{"id":12161,"date":"2025-01-09T17:14:08","date_gmt":"2025-01-09T16:14:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=12161"},"modified":"2025-01-09T17:15:01","modified_gmt":"2025-01-09T16:15:01","slug":"automatizace-v-meteorologicke-merici-technice","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/automatizace-v-meteorologicke-merici-technice\/","title":{"rendered":"Automatizace v meteorologick\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed technice"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"12161\" class=\"elementor elementor-12161\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a433a41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a433a41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-55a2850\" data-id=\"55a2850\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-757d6ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"757d6ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Automatisace p\u0159edstavuje v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b jeden z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed produktivity pr\u00e1ce a odstran\u011bn\u00ed stereotypn\u00edch pracovn\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f ve v\u0161ech oborech lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Uv\u011bdom\u00edme-li si, \u017ee pozorovatelsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost na meteorologick\u00fdch stanic\u00edch, zejm\u00e9na na t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed v hodino\u00adv\u00fdch nebo p\u016flhodinov\u00fdch intervalech, pat\u0159\u00ed do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry tak\u00e9 mezi \u00fakony stereotypn\u00ed, vid\u00edme, \u017ee i v meteorologii se nask\u00fdt\u00e1 \u0161irok\u00e9 pole mo\u017enostem zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed automatisace. Pon\u011bvad\u017e v\u0161ak dosavadn\u00ed technika dal\u0161\u00edho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed meteorologick\u00fdch in\u00adformac\u00ed (nap\u0159. v synoptick\u00e9 meteorologii) se neobejde bez zna\u00adlost\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f (nap\u0159. mno\u017estv\u00ed a druhu oblak\u016f, stavu po\u010das\u00ed atd.), kter\u00e9 zat\u00edm nelze automaticky zji\u0161\u0165ovat a nen\u00ed ani nad\u011bje, \u017ee by v budoucnosti byl tento probl\u00e9m ze strany p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00fdch odborn\u00edk\u016f uspokojiv\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161en, d\u00e1 se \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch letech nelze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat zaveden\u00ed \u00fapln\u00e9 automatisace do meteorologick\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed techniky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nen\u00ed v\u0161ak vylou\u010deno, \u017ee mechanizace p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed napozo\u00adrovan\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f, kter\u00e1 se ji\u017e r\u00fdsuje v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oborech meteorologie (klimatologie, synoptick\u00e1 meteorologie) velmi konkr\u00e9tn\u011b, sama vynut\u00ed upravit dosavadn\u00ed rozsah m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tak, aby bylo zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto \u00fadaj\u016f strojov\u011b snadno proveditel\u00adn\u00e9; tzn., \u017ee bude vyvol\u00e1na pot\u0159eba z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed co nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho mno\u017estv\u00ed t\u011bch \u00fadaj\u016f, kter\u00e9 bude mo\u017eno p\u0159edat bez z\u00e1sahu \u010dlov\u011bka z pozoro\u00advac\u00ed stanice p\u0159\u00edmo do vyhodnocovac\u00ed aparatury a naopak po\u00adklesne z\u00e1jem o \u00fadaje, kter\u00e9 by bylo t\u0159eba p\u0159edem upravovat, p\u0159e\u00adv\u00e1d\u011bt do jin\u00fdch k\u00f3dov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f atd. Uprav\u00ed-li tedy jednotliv\u00e9 obory meteorologie sv\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed postupy p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed me\u00adteorologick\u00fdch informac\u00ed tak, aby se obe\u0161ly bez \u00fadaj\u016f, kter\u00e9 bude mo\u017eno jen zt\u011b\u017e\u00ed z\u00edskat pomoc\u00ed automatick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, bude mo\u017eno zav\u00e9st i do oboru meteorologick\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00faplnou automatisaci.