{"id":12478,"date":"2025-01-12T12:13:48","date_gmt":"2025-01-12T11:13:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=12478"},"modified":"2025-01-12T12:14:20","modified_gmt":"2025-01-12T11:14:20","slug":"k-tristaletemu-vyroci-prvniho-navodu-k-pozorovani-pocasi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/k-tristaletemu-vyroci-prvniho-navodu-k-pozorovani-pocasi\/","title":{"rendered":"K t\u0159istalet\u00e9mu v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed prvn\u00edho n\u00e1vodu k pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"12478\" class=\"elementor elementor-12478\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-96c49b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"96c49b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96a4357\" data-id=\"96a4357\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-987fcbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"987fcbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 17. stolet\u00ed jsou sice ji\u017e vynalezeny v\u0161echny z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch prvk\u016f po\u010das\u00ed a jejich zm\u011bn, ale sou\u010dasn\u011b s t\u00edm se dosp\u00edv\u00e1 k pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee k detailn\u011bj\u00ad\u0161\u00edmu pochopen\u00ed atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdch proces\u016f je nutn\u00e9 vedle u\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00fdch, cejchovan\u00fdch, navz\u00e1jem srovnateln\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f i pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed podle sjednan\u00e9 dohody.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Prvenstv\u00ed ve zkou\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f a v pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed m\u00e1 Akademie pokusu (Accademia del Cimento), zalo\u017een\u00e1 roku 1657 ve Florencii, ale nedochoval se n\u00e1m \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd n\u00e1vod k pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed. Rovn\u011b\u017e tak se zd\u00e1, \u017ee Ferdinand II. Tosk\u00e1nsk\u00fd nevydal vlastn\u00ed instrukce pro prvn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty, ke kter\u00fdm dal podn\u011bt a je\u017e prov\u00e1d\u011bl jeho sekret\u00e1\u0159 P. Luigi Antinori S. J.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">N\u00e1vod k pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vznikl v okruhu Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 Spole\u010dnosti (Royal Society) v Lond\u00fdn\u011b. \u010clenov\u00e9 t\u00e9to v\u011bdeck\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti stejn\u011b jako jejich florentin\u0161t\u00ed kolegov\u00e9 v\u011bnovali velkou pozornost experiment\u016fm, sou\u010dasn\u011b v\u0161ak i rozes\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed a soust\u0159e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed dotaz\u00adn\u00edk\u016f a instrukc\u00ed ke sb\u011bru zpr\u00e1v, co\u017e p\u0159isp\u00edvalo nejen k vysv\u011btlen\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f, ale bylo i pob\u00eddkou k dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dinnosti. Ji\u017e v prvn\u00ed s\u00e9rii se\u0161it\u016f \u201ePhilosophical Transactions&#8221; &#8211; publikace vyd\u00e1van\u00e9 Kr\u00e1lovskou Spole\u010dnost\u00ed od roku 1666 &#8211; vy\u0161la pr\u00e1ce \u201eDirections for Seamen bound for long Voyages&#8221; (Sm\u011brnice pro n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed pluj\u00ed na dalek\u00e9 cesty) od anglick\u00e9ho fyzika R. Hooke-a (1635-1703). Tato p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka (Phil. Trans., Nr. 8, 1666) obsahovala t\u00e9\u017e \u010d\u00e1st meteorologickou a prvn\u00ed popis kyvadlov\u00e9ho anemometru. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee se meteorologi\u00ed zab\u00fdval v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u010det \u010dlen\u016f Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 Spole\u010dnosti, je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee se na t\u00e9to publikaci pod\u00edlelo v\u00edce autor\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Skute\u010dn\u00fd prvn\u00ed n\u00e1vod k pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed vy\u0161el v roce 1667 v pr\u00e1ci Thomase Sprata \u201eA History of the Royal Society of London for the Improving of Natural Knowledge (D\u011bjiny lon\u00add\u00fdnsk\u00e9 Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 Spole\u010dnosti pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed znalost\u00ed o p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b), v Lond\u00fdn\u011b. N\u00e1vod k pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed je na str. 173\u2014179 s n\u00e1zvem: \u201eA Method for making a History of the Weather&#8221; (Metoda, jak ur\u010dit pr\u016fb\u011bh po\u010das\u00ed) a jeho autorem je R. Hooke. N\u00e1vod je shrnut v osmi odd\u00edlech, dopln\u011bn vysv\u011btlivkami a p\u0159\u00edkladem vy\u00adpln\u011bn\u00e9ho formul\u00e1\u0159e pro pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pro \u00fasporu m\u00edsta uvedu jen n\u011bkolik zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed z obsahu:<\/span><\/p><ol><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm je po\u017eadov\u00e1no, aby zm\u011bny sm\u011bru v\u011btru byly pozorov\u00e1ny co nej\u010dast\u011bji.