{"id":12490,"date":"2025-01-12T13:06:18","date_gmt":"2025-01-12T12:06:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=12490"},"modified":"2025-01-12T13:07:13","modified_gmt":"2025-01-12T12:07:13","slug":"srazkove-periody-jako-jevy-srazkove-persistence","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/srazkove-periody-jako-jevy-srazkove-persistence\/","title":{"rendered":"Sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody jako jevy sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 persistence"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"12490\" class=\"elementor elementor-12490\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bc0353e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bc0353e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ab0d86e\" data-id=\"ab0d86e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c7ebac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c7ebac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u010casov\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek b\u00fdv\u00e1 v klimatologii zpravidla zkou\u00adm\u00e1no jen jako ro\u010dn\u00ed chod sr\u00e1\u017eek po m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch, pent\u00e1d\u00e1ch, po\u00adp\u0159\u00edpad\u011b po dnech a jen v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b v tom smyslu, jak n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 dny za sebou. P\u0159itom studium persistence sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u010dinnosti a tzv. sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 nejen pro praxi zem\u011bd\u011blskou a hydrologickou, n\u00fdbr\u017e i pro p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f v\u00edceden\u00adn\u00edho sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9ho charakteru po\u010das\u00ed. \u00dadaje o sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period\u00e1ch jsou cenn\u00fdmi charakteristikami sr\u00e1\u017eek a jedn\u00edm z krit\u00e9ri\u00ed klasifi\u00adkace klimatu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V na\u0161\u00ed odborn\u00e9 literatu\u0159e v\u0161ak dosud krom\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 kapitoly v u\u010debnici M. Noska [19] neexistuje pr\u00e1ce souborn\u011b se zab\u00fd\u00advaj\u00edc\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdmi periodami. \u00da\u010delem tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku je proto pojednat o pojet\u00ed a definic\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period, jako\u017e i o n\u011b\u00adkter\u00fdch v\u00fdsledc\u00edch dosavadn\u00edch v\u00fdzkum\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><em>I. Pojet\u00ed a definice sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1kladem studia sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period je jejich p\u0159esn\u00e9 a jedno\u00adzna\u010dn\u00e9 definov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pon\u011bvad\u017e dosud neexistuje p\u0159esn\u00e1 a mezi\u00adn\u00e1rodn\u011b jednotn\u00e1 definice sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jednotliv\u00ed auto\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch definic, vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z odli\u0161n\u00e9ho ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed period nebo z povahy a \u00fa\u010delu v\u00fdzkumu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nej\u010dast\u011bji a v nejobecn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm slova smyslu se rozum\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eko\u00advou, t\u00e9\u017e de\u0161\u0165ovou nebo vlhkou periodou (n\u011bm. Niederschlagsperiode, Regenperiode, nasse Period\u011b) krat\u0161\u00ed nebo del\u0161\u00ed \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek, v n\u011bm\u017e spadly vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eky; jde tedy o \u0159adu dn\u00ed s ur\u010di\u00adt\u00fdm sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm<sup>1<\/sup>). Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed definice t\u011bchto obdob\u00ed se od sebe obvykle li\u0161\u00ed r\u016fznou doln\u00ed hranic\u00ed trv\u00e1n\u00ed periody a d\u00e1le nejmen\u0161\u00edm sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdm \u00fahrnem dne, kter\u00fd je jednotkou obdob\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V. Conrad [1] pova\u017eoval za sr\u00e1\u017ekovou periodu n\u00e1slednost dn\u00ed se sr\u00e1\u017ekami \u2265 0,1 mm, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e z d\u016fvod\u016f statistick\u00fdch pokl\u00e1dal za periody i ojedin\u011bl\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 dny. Stejn\u011b ch\u00e1pali sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 obdob\u00ed J. Hoffmeister [5] a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i C. Ka\u00dfner [5], [11] a d\u00e1le F. Steinhauser [23] a H. Steinh\u00e4user [24] a auto\u0159i klima\u00adtologie Hurbanova [12]. H. Schindler [22] ve snaze zachytit jen zem\u011bd\u011blsky v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 obdob\u00ed se sr\u00e1\u017ekami v dob\u011b hlavn\u00edho vege\u00adta\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed, zvolil za jednotku sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9, resp. de\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 pe\u00adriody den se sr\u00e1\u017ekami &gt; 1,0 mm stejn\u011b jako ji\u017e p\u0159ed n\u00edm J. Maurer [17].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">I kdy\u017e pojmy sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 perioda a vlhk\u00e1 perioda jsou obecn\u011b pokl\u00e1d\u00e1ny za souzna\u010dn\u00e9, W. Dammann [3] jim d\u00e1v\u00e1 odli\u0161n\u00fd smysl. Sr\u00e1\u017ekovou periodu, jinak shodnou s periodou v Conradov\u011b pojet\u00ed, ch\u00e1pe jako pojem m\u00edstn\u00ed, vztahuj\u00edc\u00ed se k jedin\u00e9 stanici, zat\u00edmco vlhkou periodou rozum\u00ed omezen\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek, v n\u011bm\u017e se v\u0161eobecn\u011b na studovan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed (v oblasti Harzu) vyskytuj\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eky p\u0159i ur\u010dit\u00e9 synoptick\u00e9 situaci; p\u0159ipisuje ji tedy v\u00fdznam \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed, region\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V\u0161echny shora uveden\u00e9 definice maj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00fd znak, spo\u010d\u00ed\u00advaj\u00edc\u00ed v neomezov\u00e1n\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtem dn\u00ed. Jsou vhodn\u00e9 pro zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1slednosti sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dn\u00ed a pro sta\u00adnoven\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 a maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u00e9lky obdob\u00ed se sr\u00e1\u017ekami, tedy charakteristik vhodn\u011b dokresluj\u00edc\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 pom\u011bry m\u00edsta nebo oblasti.