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Odhl\u00e9dneme-li v\u0161ak od t\u011bchto mo\u017enost\u00ed zaveden\u00ed \u00fapln\u00e9 auto\u00admatisace p\u0159i z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch meteorologick\u00fdch informac\u00ed, zjist\u00edme, \u017ee v meteorologii byla ji\u017e nastoupena \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 cesta p\u0159i z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed v neobydlen\u00fdch nebo t\u011b\u017eko dostupn\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch pomoc\u00ed automatick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed tzv. automatick\u00fdch stanic. Tyto stanice nejsou schopny poskytnout \u00fadaje ve stejn\u00e9m rozsahu jako stanice, na nich\u017e prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed lid\u00e9, p\u0159esto v\u0161ak jsou ji\u017e nyn\u00ed velmi cenn\u00fdmi pomocn\u00edky r\u016fzn\u00fdm obor\u016fm meteorologie (zejm\u00e9na synoptick\u00e9 a leteck\u00e9 meteorologii a klimatologii). O tom, \u017ee tento sm\u011br se v oboru meteorologick\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed techniky pln\u011b ujal, sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed skute\u010dnost, \u017ee za necel\u00fdch 20 let, po kter\u00e9 je pojem \u201eautomatick\u00e1 stanice&#8221; zn\u00e1m a oboru me\u00adteorologie, bylo ji\u017e vytvo\u0159eno 22 v\u00edce m\u00e9n\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fdch typ\u016f automatick\u00fdch stanic v 6 st\u00e1tech sv\u011bta (SSSR, USA, Ja\u00adponsko, Francie, \u0160v\u00e9dsko, NSR).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Sv\u011btov\u00e1 meteorologick\u00e1 organisace shrom\u00e1\u017edila v roce 1961 technick\u00e9 \u00fadaje o automatick\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch stanic\u00edch, kter\u00e9 byly do t\u00e9 doby vyvinuty, a sezn\u00e1mila s v\u00fdsledkem t\u00e9to ankety sv\u00e9 \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty. Pon\u011bvad\u017e jde o \u00fadaje velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, uvedeme n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich i v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podle posl\u00e1n\u00ed lze rozd\u011blit automatick\u00e9 stanice slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k me\u00adteorologick\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm do dvou skupin. Jsou to jednak auto\u00admatick\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 stanice, kter\u00e9 auto\u00admaticky z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 informace a automaticky je p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed do sb\u011brn\u00e9ho centra, jednak automatick\u00e9 kli\u00admatologick\u00e9 stanice, kter\u00e9 pouze automaticky z\u00edsk\u00e1\u00advaj\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 informace a ukl\u00e1daj\u00ed je do sv\u00e9 \u201epam\u011bti&#8221;, odkud je lze vyzvednout v\u017edy po ub\u011bhnut\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho intervalu dan\u00e9ho konstrukc\u00ed t\u00e9to stanice.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Automatick\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 stanice jsou konstruov\u00e1ny ve dvou koncepc\u00edch &#8211; jednak pro pou\u017eit\u00ed na sou\u0161i, jednak pro pou\u017eit\u00ed na mo\u0159i. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 z t\u011bchto koncepc\u00ed vy\u017eaduje ur\u010dit\u00e9 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed konstruk\u010dn\u00ed \u00fapravy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Automatick\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 stanice ur\u010den\u00e9 pro \u010dinnost na sou\u0161i mus\u00ed m\u00edt tyto z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti:<\/span><\/p><ol><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u010didla, kter\u00e1 reaguj\u00ed na stav meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">k\u00f3dovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed \u00fadaje \u010didel do tvaru schopn\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed vys\u00edla\u010dem,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">vys\u00edla\u010d,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">programn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 \u0159\u00edd\u00ed \u010dinnost cel\u00e9 stanice,<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">elektrick\u00e9 zdroje.