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f m\u00edstn\u00edch a p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edch zdroj\u016f ke zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. V\u00fdsledky vedly k p\u0159ijet\u00ed \u201emezist\u00e1tn\u00ed sm\u011brnice o zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed\u201c, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 za c\u00edl sn\u00ed\u017eit p\u0159enos zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, jen\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovlivnit kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed po sm\u011bru proud\u011bn\u00ed. Sm\u011brnice vejde v platnost tento rok. Na jej\u00edm z\u00e1klad\u011b bude vym\u00e1h\u00e1na redukce emis\u00ed a o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee povede ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Modelov\u00e1n\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtk\u00e1ch<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Je-li nutno modelovat v relativn\u011b hrub\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku, ale pro ur\u010dit\u00e9 oblasti (nap\u0159. m\u011bsto nebo silni\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165) jsou pot\u0159eba podrobn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pou\u017eita metoda s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f. Koncentrace NO2 byly modelov\u00e1ny pro oblast Antverp, aby se posoudila \u00fa\u010dinnost opat\u0159en\u00ed na redukci emis\u00ed z dopravy. Poza\u010fov\u00e9 koncentrace byly po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed Eulerovsk\u00e9ho modelu, detailn\u00ed model emis\u00ed z dopravy byl pou\u017eit pouze pro Antverpy (Jednalo se o Gaussovsk\u00fd silni\u010dn\u00ed model se z\u00e1kladn\u00ed chemi\u00ed NOX). Aby se auto\u0159i p\u0159ed se\u010dten\u00edm v\u00fdsledk\u016f vyhnuli dvoj\u00edmu zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed z dopravy, ode\u010detli nejprve od v\u00fdstup\u016f Eulerovsk\u00e9ho modelu v\u00fdsledky z modelu Gaussovsk\u00e9ho, kter\u00e9 zpr\u016fm\u011brovali p\u0159es grid Eulerovsk\u00e9ho modelu.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u00fdsledky uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee opat\u0159en\u00ed s bezprost\u0159edn\u00edmi dopady m\u011bly pouze mal\u00fd vliv na ro\u010dn\u00ed koncentrace NO2. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Antverp se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee m\u011bstsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek \u010dinil 15\u201320 \u03bcg\u00b7m<sup>\u20133<\/sup> a p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek uli\u010dn\u00edho ka\u0148onu pouze 2\u20133 \u03bcg\u00b7m<sup>\u20133<\/sup>. Pokud je disperze emis\u00ed z dopravy stejn\u00e1 v\u00a0Eulerovsk\u00e9m i dopravn\u00edm (Gaussovsk\u00e9m) modelu, je tato metoda velmi l\u00e1kav\u00e1. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b pokud v tomto existuj\u00ed mezi modely rozd\u00edly, je ode\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9. P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed t\u00e9to metody je tedy z\u00e1hodn\u00e9 ov\u011b\u0159it, jak parametrizace difuze ovliv\u0148uje v\u00fdsledek.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed model\u016f<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V Evrop\u011b je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch model\u016f. Anglick\u00e1 DEFRA zorganizovala cvi\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e9 srovn\u00e1valo v\u0161echny modely pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii. Byly shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bny informace o vyu\u017eit\u00ed model\u016f, jejich siln\u00fdch a slab\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch a rozd\u00edlech v pou\u017eit\u00ed. A\u010dkoliv nebyl p\u0159ehled je\u0161t\u011b dokon\u010den, ji\u017e te\u010f je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 komunikace a v\u00fdm\u011bna informac\u00ed byla velmi p\u0159\u00ednosn\u00e1.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>P\u00e1r podn\u011bt\u016f a ot\u00e1zek na z\u00e1v\u011br<\/strong><\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dusi\u010dnany mohou p\u0159edstavovat velk\u00fd pod\u00edl v PM 2,5. Byla p\u0159i navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed postup\u016f pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed zv\u00e1\u017eena mo\u017enost sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed amoniaku?<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Je v emisn\u00edm invent\u00e1\u0159i \u010di modelu zahrnuta resuspenze prachu?<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Povedou realistick\u00e9 redukce ve va\u0161em sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i skute\u010dn\u011b k dosa\u017een\u00ed limit\u016f kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed?<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Bylo by t\u0159eba pro dosa\u017een\u00ed imisn\u00edch limit\u016f redukovat i zdroje, kter\u00e9 nejsou pod kontrolou?<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">(Ne)p\u0159esnost model\u016f je st\u00e1le probl\u00e9m. Je mo\u017eno uv\u00e9st tak\u00e9 p\u0159esnost modelov\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f a ovlivn\u00ed to n\u011bjak odhad schopnosti dos\u00e1hnout imisn\u00edch limit\u016f k\u00a0dan\u00e9mu datu?<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podhodnocen\u00ed PMX je probl\u00e9mem obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ve st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Je mo\u017eno zlep\u0161it emisn\u00ed invent\u00e1\u0159?<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jsou n\u011bjak\u00e9 emise, kter\u00e9 nejsou zahrnuty v\u00a0ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm invent\u00e1\u0159i, a p\u0159esto by mohly ovlivnit v\u00fdsledky ve va\u0161\u00ed modelov\u00e9 oblasti?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159eji mnoho \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f v modelov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Linton Corbet, p\u0159eklad: Ond\u0159ej Vl\u010dek, Hana \u0160k\u00e1chov\u00e1,<\/em> <em>Meteorologick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, ro\u010d. 65, 2012\/2<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1a5b0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1a5b0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0ef23cd\" data-id=\"0ef23cd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1209ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c1209ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/zkratky.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"zkratky\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTM4NDUsInVybCI6Imh0dHA6XC9cL3d3dy5jbWVzLmN6XC93ZWJcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjVcLzAxXC96a3JhdGt5LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"804\" height=\"737\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/zkratky.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-13845\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/zkratky.jpg 804w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/zkratky-300x275.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/zkratky-768x704.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 804px) 100vw, 804px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V b\u0159eznu 2012 jsem se z\u00fa\u010dastnil dvoudenn\u00edho pracovn\u00edho semin\u00e1\u0159e EC4MACS zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho na modelov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. M\u016fj prvn\u00ed z\u00e1\u017eitek z cesty se v\u00edce ne\u017eli atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho rozptylu t\u00fdkal depozice. V polovin\u011b cesty [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13841","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13841","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13841"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13841\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13848,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13841\/revisions\/13848"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13841"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}