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pro praktick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely je v\u0161ak vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pova\u017eovat za sr\u00e1\u017ekovou periodu teprve v\u00edcedenn\u00ed obdob\u00ed se sr\u00e1\u017ekami. Tak J. v. Hann [1] stanovil doln\u00ed mez trv\u00e1n\u00ed periody 2 dny, G. Hellmann [1], F. Rein [20] a K. Kr\u0161ka [15], [16] 5 dn\u00ed, A. Dieckmann [5] 6 dn\u00ed. Dieckmann zvolil tak vysokou doln\u00ed mez trv\u00e1n\u00ed proto, aby z\u0159e\u00adteln\u011b odli\u0161il \u201eobdob\u00ed vysloven\u00fdch period od obdob\u00ed sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9ho typu s \u010dasto se m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edm charakterem po\u010das\u00ed&#8221; [4]. Dieckmann d\u00e1le rozli\u0161uje periody uzav\u0159en\u00e9 (geschlossene Perioden) a p\u0159e\u00adru\u0161ovan\u00e9 (gebrochene Perioden). Perioda p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e1 se podle Dieckmanna li\u0161\u00ed od periody uzav\u0159en\u00e9 t\u00edm, \u017ee je ukon\u010dena teprve tehdy, jestli\u017ee ve dvou po sob\u011b n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch dnech nejsou na\u00adm\u011b\u0159eny \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky. Neuzav\u00edr\u00e1 ji tedy jedin\u00fd bezesr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd den jako je tomu u period uzav\u0159en\u00fdch. Ji\u017e p\u0159ed Dieckmannem po\u00addobn\u011b rozli\u0161ovali dva druhy sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period G. Hellmann [1], [5], [11], K. Knoch [1] a G. J. Simons [1]. Hellmann ro\u00adzezn\u00e1val periody absolutn\u00ed (absolute Perioden) a parci\u00e1ln\u00ed, d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed (parcielle Perioden), av\u0161ak na rozd\u00edl od Dieckmanna neud\u00e1 doln\u00ed hranici uzav\u0159en\u00fdch period. Dieckmannovy definice uzav\u0159en\u00fdch a p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fdch period u\u017eili pozd\u011bji ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch J. Huttary [11] a F. Ringleb [21].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">J. Mrkos [18] rozum\u011bl de\u0161\u0165ovou periodou nejm\u00e9n\u011b 2 dny za sebou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed s denn\u00edm sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdm \u00fahrnem &gt; 1,0 mm.; dny se sr\u00e1\u017ekami \u2264 1,0 mm tedy do period nepo\u010d\u00edtal. F. Rein [20] definoval sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 obdob\u00ed jako \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek alespo\u0148 5 dn\u016f za sebou jdouc\u00edch, v nich\u017e sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd \u00fahrn \u010dinil alespo\u0148 3,0 mm. P\u0159itom v den sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody, musely b\u00fdt zaznamen\u00e1ny sr\u00e1\u017eky alespo\u0148 0,0 mm. Za nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00fahrn cel\u00e9 periody zvolil auto 3 mm proto, aby zachytil pouze v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed se sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1m<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">K. Kr\u0161ka [15], [16] pro studium sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period v Brn stanovil tuto definici: Sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 perioda je \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek alespo\u0148 5 dn\u00ed za sebou jdouc\u00edch, v nich\u017e se vyskytly na jedn\u00e9 st\u00e1ni vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eky jak\u00e9hokoliv druhu s minim\u00e1ln\u00edm denn\u00edm \u00fahrnem 0,1 mm. Domn\u00edv\u00e1 se, \u017ee spodn\u00ed hranice periody 5 dn\u00ed je vhodn\u00e1 pro studium sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed, nebo\u0165 dlouh\u00e1 obdob\u00ed se sr\u00e1\u017ekami se u n\u00e1s vyskytuj\u00ed jen z\u0159\u00eddka. V Brn\u011b je nap\u0159\u00edklad po\u010det sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period \u0161estidenn\u00edch a del\u0161\u00edch ji\u017e o t\u0159etin ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e period s nejkrat\u0161\u00edm trv\u00e1n\u00edm 5 dn\u00ed. Zejm\u00e9na pro dynamicko-klimatologick\u00fd rozbor je t\u0159eba z\u00edskat rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd materi\u00e1l, aby v\u00fdsledky nabyly v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010divosti. Ji\u017e J. Huttary [11] uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee je nutn\u00e9 volit nejkrat\u0161\u00ed trv\u00e1n\u00ed period tak\u00e9 s ohledem na klimatickou oblast, v n\u00ed\u017e stanice le\u017e\u00ed. K. Kr\u0161ka nepou\u017eil ke zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek nem\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdch (0,0 mm), proto\u017ee st\u00e1ni Brno-Pis\u00e1rky jejich v\u00fdskyt po cel\u00e9 studovan\u00e9 obdob\u00ed nezaznamen\u00e1vala a d\u00e1le proto, \u017ee je n\u011bkdy obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 zjistit, zda \u0161lo o sr\u00e1\u017eky vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed. Z\u00e1znam o nich tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho z\u00e1vis\u00ed na kvalit\u011b pr\u00e1ce pozorovatel\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b slo\u017eit\u00e9 podm\u00ednky v\u00fdb\u011bru sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period, a to p \u00fa\u010dely prognosn\u00ed, stanovil H. W. Courvoisier [2]. Jako hlav krit\u00e9ria pro v\u00fdb\u011br sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period z oblasti Alp zvolil nejkrat\u0161\u00ed trv\u00e1n\u00ed period 3 dny a nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd \u00fahrn 10 mm, kter\u00e1 pokl\u00e1dal za hranici mezi sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdm charakterem za slab\u011b anticyklon\u00e1ln\u00edch nebo slab\u011b cyklon\u00e1ln\u00edch situac\u00ed na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b a sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdm charakterem za v\u00fdrazn\u011b cyklon\u00e1ln\u00edch situac\u00ed na stran\u011b druh\u00e9. Sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody jsou v jeho pojet\u00ed \u00fazce spjaty s pov\u011btrnostn\u00edmi situacemi a jsou ponejv\u00edce jevem zna\u010dn\u011b velkoprostorov\u00fdm.