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">A\u017e dosud zkonstruovan\u00e9 automatick\u00e9 stanice jsou schopny m\u011b\u00ad\u0159it a p\u0159ed\u00e1vat na d\u00e1lku informace o t\u011bchto meteorologick\u00fdch prvc\u00edch:<\/span><\/p><ol><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">tlaku vzduchu (\u010didlem jsou Vidiho krabice),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">o teplot\u011b vzduchu (\u010didlem je zpravidla bimetal, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b odporov\u00fd teplom\u011br, termistor nebo manometrick\u00fd teplom\u011br),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">o vlhkosti vzduchu (pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm \u010didlem je zat\u00edm v\u00fdhradn\u011b lidsk\u00fd vlas nej\u010dast\u011bji zabudovan\u00fd do celof\u00e1nov\u00e9ho obalu pro\u00adpustn\u00e9ho pro vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry, nepropustn\u00e9ho v\u0161ak pro prach; p\u0159\u00ed\u00adstroje psychrometrick\u00e9 jsou prakticky nepou\u017eiteln\u00e9 pro obt\u00ed\u017enost dod\u00e1vky vody na obal vlhk\u00e9ho teplom\u011bru; v budoucnosti bude pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b mo\u017eno u\u017e\u00edt n\u011bkter\u00e9ho z m\u011b\u0159i\u010d\u016f rosn\u00e9ho bodu),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">o rychlosti v\u011btru (\u010didlem b\u00fdv\u00e1 oby\u010dejn\u00fd Robinson\u016fv k\u0159\u00ed\u017e, dopln\u011bn\u00fd kontaktn\u00edm nebo jin\u00fdm integra\u010dn\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm schop\u00adn\u00fdm udat pr\u016fm\u011brnou rychlost zpravidla v intervalu 10 minut),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">o sm\u011bru v\u011btru (\u010didlem je oby\u010dejn\u011b sm\u011brovka zpravidla do\u00adpln\u011bn\u00e1 kontaktn\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">o sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch (\u010didlem je nej\u010dast\u011bji p\u0159eklopn\u00fd \u010dlunek, kter\u00fd d\u00e1vkuje mno\u017estv\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek nap\u0159. po 1 mm),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">o slune\u010dn\u00edm svitu (\u010didlem b\u00fdv\u00e1 bimetal, kter\u00fd p\u0159i osv\u011btlen\u00ed sluncem sepne elektrick\u00fd kontakt),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">o bou\u0159kov\u00e9 \u010dinnosti (\u010didlem je po\u010d\u00edta\u010d bleskov\u00fdch v\u00fdboj\u016f pracuj\u00edc\u00ed zpravidla v zapojen\u00ed s polovodi\u010dov\u00fdm prvkem),<\/span><\/li><li class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">o v\u00fd\u0161ce mrak\u016f (\u010didlem je ceilometr &#8211; vzhledem k velk\u00e9mu odb\u011bru proudu je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pou\u017eiteln\u00e9 pouze na m\u00edstech s mo\u017enost\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00ed na s\u00ed\u0165).<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 k\u00f3dovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pracuj\u00ed v z\u00e1sad\u011b na t\u0159ech principech:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">a) K\u00f3dovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je tvo\u0159eno gener\u00e1torem elektrick\u00fdch kmi\u00adt\u016f, jeho\u017e frekvence je \u0159\u00edzena stavem \u010didla. Frekvence vyroben\u00e1 gener\u00e1torem se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 d\u00e1le k modulaci nosn\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Tento zp\u016fsob k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed je zn\u00e1m rovn\u011b\u017e z n\u011bkolika typ\u016f radiosond.