{"id":13499,"date":"2025-01-23T22:53:52","date_gmt":"2025-01-23T21:53:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=13499"},"modified":"2025-01-23T22:54:44","modified_gmt":"2025-01-23T21:54:44","slug":"meteorologicke-geostacionarni-druzice-nove-generace","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/meteorologicke-geostacionarni-druzice-nove-generace\/","title":{"rendered":"Meteorologick\u00e9 geostacion\u00e1rn\u00ed dru\u017eice nov\u00e9 generace"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"13499\" class=\"elementor elementor-13499\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ea1cad8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ea1cad8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5038444\" data-id=\"5038444\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b020898 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b020898\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V roce 2017 si evropsk\u00e1 meteorologie p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 40. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dru\u017eice Meteosat-1, prvn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 geostacion\u00e1rn\u00ed dru\u017eice vyroben\u00e9 Evropskou kosmickou agenturou (European Space Agency, ESA). Start dru\u017eice 23. listopadu 1977 se sice je\u0161t\u011b uskute\u010dnil pomoc\u00ed americk\u00e9ho nosi\u010de Delta, nicm\u00e9n\u011b \u00fasp\u011bch t\u00e9to dru\u017eice inicioval vznik mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed organizace EUMETSAT (European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, Evropsk\u00e1 organizace pro vyu\u017eit\u00ed meteorologick\u00fdch dru\u017eic). EUMETSAT n\u00e1sledn\u011b od ESA p\u0159evzal operativn\u00ed program dru\u017eic Meteosat (p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ESA i nad\u00e1le pro EUMETSAT zaji\u0161tuje v\u00fdvoj a v\u00fdrobu samotn\u00fdch dru\u017eic), v sou\u010dasnosti zastoupen\u00fd dru\u017eicemi Meteosat druh\u00e9 generace (Meteosat Second Generation, MSG). Poj\u010fme se nyn\u00ed stru\u010dn\u011b poohl\u00e9dnout po historii t\u011bchto dru\u017eic, n\u00e1sledn\u011b pak nahl\u00e9dn\u011bme na meteorologick\u00e9 geostacion\u00e1rn\u00ed dru\u017eice nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch, nastupuj\u00edc\u00edch generac\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Geostacion\u00e1rn\u00ed dru\u017eice (dru\u017eice na geostacion\u00e1rn\u00ed dr\u00e1ze) jsou dru\u017eice s kruhovou ob\u011b\u017enou dr\u00e1hou nad zemsk\u00fdm rovn\u00edkem, s polom\u011brem dr\u00e1hy 42 168 km. Ob\u011b\u017en\u00e1 dr\u00e1ha je zvolena pr\u00e1v\u011b tak, aby ob\u011b\u017en\u00e1 doba dru\u017eice kolem Zem\u011b byla stejn\u00e1 jako doba rotace Zem\u011b. Dru\u017eice tak zd\u00e1nliv\u011b \u201evis\u00ed\u201c nad jedn\u00edm pevn\u00fdm m\u00edstem na Zemi nad zemsk\u00fdm rovn\u00edkem a sn\u00edmaj\u00ed st\u00e1le stejnou oblast zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu, k dru\u017eici p\u0159ivr\u00e1cenou polokouli (nap\u0159. obr. 1).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u016fbec prvn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e1 geostacion\u00e1rn\u00ed dru\u017eice byla vypu\u0161t\u011bna v roce 1966 americk\u00fdm N\u00e1rodn\u00edm \u00fa\u0159adem pro letectv\u00ed a kosmonautiku (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA). Jednalo se o dru\u017eici ATS-1 (Applications Technology Satellite). Prvn\u00ed evropsk\u00e1 geostacion\u00e1rn\u00ed dru\u017eice, Meteosat-1, byla vypu\u0161t\u011bna o 11 let pozd\u011bji, viz v\u00fd\u0161e. Tato dru\u017eice pat\u0159ila do kategorie dru\u017eic Meteosat prvn\u00ed generace (Meteosat First Generation, MFG). Posledn\u00ed dru\u017eice t\u00e9to generace, Meteosat-7 vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 v roce 1997, doslou\u017eila letos za\u010d\u00e1tkem \u00fanora v pozici nad Indick\u00fdm oce\u00e1nem, kam byla p\u0159esunuta v roce 2006.