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em><strong>II. Metodika a v\u00fdsledky studia sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pon\u011bvad\u017e sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody, stejn\u011b jako periody bezesr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9, byly zkoum\u00e1ny zpravidla jen okrajov\u011b p\u0159i celkov\u00e9 anal\u00fdze sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f, nen\u00ed po\u010det prac\u00ed, v\u011bnovan\u00fdch v\u00fdhradn\u011b sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdm period\u00e1m, velk\u00fd. Nejrozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed je patrn\u011b literatura n\u011bmeck\u00fdch a rakousk\u00fdch klimatolog\u016f. Pr\u00e1ce, kter\u00e9 jsem prostu\u00addoval, neuv\u00e1d\u00edm podle jejich geneticko-chronologick\u00e9ho sledu, n\u00fdbr\u017e podle jejich metodick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edbuznosti. Podrobn\u011bji pojedn\u00e1\u00adv\u00e1m jen o prac\u00edch dynamicko-klimatologick\u00fdch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>a) Studie klasicko-klimatologick\u00e9<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V. Conrad ve sv\u00e9 u\u010debnici [1] doporu\u010duje doplnit \u00fadaje o sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch daty o pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9m trv\u00e1n\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch (a such\u00fdch) period, o jejich pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9m nejdel\u0161\u00edm trv\u00e1n\u00ed a absolutn\u00edm nejdel\u0161\u00edm trv\u00e1n\u00ed, stanoven\u00fdmi nejm\u00e9n\u011b z desetilet\u00e9 \u0159ady pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed. Uveden\u00e9 charakteristiky mnohem l\u00e9pe vystihuj\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 po\u00adm\u011bry oblasti ne\u017e nap\u0159\u00edklad \u00fadaje o \u010detnostech sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dn\u00ed a o jejich vydatnosti, co\u017e autor dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 na charakteristik\u00e1ch period z V\u00eddn\u011b, z Kornatu (u Lince) a ze stanice Skutari (dne\u0161n\u00ed \u0160kodra) na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Jadersk\u00e9ho mo\u0159e.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Statistick\u00fd a orienta\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1z m\u00e1 t\u00e9\u017e studie F. Steinhausera [23], jej\u00edm\u017e \u00fa\u010delem bylo zjistit, s jakou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed lze na \u00fazem\u00ed Rakouska o\u010dek\u00e1vat posloupnost sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dn\u00ed a ur\u010dit\u011b trv\u00e1n\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch obdob\u00ed. Vhodn\u011b zvolen\u00e9 stanice [Sonnblick a Badgastein, charakterizuj\u00edc\u00ed hlavn\u00ed h\u0159eben Vysok\u00fdch Taur\u016f, Inns\u00adbruck, le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed v pod\u00e9ln\u00e9m \u00fadol\u00ed severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti V\u00fdchodn\u00edch Alp, na okraji V\u00fdchodn\u00edch Alp le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed V\u00edde\u0148 a Klagenfurt (Celovec), reprezentuj\u00edc\u00ed Korutanskou kotlinu] a dostate\u010dn\u011b dlouh\u00e1 \u0159ada pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed (1891\u20141930) p\u0159isp\u011bly k pozn\u00e1n\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00edch a lo\u00adk\u00e1ln\u00edch vliv\u016f na vznik a \u010detnost sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch obdob\u00ed. Na Sonnblicku, kde jsou sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody mnohem \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a del\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e obdob\u00ed beze sr\u00e1\u017eek, se ojedin\u011bl\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 dny vyskytuji jen z\u0159\u00eddka, nap\u0159\u00edklad v kv\u011btnu se vyskytuje ojedin\u011bl\u00fd sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd den stejn\u011b \u010dasto jako 9denn\u00ed a del\u0161\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 perioda. Nejdel\u0161\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017e\u00adkov\u00e9 obdob\u00ed trvalo na Sonnblicku 47 dn\u00ed, v Klagenfurtu 17 dn\u00ed a ve V\u00eddni 16 dn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 a such\u00e9 periody v Rakousku studoval t\u00e9\u017e H. Steinhausser [24]. Pro sv\u00e1 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed u\u017eil \u010dty\u0159icetilet\u00fdch \u0159ad 1900\u20141939 ze stanice Heiligenblut, le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na ji\u017en\u00ed stran\u011b Vysok\u00fdch Taur\u016f a \u00fadoln\u00edch stanic Waidegg a Weitensfeld v Korutanech. Pr\u00e1ce je v\u011bnov\u00e1na aplikaci z\u00e1kon\u016f matematick\u00e9 statistiky na sr\u00e1\u017eky a jejich vysti\u017een\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdmi slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi charakteristikami v klima\u00adtologii m\u00e9n\u011b obvykl\u00fdmi. P\u0159i studiu iterac\u00ed znak\u016f denn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd \u00fahrn \u2265 0,1 mm a denn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd \u00fahrn &lt; 0,1 mm autor po\u00adrovn\u00e1val skute\u010dn\u00fd pozorovan\u00fd po\u010det period ur\u010dit\u00e9 d\u00e9lky s o\u010de\u00adk\u00e1van\u00fdmi hodnotami podle rozd\u011blen\u00ed Botkiewiczova a Poissonova, nedos\u00e1hl v\u0161ak uspokojiv\u00e9 shody. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu toho, \u017ee dny se sr\u00e1\u017ekami a beze sr\u00e1\u017eek nemaj\u00ed co do n\u00e1slednosti v\u017edy povahu n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch jev\u016f, Steinhausser vid\u00ed ve vlivech orografick\u00fdch i synoptick\u00fdch. A. Gottwald [6] uk\u00e1zal na sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period\u00e1ch z A\u0161e z let 1949\u20141960, \u017ee v z\u00e1padn\u00edch Cech\u00e1ch lze pravd\u011b\u00adpodobnost sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed o ur\u010dit\u00e9 d\u00e9lce stejn\u011b jako pr\u016f\u00adm\u011brnou dobu n\u00e1vratu t\u011bchto obdob\u00ed uspokojiv\u011b vypo\u010d\u00edtat z pravd\u011bpodobnostn\u00edho modelu Markovov\u00fdch \u0159et\u011bzc\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V na\u0161\u00ed klimatologick\u00e9 literatu\u0159e se o sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period\u00e1ch rovn\u011b\u017e zmi\u0148uje F. Vit\u00e1sek [27], kter\u00fd uv\u00e1d\u00ed nejdel\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed se sr\u00e1\u017ekami vyskytnuv\u0161\u00ed se na \u00fazem\u00ed Moravy a Slezska v obdob\u00ed 1901\u20141925 na stanic\u00edch v Hrub\u00e9m Jesen\u00edku (Alfredova chata 34 a 27 dn\u00ed, Vidly 27 a 23 dn\u016f). P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch po\u00adm\u011br\u016f si pov\u0161imli sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period i auto\u0159i klimatografie Hur\u00adbanova [12], kte\u0159\u00ed jejich po\u010det v m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch a za rok uvedli pro obdob\u00ed 1876\u20141950 v p\u0159ehledn\u00e9 tabulce. K. Kr\u0161ka [16], kter\u00fd pozd\u011bji porovnal rozlo\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period v Hurbanovu s rozlo\u017een\u00edm sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period v Brn\u011b, zjistil pom\u011brn\u011b dobrou shodu v ro\u010dn\u00edm chodu t\u011bchto obdob\u00ed na obou stanic\u00edch. F. Stuchl\u00edk [25] uv\u00e1d\u00ed pro stanici Praha-Klementinum za obdob\u00ed od 1. VIII. 1839 do 31. XII. 1960 nejdel\u0161\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody 19denn\u00ed a 18denn\u00ed. Obdob\u00ed s ka\u017edodenn\u00edmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201emokr\u00fdmi obdob\u00edmi&#8221;.