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">b) K\u00f3dovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 chronometrick\u00e9ho zp\u016fsobu vy\u00adhodnocen\u00ed sign\u00e1lu \u010didla. Zde jde prakticky o p\u0159eveden\u00ed \u00fadaje \u010didla na \u010dasovou diferenci dvou sign\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vys\u00edl\u00e1; jednak nulov\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00edho za\u010d\u00e1tek m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010dasu, jednak m\u011brn\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edho a \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho okam\u017eit\u00fdm stavem m\u011brn\u00e9ho \u010didla. V praxi je tato z\u00e1le\u017eitost \u0159e\u0161ena obvykle v\u00e1le\u010dkem oto\u010dn\u00fdm konstantn\u00ed rychlost\u00ed kolem sv\u00e9 osy. Tento v\u00e1le\u010dek m\u00e1 na sv\u00e9m povrchu naneseny dv\u011b vodiv\u00e9 stopy, jednu rovnob\u011b\u017enou s osou, druhou ve tvaru jednoho ne\u00fapln\u00e9ho z\u00e1vitu \u0161roubovice. Na povrch v\u00e1lce dol\u00e9h\u00e1 kontakt, kter\u00fd je \u010didlem vychylov\u00e1n ve sm\u011bru osy v\u00e1le\u010dku. P\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9 oto\u010dce najede tento kontakt na ob\u011b vodiv\u00e9 stopy a uvede dvakr\u00e1t do \u010dinnosti vys\u00edlac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Podle polohy kontaktu vzhledem k v\u00e1le\u010dku se m\u011bn\u00ed \u010da\u00adsov\u00e1 diference mezi ob\u011bma sign\u00e1ly vyslan\u00fdmi b\u011bhem jedn\u00e9 oto\u010dky v\u00e1le\u010dku.<\/span><\/p><\/div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">c) Kone\u010dn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt k\u00f3dovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed spojit\u00e9 \u00fadaje me\u00adteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f na nespojit\u00e9 \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 \u00fadaje. K\u00f3dovac\u00ed za\u00ad\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pracuj\u00edc\u00ed na tomto principu jsou zat\u00edm nejv\u00edce roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena v automatick\u00fdch stanic\u00edch zejm\u00e9na pro svou mnohostrannou pou\u017eitelnost. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se \u010dinnost k\u00f3dovac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed rozpad\u00e1 do dvou etap: nejd\u0159\u00edve za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zpracuje \u00fadaj \u010didla do \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9ho tvaru (zpravidla v des\u00edtkov\u00e9 soustav\u011b) a pak zm\u011bn\u00ed tento \u010d\u00edseln\u00fd \u00fadaj na tvar, kter\u00fd je mo\u017eno p\u0159edat do vys\u00edla\u010de jako modula\u010dn\u00ed sign\u00e1l. Pro prvn\u00ed uvedenou funkci je zvykem pou\u017e\u00edvat rel\u00e9ov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f bud jako sadu jednoduch\u00fdch rel\u00e9 nebo jako krokov\u00fdch telefonn\u00edch voli\u010d\u016f. V t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech je pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1vat \u00fadaj, kter\u00fd se m\u011bn\u00ed st\u00e1le v t\u00e9m\u017e smyslu (nap\u0159. p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek nebo ub\u011bhnut\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy v\u011btru). Ur\u010dit\u00e9 obt\u00ed\u017ee v\u0161ak vyvstanou p\u0159i zm\u011bn\u00e1ch prvku v obou sm\u011brech. Tyto&#8217; obt\u00ed\u017ee lze vhodn\u00fdmi \u00fapravami za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed odstranit.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Druh\u00e1 funkce k\u00f3dovac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed b\u00fdv\u00e1 pln\u011bna p\u0159evodem zaznamenan\u00e9ho \u00fadaje na \u00fadaj v Morseov\u00fdch znac\u00edch nebo na \u00fadaj v otev\u0159en\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di. \u00dadaj v Morseov\u00fdch znac\u00edch se z\u00edsk\u00e1 po\u00adm\u011brn\u011b snadno pomoc\u00ed vhodn\u011b upraven\u00e9ho krokov\u00e9ho voli\u010de nebo jin\u00e9ho periodicky oto\u010dn\u00e9ho kontaktn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. \u00dadaj v otev\u0159en\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di velmi