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V sou\u010dasnosti je oblast Evropy, Afriky a p\u0159ilehl\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Atlantiku a Indick\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu, sn\u00edm\u00e1na geostacion\u00e1rn\u00edmi dru\u017eicemi Meteosat druh\u00e9 generace (MSG). Prvn\u00ed dru\u017eic\u00ed t\u00e9to generace byla MSG-1, po uveden\u00ed do provozu p\u0159ejmenovan\u00fd na Meteosat-8, jej\u00ed\u017e start se uskute\u010dnil 28. srpna 2002. Hlavn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstrojem dru\u017eic MSG je radiometr SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager), kter\u00fd po\u0159izuje sn\u00edmky Zem\u011b ve 12 spektr\u00e1ln\u00edch kan\u00e1lech. P\u0159i standardn\u00edm re\u017eimu, kdy je sn\u00edm\u00e1na oblast cel\u00e9ho zemsk\u00e9ho disku, jsou sn\u00edmky k dispozici ka\u017ed\u00fdch 15 minut. Tato slu\u017eba je v sou\u010dasnosti zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1na dru\u017eic\u00ed Meteosat-10 (MSG-3). V re\u017eimu rapid scan (Rapid Scanning Service, RSS) sn\u00edm\u00e1 z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed dru\u017eice, v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b Meteosat-9 (MSG-2), pouze t\u0159etinu zemsk\u00e9ho disku, ale poskytuje sn\u00edmky t\u00e9to oblasti ka\u017ed\u00fdch 5 minut. Prostorov\u00e9 rozli\u0161en\u00ed dat m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstrojem SEVIRI, v obou re\u017eimech sn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, je pro prvn\u00edch 11 kan\u00e1l\u016f v poddru\u017eicov\u00e9m bod\u011b 3\u00d73 km (velikost obrazov\u00e9ho pixelu), pro kan\u00e1l HRV (High Resolution Visible) pak 1\u00d71 km. V\u00edce informac\u00ed o dru\u017eic\u00edch MSG lze nal\u00e9zt nap\u0159. v pr\u00e1ci Setv\u00e1ka (2004).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Posledn\u00ed z dru\u017eic Meteosat druh\u00e9 generace, MSG-4 (Meteosat-11), byla vypu\u0161t\u011bna 15. \u010dervence 2015 a je na ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze p\u0159ipravena k vyu\u017eit\u00ed, jakmile j\u00ed bude pot\u0159eba. Ukon\u010den\u00ed provozu s\u00e9rie dru\u017eic Meteosat druh\u00e9 generace se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 kolem roku 2025 \u010di pozd\u011bji, dle aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho stavu samotn\u00fdch dru\u017eic a jejich z\u00e1sob paliva, pot\u0159ebn\u00e9ho pro stabilizaci dru\u017eice a z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 naveden\u00ed dru\u017eice na tzv. h\u0159bitovn\u00ed dr\u00e1hu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na druhou generaci dru\u017eic Meteosat ji\u017e za n\u011bkolik let nav\u00e1\u017e\u00ed chystan\u00e9 dru\u017eice Meteosat t\u0159et\u00ed generace (Meteosat Third Generation, MTG). Dru\u017eice MTG budou dvoj\u00edho typu, li\u0161\u00edc\u00ed se sv\u00fdm ur\u010den\u00edm a p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00fdm vybaven\u00edm. Prvn\u00ed skupinou jsou dru\u017eice ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako MTG-I (MTG Imager), zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na po\u0159izov\u00e1n\u00ed obrazov\u00fdch dat. Start prvn\u00ed z nich, MTG-I1, je moment\u00e1ln\u011b pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n na rok 2021 a\u017e 2022, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed celkem \u010dty\u0159i dru\u017eice t\u00e9to skupiny (MTG-I). Druhou skupinou budou dru\u017eice zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed sond\u00e1\u017e atmosf\u00e9ry, MTG-S (MTG Sounder), kter\u00e9 budou celkem dv\u011b. Jejich start se uskute\u010dn\u00ed a\u017e po \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9m startu prvn\u00ed z dru\u017eic MTG-I; dru\u017eice MTG-S pot\u0159ebuje pro sv\u00e9 posl\u00e1n\u00ed pln\u011b funk\u010dn\u00ed dru\u017eici MTG-I.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V posledn\u00edch letech ji\u017e byly vypu\u0161t\u011bny dv\u011b japonsk\u00e9, americk\u00e1 a \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 geostacion\u00e1rn\u00ed dru\u017eice nov\u00fdch generac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v \u0159ad\u011b sv\u00fdch parametr\u016f v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159ekon\u00e1vaj\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dru\u017eice Meteosat druh\u00e9 generace, a v \u0159ad\u011b ohled\u016f se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed budouc\u00edm dru\u017eic\u00edm Meteosat t\u0159et\u00ed generace. Jedn\u00e1 se o dru\u017eice Himawari-8 a Himawari-9, provozovan\u00e9 JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency), GOES-16 (GOES-R), provozovanou NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), a FY-4A, provozovanou CMA (China Meteorological Administration). Himawari-8 byla vypu\u0161t\u011bna v \u0159\u00edjnu 2014 a v \u010dervenci 2015 se stala operativn\u00ed dru\u017eic\u00ed (um\u00edst\u011bnou na poloze 140,7\u00b0 v. d.). Himawari-9 (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejn\u00e1 poloha jako