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V pr\u00e1ci zcela v\u011bnovan\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdm period\u00e1m pou\u017eil J. Mrkos [18] k vysti\u017een\u00ed \u201ede\u0161tivosti&#8221; \u010cech izolini\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho ro\u010dn\u00edho po\u010dtu dn\u00ed de\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch period, tzv. izoperiod, zkonstruovan\u00fdch na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u0161ech pou\u017eiteln\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f ombrometrick\u00fdch stanic ob\u00addob\u00ed 1895\u20141912. Mrkosova mapa de\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch period v \u010cech\u00e1ch pom\u011brn\u011b dob\u0159e koresponduje s mapami obdobn\u00e9ho charakteru z Atlasu podneb\u00ed \u010cSR.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 jsou pr\u00e1ce A. Dieckmanna, zejm\u00e9na jeho agroklimatologick\u00e1 studie o sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period\u00e1ch z oblasti v\u00fdchodofr\u00edsk\u00fdch mar\u0161i [4]. K anal\u00fdze pou\u017eil \u00fadaj\u016f stanic Norden (oblast star\u00fdch mar\u0161i) a Leer (oblast mlad\u00fdch mar\u0161i) a stanice Postupim, charakterizuj\u00edc\u00ed vnitrozem\u00ed (obdob\u00ed 1901\u20141925). Mezi vnitro\u00adzem\u00edm a pob\u0159e\u017e\u00edm zjistil podstatn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly jak v trv\u00e1n\u00ed, tak i v ro\u010dn\u00edm chodu sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch obdob\u00ed. P\u0159i\u0159azov\u00e1n\u00edm period i zna\u010dn\u011b dlouh\u00e9ho trv\u00e1n\u00ed jen ke st\u0159edn\u00edm dek\u00e1d\u00e1m v\u0161ak mohlo doj\u00edt k zakryt\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00e9ho rozlo\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek. Vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed chodu period \u010dernostmi jejich dn\u00ed, co\u017e poprv\u00e9 u\u010dinil F. Rein [20]. Dieckmann na v\u0161ech t\u0159ech stanic\u00edch zjistil nejmen\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl sr\u00e1\u017e\u00adkov\u00fdch period na v\u0161ech sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dnech v letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch, kdy jsou \u010dast\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky bou\u0159kov\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu. V jin\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci [5] se Dieckmann zab\u00fdv\u00e1 od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00edm definice p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fdch period, kter\u00e9 porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 na \u00fadaj\u00edch z Postupimi z let 1901\u20141925 s pe\u00adriodami uzav\u0159en\u00fdmi.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na v\u00fdsledky n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159edchoz\u00edch prac\u00ed nav\u00e1zal J. Hut\u00adtary [l1], kter\u00fd se p\u0159i studiu period op\u00edral o Dieckmannovy de\u00adfinice, i kdy\u017e zaveden\u00ed p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00fdch period pokl\u00e1dal za zbyte\u010dn\u00e9. Huttary zji\u0161\u0165oval rozd\u00edly ve v\u00fdskytu a rozlo\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch a such\u00fdch period na stanic\u00edch m\u00edrn\u00e9ho klimatick\u00e9ho p\u00e1su (Po\u00adstupim, Vjatka-Kirov, Tomsk a Vladivostok) a p\u00e1su subtropic\u00adk\u00e9ho (Ta\u0161kent, Sao Paulo) a uk\u00e1zal tak na mo\u017enost vyu\u017eit\u00ed period p\u0159i klasifikaci klimatu. Jeho region\u00e1ln\u011b klimatologick\u00e1 studie p\u0159inesla nov\u00e9 poznatky o re\u017eimu sr\u00e1\u017eek v obou klimatick\u00fdch p\u00e1sech. V\u00fdsledky je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba posuzovat s ur\u010ditou opatrnost\u00ed, nebo\u0165 t\u0159icetilet\u00e9 \u0159ady pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fdch Huttary pou\u017eil, nebyly zcela sou\u010dasn\u00e9. Ro\u010dn\u00ed chod period v Postupimi, Kirovu a Tomsku byl pozd\u011bji porovn\u00e1n s rozlo\u017een\u00edm period v Brn\u011b [15], [16].<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 a such\u00e9 periody na \u00fazem\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00edho N\u011bmecka stu\u00addoval v ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 dob\u011b F. Ringleb [21], kter\u00fd se op\u00edral zejm\u00e9na o pr\u00e1ci G. Hellmanna<sup>2<\/sup>) a o ji\u017e uveden\u00e9 studie Dieckmannovy. V\u00fdsledky statistick\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed period ze stanic M\u00fcnster (1887\u20131913, 1919\u20131938) a Aachen (C\u00e1chy) (1887\u20131903, 1905\u20131914, 1930\u20131938) pod\u00e1v\u00e1 v rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9m tabel\u00e1rn\u00edm p\u0159e\u00adhledu a navz\u00e1jem porovn\u00e1v\u00e1. Rozli\u0161uje periody uzav\u0159en\u00e9 a p\u0159e\u00adru\u0161en\u00e9 ve smyslu Hellmannov\u011b, p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00fdm period\u00e1m p\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd, uzav\u0159en\u00fdm period\u00e1m v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam klimatologick\u00fd. Charakteristiky sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period v\u010detn\u011b pravd\u011b\u00adpodobnosti trv\u00e1n\u00ed period nad n dn\u00ed vypo\u010d\u00edtal pro m\u011bs\u00edce, ro\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed, vegeta\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed a rok. Nejdel\u0161\u00ed uzav\u0159en\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody m\u011bly v M\u00fcnsteru i v Aachen 33 dn\u00ed, p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00e9 periody v M\u00fcnsteru 49 dn\u00ed a v Aachen 45 dn\u00ed. Autor t\u00e9\u017e porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010detnosti such\u00fdch obdob\u00ed s \u010detnostmi obdob\u00ed se sr\u00e1\u017ekami.