jednoduch\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 jedna ze star\u0161\u00edch automatick\u00fdch stanic pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v USA. Jednotliv\u00e9 \u00fadaje m\u011b\u00ad\u0159en\u00fdch prvk\u016f jsou nahr\u00e1ny na gramofonov\u00e9 desce, kde ka\u017ed\u00fd vryp tvo\u0159\u00ed uzav\u0159enou kru\u017enici a obsahuje v\u017edy jednu hodnotu prvku. \u010cidlo ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 p\u00e1\u010dku pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se nad deskou a opat\u0159enou miniaturn\u00ed velmi lehkou p\u0159enoskou. V okam\u017eiku m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed dolehne jehla na desku v m\u00edst\u011b vrypu, kter\u00fd odpov\u00edd\u00e1 poloze p\u00e1\u010dky, tj. m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9mu \u00fadaji nahran\u00e9mu v dan\u00e9m vrypu. Konstruk\u010dn\u011b komplikovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00edcestop\u00fdch magneto\u00adfonov\u00fdch z\u00e1znam\u016f (s nahran\u00fdmi \u00fadaji meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f) a n\u011bkolika sn\u00edmac\u00edch hlavic. Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ovl\u00e1dan\u00e9 \u010didlem vyhled\u00e1 pak na p\u00e1sku to m\u00edsto z\u00e1znamu, na n\u011bm\u017e je nahr\u00e1n \u00fadaj pr\u00e1v\u011b se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed v m\u00edst\u011b stanice.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Automatick\u00e9 stanice p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed sv\u00e9 \u00fadaje jednak bezdr\u00e1tov\u011b, jednak po telefonn\u00edch nebo telegrafn\u00edch link\u00e1ch. T\u011bmto po\u017ea\u00addavk\u016fm jsou p\u0159izp\u016fsobeny i vys\u00edla\u010de. U bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9ho p\u0159enosu existuje velk\u00e1 rozmanitost v pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch frekvenc\u00edch i zp\u016fsobech modulace nosn\u00e9 frekvence vys\u00edla\u010de. Celkem lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 frekvence se pohybuj\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b od jednotek do stovek Mc\/s. V\u00fdstupn\u00ed v\u00fdkony kol\u00edsaj\u00ed od n\u011bkolika desetin do n\u011bkolika des\u00edtek W.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">U dr\u00e1tov\u00fdch zp\u016fsob\u016f p\u0159enosu je zpravidla posl\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9ho za\u00ad\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pon\u011bkud odli\u0161n\u00e9 od za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s bezdr\u00e1tov\u00fdm p\u0159enosem. Tato za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se v\u011bt\u0161inou instaluj\u00ed na r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00edstech leti\u0161t\u011b. Vys\u00edla\u010de t\u011bchto stanic jsou upraveny tak, aby byly schopny p\u0159e\u00add\u00e1vat do m\u00edstn\u00ed nebo st\u00e1tn\u00ed telefonn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b informace o stavu po\u00ad\u010das\u00ed v otev\u0159en\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Programn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f tvo\u0159eno jako hlavn\u00edm d\u00edlem p\u0159esn\u00fdmi sp\u00ednac\u00edmi hodinami, kter\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed v \u010dinnost stanici v nastaven\u00fdch term\u00ednech (zpravidla 4 x a\u017e 8 x denn\u011b). Dal\u0161\u00edm dilem je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 postupn\u011b uv\u00e1d\u00ed v \u010dinnost jednotliv\u00e9 funkce stanice (\u017ehaven\u00ed elektronek, vysl\u00e1n\u00ed indikativu stanice, sn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f jednotliv\u00fdch prvk\u016f ve stanoven\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed, jejich zak\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed a vysl\u00e1n\u00ed, uveden\u00ed stanice do klidov\u00e9 polohy). Zde se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 zpravidla elektromotoru nebo speci\u00e1ln\u011b upraven\u00e9ho krokov\u00e9ho voli\u010de. Tento d\u00edl stanice m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt dopln\u011bn je\u0161t\u011b