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Teplom\u011br k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty vzduchu m\u00e1 m\u00edt uzav\u0159enou n\u00e1dobku s teplom\u011brnou l\u00e1tkou. Jako spodn\u00ed bod pro d\u011blen\u00ed teplom\u011bru je ji\u017e u\u017eit bod t\u00e1n\u00ed ledu.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V odd\u00edle o m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vlhkosti je mimo jin\u00e9 pozn\u00e1mka, \u017ee jako hygroskopick\u00e9 t\u011bleso je mo\u017eno pou\u017e\u00edt m\u00edsto zrnka plan\u00e9ho ovsa t\u00e9\u017e \u0161e\u0161ule plan\u00e9 vikve.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">O m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku vzduchu se jedn\u00e1 pozoruhodn\u011b kr\u00e1tce.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V pojedn\u00e1n\u00ed o pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed bez p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f stoj\u00ed za pov\u0161imnut\u00ed pokus o stanoven\u00ed nomenklatury pro oblaky.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z p\u0159ipojen\u00e9 tabulky plyne, \u017ee teplom\u011br byl ode\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n na osminu stupn\u011b a tlakom\u011br na \u0161estn\u00e1ctinu palce, tj. p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,6 mm.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">B\u011bhem uplynul\u00fdch t\u0159\u00ed stolet\u00ed doznaly n\u00e1vody k meteorolo\u00adgick\u00fdm pozorov\u00e1n\u00edm nepochybn\u011b velk\u00fdch zm\u011bn. Ponechme nyn\u00ed stranou tento historick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj a obra\u0165me v z\u00e1v\u011bru pozornost k probl\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd se bude zd\u00e1t pon\u011bkud paradoxn\u00ed: co vlastn\u011b rozum\u00edme pojmem \u201epozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed&#8221;. Diskus\u00ed na toto t\u00e9ma se toti\u017e zab\u00fdval M. P. Woodall ve sv\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku v Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 47 (1966), \u010d. 2, str. 111\u2013113. Autor p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee z\u00e1kladn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem v pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed je to, \u017ee chyb\u00ed slovn\u00ed definice, co to je \u201epozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed&#8221;. V meteorologick\u00e9m v\u00fd\u00adkladov\u00e9m slovn\u00edku (\u201eGlossary of Meteorology&#8221;, Boston, 1959, str. 624) se stru\u010dn\u011b uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed je obecn\u011b ur\u010den\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f, kter\u00e9 popisuj\u00ed stav atmosf\u00e9ry bu\u010f na zemsk\u00e9m povrchu, nebo nad n\u00edm. Woodall navrhuje formulovat pojem \u201epozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed&#8221; takto: \u201eZ\u00e1\u00adkladn\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed je souhrn parametr\u016f po\u010das\u00ed, integro\u00advan\u00fd v ur\u010dit\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m a prostorov\u00e9m intervalu takov\u00fdm zp\u016f\u00adsobem, \u017ee rozd\u00edly mezi hodnotami ur\u010den\u00fdch prvk\u016f pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a hodnotou prvk\u016f v kr\u00e1tk\u00e9m intervalu pot\u00e9 (\u0159ekn\u011bme 10 minut), rovn\u011b\u017e integrovan\u00fdch v \u00fazk\u00e9m rozmez\u00ed \u010dasu a prostoru, jsou minim\u00e1ln\u00ed.&#8221;<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Jan Munzar, MZ 1967\/2, ro\u010dn\u00edk 20, str. 63<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 17. stolet\u00ed jsou sice ji\u017e vynalezeny v\u0161echny z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch prvk\u016f po\u010das\u00ed a jejich zm\u011bn, ale sou\u010dasn\u011b s t\u00edm se dosp\u00edv\u00e1 k pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee k [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12478","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12478","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12478"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12478\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12482,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12478\/revisions\/12482"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12478"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}