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>b) Studie dynamicko-klimatologick\u00e9<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Do t\u00e9to skupiny prac\u00ed jsem za\u0159adil publikace pojedn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed o synoptick\u00fdch a dynamicko-klimatologick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch sr\u00e1\u017e\u00adkov\u00fdch period.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nejstar\u0161\u00ed z nich je rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 a zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b metodicky v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 studie W. Dammanna [3] o z\u00e1vislosti vlhk\u00fdch period na pov\u011btr\u00adnostn\u00edch situac\u00edch. Dammann se pokusil o anal\u00fdzu sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch obdob\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u011b se vyskytnuv\u0161\u00edch na v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtu stanic. Stu\u00addoval periody 12 stanic z \u00fazem\u00ed Harzu (obdob\u00ed 1903\u20141912), pro kter\u00e9 vypo\u010d\u00edtal \u010detnosti p\u0159i trv\u00e1n\u00ed n = 1, 2, 3 &#8230; dn\u00ed a jejich pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 trv\u00e1n\u00ed. K jeho zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm nap\u0159\u00edklad pat\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody p\u011btidenn\u00ed a \u0161estidenn\u00ed jsou stejn\u011b \u010detn\u00e9 na v\u0161ech stanic\u00edch bez ohledu na v\u00fd\u0161i ro\u010dn\u00edho sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9ho \u00fahrnu stanic. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho v\u00fdskytu a sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 vydatnosti dn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period Dammann vybral 55 vlhk\u00fdch period, kter\u00e9 podrobil synopticko-klimatologick\u00e9 anal\u00fdze. Postupoval dv\u011bma zp\u016fsoby: 1. Pro ka\u017edou vlhkou periodu zakreslil do mapy Evropy polohu center n\u00edzk\u00e9ho tlaku; to mu dovolovalo geografick\u00e9 vy\u00admezen\u00ed poloh tlakov\u00fdch minim, p\u0159i nich\u017e se v oblasti Harzu vytv\u00e1\u0159ela vlhk\u00e1 obdob\u00ed. 2. Pro prvn\u00ed, prost\u0159edn\u00ed a posledn\u00ed den vlhk\u00fdch period vypo\u010d\u00edtal pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty tlaku, kter\u00fdch pou\u017eil k zakreslen\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho tlakov\u00e9ho pole ve zkouman\u00fdch dnech. Nakonec Dammann stanovil vzhledem k pov\u011btrnostn\u00edm situac\u00edm t\u0159i skupiny vlhk\u00fdch period, vyskytuj\u00edc\u00edch se v Harzu:<\/span><\/p><ol><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Periody s vydatn\u00fdmi denn\u00edmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami cyklon\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u016f\u00advodu; centra n\u00edzk\u00e9ho tlaku se rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed od v\u00fdchodn\u00edho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Anglie a Skotska a\u017e k Finsk\u00e9mu z\u00e1livu. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou vlhk\u00fdch obdob\u00ed je p\u0159echod tlakov\u00fdch n\u00ed\u017e\u00ed, Harz je na ji\u017en\u00edm okraji tlakov\u00fdch depres\u00ed.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Velmi kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 periody s vydatn\u00fdmi denn\u00edmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami bou\u0159kov\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu. Oblast v\u00fdskytu center n\u00edzk\u00e9ho tlaku je podstatn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v prv\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, zab\u00edr\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b severo\u00adv\u00fdchodn\u00ed Francii, z\u00e1padn\u00ed a severn\u00ed N\u011bmecko a z\u00e1padn\u00ed Polsko. Pro bou\u0159kov\u00fd den je typick\u00e1 nehlubok\u00e1 br\u00e1zda, vyb\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed z tlakov\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017ee nad Skandin\u00e1vi\u00ed do z\u00e1padn\u00edho N\u011bmecka.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Periody s nepatrn\u00fdmi denn\u00edmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami a vz\u00e1jemn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9 po\u010dtem sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dn\u00ed na jednotliv\u00fdch stanic\u00edch Harzu. P\u0159i t\u011bchto period\u00e1ch se tlakov\u00e1 minima nal\u00e9zaj\u00ed na rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed severn\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy od z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Atlantiku a\u017e po severo\u00adz\u00e1pad evropsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti SSSR. Mapy izobar se li\u0161\u00ed od map prv\u00e9 skupiny jen celkov\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi gradienty.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed dynamicko-klimatologick\u00e9 problematiky sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period si v z\u00e1v\u011bru sv\u00e9 statistick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce v\u0161\u00edm\u00e1 t\u00e9\u017e H. Steinhausser [24]. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b sv\u00fdch zku\u0161enost\u00ed usuzuje, \u017ee mezi pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdm trv\u00e1n\u00edm period a n\u011bkolika hlavn\u00edmi typy pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch situac\u00ed existuje vztah, jeho\u017e t\u011bsnost a kvalita z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na p\u016f\u00adsoben\u00ed orografie. Souvislost mezi synoptickou situac\u00ed a trv\u00e1n\u00edm period je proto t\u0159eba nal\u00e9zt zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 pro jednotliv\u00e9 geografick\u00e9 celky. Steinhausser uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee v ji\u017en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti V\u00fdchodn\u00edch Alp vzni\u00adkaj\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eky a sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 obdob\u00ed p\u0159i situac\u00edch W a SW, p\u0159i situa\u00adc\u00edch NW a N a p\u0159i situac\u00edch S a SE.