spe\u00adci\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159ij\u00edmac\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm, m\u00e1-li stanice pracovat tak\u00e9 na d\u00e1lkovou v\u00fdzvu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Elektrick\u00e9 zdroje pat\u0159\u00ed k velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm \u010d\u00e1stem automatick\u00e9 stanice vzhledem k po\u017eadavku co nejdel\u0161\u00ed doby funkce bez z\u00e1sahu \u010dlov\u011bka. B\u011b\u017en\u011b se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 akumul\u00e1tor\u016f nebo su\u00adch\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f. Prvn\u00ed je t\u0159eba pravideln\u011b dob\u00edjet bud obvyklou elektrickou dob\u00edje\u010dnou nebo na v\u011btrn\u00fdch m\u00edstech v\u011btrn\u00fdm gene\u00adr\u00e1torem. Druh\u00e9 maj\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b malou kapacitu, a proto je t\u0159eba v\u011bt\u0161inou sestavovat je do objemn\u00fdch a finan\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1kladn\u00fdch ba\u00adteri\u00ed. Oboj\u00ed je t\u0159eba chr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed n\u00edzk\u00fdmi teplotami. Slune\u010dn\u00ed energie nebylo zat\u00edm v tomto oboru vyu\u017eito, v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b byl v\u0161ak u\u010din\u011bn \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd pokus o vyu\u017eit\u00ed atomov\u00e9 energie pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 energie pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed stanice. Rozpadaj\u00edc\u00edho se radioaktivn\u00edho isotopu se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako zdroje tepla, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uje na elektrickou energii prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sady termo\u00ad\u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f. Takto vyroben\u00e9ho elektrick\u00e9ho proudu se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k dob\u00edjen\u00ed akumul\u00e1tor\u016f, kter\u00e9 nap\u00e1jej\u00ed stanici.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">U automatick\u00fdch stanic pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch na mo\u0159i je odli\u0161n\u011b vy\u0159e\u00ad\u0161eno sn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f \u010didla pro sm\u011br v\u011btru vyvolan\u00e9 nemo\u017enost\u00ed stanici pevn\u011b orientovat na mo\u0159i. \u0158e\u0161en\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee stanice p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 krom\u011b polohy sm\u011brovky udan\u00e9 relativn\u011b k b\u00f3ji nesouc\u00ed stanici tak\u00e9 \u00fadaj polohy b\u00f3je vzhledem k magnetick\u00e9 st\u0159elce kom\u00adpasu. Z uveden\u00fdch dvou \u00fadaj\u016f lze sm\u011br v\u011btru stanovit jako di\u00adferenci nebo sou\u010det. Dal\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edl se vyskytuje v konstrukci vys\u00ed\u00adlac\u00ed ant\u00e9ny. Vzhledem k pohyblivosti stanice je t\u0159eba u\u017e\u00edvat v\u00fdhradn\u011b v\u0161esm\u011brov\u00fdch ant\u00e9n a po\u010d\u00edtat s t\u00edm, \u017ee p\u0159i neklidn\u00e9m v\u011btrn\u00e9m po\u010das\u00ed je ant\u00e9na st\u00e1le sm\u00e1\u010dena vodn\u00ed t\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed, tak\u017ee se jej\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti zhor\u0161uj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Automatick\u00e9 klimatologick\u00e9 stanice se li\u0161\u00ed od v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00fdch stanic hlavn\u011b v k\u00f3dovac\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti a v tom, \u017ee vy\u00ads\u00edlac\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st u nich v\u016fbec odpad\u00e1. K\u00f3dovac\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st mus\u00ed b\u00fdt upravena tak, aby stanice poskytovala nejm\u00e9n\u011b m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed \u00fahrny a pr\u016fb\u011bhy jednotliv\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f pokud mo\u017eno ve tvaru vhodn\u00e9m pro d\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed na d\u011brn\u00e9 \u0161t\u00edtky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1znamy, kter\u00e9 