Himawari-8) a GOES-16 byly vypu\u0161t\u011bny v listopadu 2016. Dru\u017eice GOES-16 bude od prosince 2017 operativn\u00ed dru\u017eic\u00ed na pozici GOES-E, tedy na 75\u00b0 z. d. Dru\u017eice FY-4A byla vypu\u0161t\u011bna v prosinci 2016 a bude vyu\u017eita jako experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed. Operativn\u011b budou vyu\u017eity a\u017e n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed dru\u017eice t\u00e9to generace (FY-4), kter\u00fdch bude \u0161est, budou postupn\u011b vypu\u0161t\u011bny p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b ve dvou a\u017e t\u0159\u00edlet\u00e9m odstupu a budou um\u00edst\u011bny v rozmez\u00ed 86,5\u00b0 a\u017e 105\u00b0 v. d. Hlavn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstrojem dru\u017eic Himawari je AHI (Advanced Himawari Imager), GOES-16 je vybaven radiometrem ABI (Advanced Baseline Imager) a dru\u017eice FY-4A p\u0159\u00edstrojem AGRI (Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager). V\u0161echny t\u0159i p\u0159\u00edstroje jsou si velmi bl\u00edzk\u00e9, co\u017e je d\u00e1no tak\u00e9 t\u00edm, \u017ee maj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobce, firmu Exelis Geospatial Systems, nyn\u00ed p\u0159ejmenovanou na Harris Space &amp; Intelligence Systems. Dru\u017eice MTG-I ponesou p\u0159\u00edstroj FCI (Flexible Combined Imager), pro EUMETSAT vyv\u00edjen\u00fd, spole\u010dn\u011b se samotnou dru\u017eic\u00ed MTG-I, firmou Thales Alenia Space. Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f s radiometrem SEVIRI vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm na sou\u010dasn\u00fdch dru\u017eic\u00edch MSG je uvedeno v tab. 1. V\u0161echny \u010dty\u0159i nov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed z\u00edskat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed informac\u00ed, nebo\u0165 maj\u00ed v\u00edce (AHI, ABI, FCI \u2013 16, AGRI \u2013 14) spektr\u00e1ln\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f oproti p\u0159\u00edstroji SEVIRI (12 kan\u00e1l\u016f). P\u0159\u00edkladem jsou p\u0159idan\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly v oblasti bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho infra\u010derven\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed (mezi 0,8-2,5 pm), kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed informace zejm\u00e9na o mikrofyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch vlastnostech obla\u010dnosti. Tyto p\u0159\u00edstroje tak\u00e9 nov\u011b sn\u00edmaj\u00ed i v krat\u0161\u00edch vlnov\u00fdch d\u00e9lk\u00e1ch ne\u017e p\u0159edchoz\u00ed generace p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f. Jedn\u00edm z nov\u00fdch spektr\u00e1ln\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f AHI, ABI a AGRI je 0,47 pm (azurov\u00e1), resp. u p\u0159\u00edstroje FCI 0,444 pm (st\u0159ed modr\u00e9 slo\u017eky slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed). Dal\u0161\u00edm p\u0159idan\u00fdm kan\u00e1lem (FCI a AHI) bude, resp. je kan\u00e1l kolem 0,51 pm v zelen\u00e9 oblasti. Spole\u010dnou vlastnost\u00ed v\u0161ech t\u011bchto kr\u00e1tkovlnn\u00fdch kan\u00e1l\u016f je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed citlivost na atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 aerosoly, co\u017e byl hlavn\u00ed d\u016fvod pro jejich za\u0159azen\u00ed. Vedlej\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00ednosem je mo\u017enost poskytovat sn\u00edmky v t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 (AHI, ABI a AGRI), resp. ve zcela (FCI) \u201eprav\u00fdch barv\u00e1ch\u201c (tzv. True Color Imagery), uk\u00e1zkou je obr. 1.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V roce 2017 si evropsk\u00e1 meteorologie p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 40. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dru\u017eice Meteosat-1, prvn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 geostacion\u00e1rn\u00ed dru\u017eice vyroben\u00e9 Evropskou kosmickou agenturou (European Space Agency, ESA). Start dru\u017eice 23. listopadu 1977 se [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13499","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13499","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13499"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13499\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13503,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13499\/revisions\/13503"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13499"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}