<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nejdel\u0161\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody na ji\u017en\u00edm okraji V\u00fdchodn\u00edch Alp vznikaj\u00ed hlavn\u011b v d\u016fsledku p\u0159ehradov\u00e9ho efektu na ji\u017en\u00ed stran\u011b Alp. Situace NW a N p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eky jen kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho trv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vztahy sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period z oblasti Z\u00e1padn\u00edch Alp k synoptick\u00fdm situac\u00edm a v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9mu proud\u011bn\u00ed nad Alpami se zab\u00fdval H. W. Courvoisier [2], kter\u00fd t\u00e9\u017e podrobn\u011b zkoumal faktory vzniku sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period a vypracoval metodu p\u0159edpov\u011bdi t\u011bchto obdob\u00ed. Vztah sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period k synoptick\u00fdm situac\u00edm studoval s pou\u017eit\u00edm katalogu P. Hessa a H. Brezowsk\u00e9ho [8] odd\u011blen\u011b v \u0161esti oblastech, kter\u00e9 vymezil p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm podle pod\u00adm\u00ednek orografick\u00fdch. P\u0159i rozboru se op\u00edral o \u00fadaje 326 sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic z obdob\u00ed 1949\u20141951.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Courvoisier zjistil, \u017ee sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody ve v\u0161ech severoalpsk\u00fdch a vnitroalpsk\u00fdch oblastech vznikaj\u00ed za situac\u00ed Wz, TrM, TrW, NWz, Ww a TB.<sup>4<\/sup>) Periody situace Wz, kter\u00e9 se vyskytuj\u00ed nej\u00ad\u010dast\u011bji, maj\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b malou sr\u00e1\u017ekovou vydatnost, zat\u00edmco pe\u00adriody p\u0159i situac\u00edch Ww jsou na sr\u00e1\u017eky velmi bohat\u00e9. Na severn\u00ed stran\u011b Alp, stejn\u011b jako na ji\u017en\u00ed stran\u011b, vznikaj\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dasto sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody za situace Wa. N\u00e1v\u011btrn\u00e9 a z\u00e1v\u011btrn\u00e9 efekty se extr\u00e9mn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem projevuj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na ji\u017en\u00ed stran\u011b Z\u00e1\u00adpadn\u00edch Alp, co\u017e uk\u00e1zalo i studium pom\u011br\u016f v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9ho proud\u011bni. Ve vnitroalpsk\u00fdch oblastech nelze rozeznat v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1\u00adv\u011btrn\u00e9 nebo n\u00e1v\u011btrn\u00e9 sm\u011bry proud\u011bn\u00ed. Pro vznik period v severn\u00ed a vnit\u0159n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Z\u00e1padn\u00edch Alp p\u0159isoudil Courvoisier roz\u00adhoduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdznam synoptick\u00fdm situac\u00edm a sm\u011bru a s\u00edle severo-atlantsko-evropsk\u00e9 front\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00f3ny, kterou charakterizoval gra\u00addientem relativn\u00ed topografie 500\/1000 mb a v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fdm prou\u00add\u011bn\u00edm. Zjistil, \u017ee pro vznik jihoalpsk\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period je rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm faktorem p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm siln\u00e9 troposf\u00e9rick\u00e9 ochlazen\u00ed v oblasti Pyrenejsk\u00e9ho poloostrova a utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u00e9, k jihu zasahuj\u00edc\u00ed br\u00e1zdy nebo n\u00ed\u017ee nad Z\u00e1padn\u00edmi Alpami. Jednotli\u00adv\u00fdm faktor\u016fm vzniku p\u0159isuzoval autor velikosti vah, jejich\u017e sou\u010det teprve ukazuje na v\u00fdskyt sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b na jej\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed. Nejobt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period ve vnit\u0159n\u00edch oblastech Z\u00e1padn\u00edch Alp.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">K dynamicko-klimatologick\u00e9mu v\u00fdzkumu sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period vyskytnuv\u0161\u00edch se na jedn\u00e9 stanici p\u0159isp\u011bl zna\u010dnou m\u011brou F. Rein [20], kter\u00fd statisticky zpracoval a dynamicky analyzoval sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 obdob\u00ed na Mile\u0161ovce za l\u00e9ta 1951\u20141955. Popsal ro\u010dn\u00ed chod vlhk\u00fdch obdob\u00ed, jejich podii na v\u0161ech sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dnech a sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch uveden\u00e9ho p\u011btilet\u00ed a posoudil jejich sr\u00e1\u017ekovou vydat\u00adnost. T\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011b jeho pr\u00e1ce v\u0161ak spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v d\u016fsledn\u00e9m rozboru t\u011bchto obdob\u00ed ve vztahu k synoptick\u00fdm situac\u00edm, kter\u00fdmi tak\u00e9 vysv\u011btlil rozlo\u017een\u00ed period b\u011bhem roku. P\u0159i stanoven\u00ed synoptick\u00e9ho charakteru sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period postupoval Rein tak, \u017ee pro ka\u017ed\u00fd den t\u011bchto obdob\u00ed vypsal synoptick\u00fd typ podle katalogu M. Kon\u010dka a F. Reina [14]. N\u011bkter\u00e1 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 obdob\u00ed se potom \u201ejevila jako souvisl\u00e9 celky n\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed k jednomu synoptick\u00e9mu typu, . . . jin\u00e1, zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 del\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed, pak n\u00e1le\u017eela k n\u011bkolika za se\u00adbou jdouc\u00edm sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u011b vydatn\u00fdm synoptick\u00fdm typ\u016fm&#8221;. Proto autor rozd\u011blil sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody do dvou skupin, na periody jednoduch\u00e9, charakteristick\u00e9 jedin\u00fdm, po cel\u00e9 obdob\u00ed p\u0159evl\u00e1\u00addaj\u00edc\u00edm synoptick\u00fdm typem a na sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody slo\u017eit\u00e9, cha\u00adrakteristick\u00e9 n\u011bkolika p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edmi synoptick\u00fdmi typy. P\u0159e\u00advl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed jedin\u00e9ho synoptick\u00e9ho typu u prv\u00e9 skupiny posoudil Rein subjektivn\u011b a individu\u00e1ln\u011b. Zpracov\u00e1na byla jen obdob\u00ed jednoduch\u00e1 (76 % sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch obdob\u00ed), kter\u00e1 pat\u0159ila k p\u011bti skupin\u00e1m synoptick\u00fdch situac\u00ed. Jsou to situace W, SW, cen\u00adtr\u00e1ln\u00ed cyklona nad st\u0159edn\u00ed nebo jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropou, situace NW a N a situace BC. Autor zd\u016fraz\u0148uje velk\u00fd orografick\u00fd vliv Kru\u0161n\u00fdch hor na sr\u00e1\u017ekovou vydatnost situac\u00ed s p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed advekc\u00ed. Je v\u0161ak dost pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee anal\u00fdza sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period za p\u011btilet\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, pro kter\u00e9 m\u011bl autor k disposici ka\u00adtalog, trp\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdmi nedostatky kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 klimatologick\u00e9 \u0159ady.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Reinova pr\u00e1ce se stala hlavn\u00edm vod\u00edtkem p\u0159i statistick\u00e9 a dynamicko-klimatologick\u00e9 anal\u00fdze sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period stanice Brno-Pis\u00e1rky z obdob\u00ed 1901\u20131950, kterou prov\u00e1d\u011bl K. Kr\u0161ka [15], [16]. Studie uk\u00e1zala, jak v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 jsou vlhk\u00e9 periody pro sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd re\u017eim Brna, nebo\u0165 obsahuj\u00ed 11 % v\u0161ech dn\u00ed, 25 % v\u0161ech sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dn\u00ed pades\u00e1tilet\u00ed a na sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9m \u00fahrnu se pod\u00edlej\u00ed 29 %. Rozlo\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period b\u011bhem roku ukazuje na m\u00edrn\u011b kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed podneb\u00ed Brna. Nejdel\u0161\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 pe\u00adriody v Brn\u011b trvaj\u00ed 15 dn\u00ed, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 d\u00e9lka period \u010din\u00ed 6,6 dne.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">K dynamicko-klimatologick\u00e9mu rozboru pou\u017eil Kr\u0161ka ka\u00adtalogu P. Hessa a H. Brezowsk\u00e9ho [8], co\u017e p\u0159i interpretaci n\u011b\u00adkter\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f p\u0159ineslo ur\u010dit\u00e9 nesn\u00e1ze [sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody p\u0159i typu HM (GT) apod.]. Za synoptick\u00fd jednotnou sr\u00e1\u017ekovou periodu autor pokl\u00e1dal obdob\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e 2\/3 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dn\u00ed pat\u0159ilo ke stejn\u00e9mu synoptick\u00e9mu typu (GT). Jen v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b byly za\u0159azeny do sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period jednoduch\u00fdch periody s del\u0161\u00edm trv\u00e1n\u00edm \u201eciz\u00edho&#8221; synoptick\u00e9ho typu, jestli\u017ee b\u011bhem vlhk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed do\u0161lo k n\u00e1vratu p\u016fvodn\u00edho synoptick\u00e9ho typu a dny mezi t\u00edm nebyly sv\u00fdm charakterem p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 odli\u0161n\u00e9. Pro takto vybran\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody synoptick\u00fd jednoduch\u00e9 pak byly vypo\u010dteny podle jednotliv\u00fdch synoptick\u00fdch typ\u016f \u010detnosti peri\u00adod, po\u010det jejich dn\u00ed, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 trv\u00e1n\u00ed, mno\u017estvi sr\u00e1\u017eek a pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 vydatnost. Ke sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdm period\u00e1m p\u011bti synoptick\u00fdch typ\u016f -W (GT), NW (GT), N (GT), E (GT) a TM + NEz pat\u0159\u00ed 83 % synoptick\u00fd jednoduch\u00fdch period, 84 % jejich dn\u00ed a 83 % jejich sr\u00e1\u017eek. Nej\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 periody typu W (GT) za\u00adb\u00edraj\u00ed 38 % v\u0161ech synoptick\u00fd jednoduch\u00fdch period. Synoptick\u00fd jednoduch\u00e1 je v\u00edce ne\u017e polovina v\u0161ech sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period pade\u00ads\u00e1tilet\u00ed (53 %). V Kr\u0161kov\u011b pr\u00e1ci [16] jsou zkoum\u00e1ny i teplotn\u00ed pom\u011bry sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period v Brn\u011b, dynamick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza v\u0161ak ne\u00adbyla podrobn\u011b provedena. \u017de sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 obdob\u00ed zimn\u00ed jsou tep\u00adlej\u0161\u00ed a letn\u00ed chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e norm\u00e1l, je snadno pochopiteln\u00e9, nebo\u0165 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 obdob\u00ed s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm stupn\u011bm obla\u010dnosti neumo\u017e\u00ad\u0148uj\u00ed, aby se uplatnil radia\u010dn\u00ed re\u017eim po\u010das\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><em>III. Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z uveden\u00e9ho p\u0159ehledu vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee ji\u017e definice sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch period ukazuj\u00ed sm\u011br a charakter studia t\u011bchto obdob\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina dosavadn\u00edch studi\u00ed dokreslovala obraz sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f oblasti a jen mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st prac\u00ed analyzovala p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny sou\u010dasn\u011b se vyskyt\u00adnuv\u0161\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch obdob\u00ed na ur\u010dit\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. Nech\u0165 tato pr\u00e1ce poslou\u017e\u00ed jako informace p\u0159ed v\u00fdzkumem sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch a such\u00fdch obdob\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cSSR, kter\u00fd bude prov\u00e1d\u011bn v r\u00e1mci hlavn\u00edho \u00fakolu \u201eKolob\u011bh vody v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b&#8221;.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Literatura:<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[1] Conrad V.: Handbuch der Klimatologie, Band I. B, Berlin 1936.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[2] Courvoisier H. W.: Archiv f\u00fcr Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Serie A, Band 10, Heft 1, Wien 1957.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[3] Dammar.n W.: Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen des Reichsamts f\u00fcr Wetterdienst, Band II, Nr. 8, Berlin 1936.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[4] Dieckmann A.: Zeitschrift f\u00fcr angewandte Meteorologie. Das Wetter, Jahrgang 47, Leipzig 1930.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[5] Dieckmann A.: Ver\u00f6ffentlichungen des Preussischer Me\u00adteorologischen Instituts, Nr. 380, Berlin 1931.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[6] Gottwald A.: Meteorologick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, ro\u010d. XVII, \u010d. 6, Praha 1964.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[7] Hanzl\u00edk S.: Z\u00e1klady, meteorologie a klimatologie. Praha 1956.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[8] Hess P., Brezowsky H.: Berichte des Deutschen Wetterdienstes in der US-Zone, Nr. 33, Bad Kissingen 1952,<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[9] Hrudi\u010dka B.: Sborn\u00edk \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti zem\u011b\u00adpisn\u00e9, sv. XXXVIII, Praha 1932.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[10] Hrudi\u010dka B.: Sborn\u00edk \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti zem\u011b\u00adpisn\u00e9, sv. XXXXI, Praha 1935.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[11] Huttary J.: Berichte des Deutschen Wetterdienstes, Bad Kissingen 1952.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[12] Klimatick\u00e9 pom\u011bry Hurbanova. Redigoval \u0160. Petrovi\u010d Praha 1960.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[13] Kon\u010dek M.: Sborn\u00edk \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti zem\u011b\u00adpisn\u00e9, sv. XXXI, Praha 1925.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[14] Kon\u010dek NI., Rein F.: Kalend\u00e1\u0159 synoptick\u00fdch typ\u016f za obdob: 1950\u20141956. Dosud nepublikov\u00e1no.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[15] Kr\u0161ka K.: Spisy p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e9 fakulty university v Brn\u011b \u0159ada D 2, H 4, \u010d. 414, Brno 1960.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[16] Kr\u0161ka K.: Diplomov\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce na kated\u0159e geografie p\u0159\u00edrodo\u00adv\u011bdeck\u00e9 fakulty UJEP, Brno 1961. Nepublikov\u00e1no.<\/span><\/p><\/div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[17] Maurer J., Billwller R., Hess C: Das Klima der Schweiz. Frauenfeld 1909.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[18] Mrkos J.:\u00a0 Sbornik \u010cesk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti zem\u011bv\u011bdn\u00e9, ro\u010d. XXVI, Praha 1920.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[19] Nosek M.: Praktick\u00e1 klimatologie. Praha 1954.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[20] Rein F.: Meteorologick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, ro\u010d. XI., \u010d\u00eds. 2, Praha 1958.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[21] Ringleb F.: Annalen der Meteorologie, Heft 1\u20142, Hamburg 1953\/54.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[22] Schindler H.: Klimatographie von \u00d6sterreich, Wien 1918.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[23] Steinhauser F.: Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Wien 1936.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[24] Steinhausser H.: Archiv f\u00fcr Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Serie B, Band 10, Heft 1, Wien 1959.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[25] Stuchl\u00edk F.: Meteorologick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, ro\u010d. XV, \u010d. 2, Praha 1962.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">[26] Ve\u010de\u0159ov\u00e1 J., Gregor A.: Pr\u00e1ce Moravsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, sv. VII, spis 9, Brno 1932. [27] Vit\u00e1sek F.: Spisy odboru \u010cesk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti zem\u011bpisn\u00e9, \u0159ada A, spis 6, Brno 1945.<\/span><\/p><hr \/><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><sup>1<\/sup>) Je t\u0159eba upozornit, \u017ee pojm\u016f sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 nebo vlhk\u00e1 perioda se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 i v zcela odli\u0161n\u00e9m v\u00fdznamu ne\u017e bylo uvedeno. Na\u00adp\u0159\u00edklad A. Defant naz\u00fdval de\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdmi periodami rytmicky se opakuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00edcedenn\u00ed obdob\u00ed de\u0161tiv\u00e1 a bezde\u0161tn\u00e1 o r\u016fzn\u00e9 d\u00e9lce trv\u00e1n\u00ed na obou polokoul\u00edch [7]. V pojet\u00ed B. Hrudi\u010dky [10] znamen\u00e1 vlhk\u00e1 perioda iteraci sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u011b nadnorm\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f vzhledem k m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edmu sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9mu norm\u00e1lu. Pojm\u016f de\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1 perioda nebo perioda sr\u00e1\u017eek m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt t\u00e9\u017e pou\u017eito ve v\u00fdznamu pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho rozlo\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek v ur\u010dit\u00e9m kalend\u00e1\u0159n\u00edm obdob\u00ed. Z na\u0161ich autor\u016f psal o denn\u00ed period\u011b sr\u00e1\u017eek M. Kon\u010dek [13], kter\u00fd j\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako J. Ve\u010de\u0159ov\u00e1 s A. Gregorem [26] a S. Hanzl\u00edk [7], rozum\u011bl pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd denn\u00ed chod sr\u00e1\u017eek. B. Hrudi\u010dka [9] a jin\u00ed obdobn\u011b vyjad\u0159ovali term\u00ednem ro\u010dn\u00ed perioda sr\u00e1\u017eek pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek b\u011bhem roku apod.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><sup>2<\/sup>) G. Hellmann: Die Niederschlage in den norddeutschen Stromgebieten, 1. Band, Berlin 1906.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><sup>3<\/sup>) K situac\u00edm SE Steinhausser pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b po\u010d\u00edtal podle F. Lauschera i situace br\u00e1zdov\u00e9, centr\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00ed\u017ee a Vb-situace.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><sup>4<\/sup>) Viz t\u00e9\u017e pr\u00e1ci V. M\u00fcllera: Uber die H\u00e4ufigkeit winterlicher Trocken- und Niederschlagsperioden auf der Alpennordseite und ihre Beziehung zur Grosswetterlagen. Archiv f\u00fcr Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Serie B, Band 12, Heft 3\/4, Wien 1963.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Karel Kr\u0161ka, MZ 1967\/2, ro\u010dn\u00edk 20, str. 60-63<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u010casov\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek b\u00fdv\u00e1 v klimatologii zpravidla zkou\u00adm\u00e1no jen jako ro\u010dn\u00ed chod sr\u00e1\u017eek po m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch, pent\u00e1d\u00e1ch, po\u00adp\u0159\u00edpad\u011b po dnech a jen v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b v tom smyslu, jak n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 dny za [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12490","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12490","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12490"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12490\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12494,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12490\/revisions\/12494"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12490"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}