jsou stanic\u00ed po\u0159izov\u00e1ny, jsou v nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b k\u0159ivkov\u00e9 nebo bodov\u00e9. K\u0159ivkov\u00fd z\u00e1znam je mo\u017eno po\u00ad\u0159\u00eddit i za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm pracuj\u00edc\u00edm jen na mechanick\u00e9m principu (jde v z\u00e1sad\u011b o registra\u010dn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje s dlouhou dobou oto\u010dky v\u00e1lce). Bodov\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy po\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 registra\u010dn\u00edmi galvanom\u011bry jsou z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1ny obvykle na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch elek\u00adtrick\u00fdch \u010didel. Dal\u0161\u00ed variantou jsou z\u00e1znamy na metalizovanou pap\u00edrovou p\u00e1sku, na ni\u017e se z\u00e1znam provede elektrick\u00fdch prou\u00addem o v\u00fdkonu n\u011bkolika des\u00edtek watt\u016f, prob\u011bhnuv\u0161\u00edho z ukazate\u00adle spojen\u00e9ho s \u010didlem a voln\u011b pohybliv\u00e9ho nad p\u00e1skou. Tento proud vyvol\u00e1 z\u010dern\u00e1n\u00ed metalick\u00e9 vrstvy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost z\u00e1znamu \u00fadaj\u016f je d\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed do d\u011brn\u00e9 p\u00e1sky. Tento zp\u016fsob bude m\u00edt velkou p\u0159ednost p\u0159i dal\u0161\u00edm zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed klimatologick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu na statick\u00fdch stroj\u00edch, pon\u011bvad\u017e p\u00e1sku bude mo\u017eno pou\u017e\u00edt p\u0159\u00edmo pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed d\u011brova\u010de s minim\u00e1ln\u00ed lidskou prac\u00ed. Dosud v\u0161ak tento zp\u016fsob nebyl v automatick\u00fdch klimatologick\u00fdch stanic\u00edch vyu\u017eit. Rovn\u011b\u017e nebylo pou\u017eito z\u00e1zna\u00admu \u00fadaj\u016f na magnetofonov\u00fd p\u00e1sek, kter\u00fd\u017eto zp\u016fsob by tak\u00e9 byl pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00fd.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1v\u011brem uvedeme n\u011bkolik \u00fadaj\u016f o automatick\u00fdch stanic\u00edch vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fdch v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b. V \u010cSSR se zat\u00edm nevyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed auto\u00admatick\u00e9 stanice pro meteorologick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, hydrometeorologick\u00e1 slu\u017eba v\u0161ak u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pokusn\u011b sov\u011btsk\u00e9 automatick\u00e9 stanice pro m\u011b\u00ad\u0159en\u00ed kapaln\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek. Tyto stanice maj\u00ed jako \u010didlo p\u0159eklopn\u00fd \u010dlunek, kter\u00fd sv\u00fdm p\u0159eklopen\u00edm po spadnut\u00ed dvou milimetr\u016f sr\u00e1\u017eek uvede stanici v \u010dinnost. K\u00f3dovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed i programn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jsou konstruov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed krokov\u00fdch voli\u010d\u016f, vys\u00edla\u010d je jednolampov\u00fd, vys\u00edlan\u00fd sign\u00e1l je nemodulovan\u00fd ve tvaru Mor\u00adseov\u00fdch zna\u010dek. Jako zdroje jsou pou\u017eity such\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky. Vys\u00edla\u010d m\u00e1 optim\u00e1ln\u00ed dosah asi 50 km, provozn\u00ed v na\u0161ich podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch asi 30 km.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dal\u0161\u00ed automatick\u00e1 stanice vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e1 v SSSR je konstruov\u00e1na pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku, teploty a vlhkosti vzduchu, rychlosti a sm\u011bru v\u011btru, mno\u017estv\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek a trv\u00e1n\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00edho svitu. Sv\u00e9 \u00fadaje p\u0159e\u00add\u00e1v\u00e1 4 x a\u017e 8 x denn\u011b v dvouminutov\u00fdch relac\u00edch pomoc\u00ed dvou kr\u00e1tkovlnn\u00fdch vys\u00edla\u010d\u016f o v\u00fdkonu 20 W na vzd\u00e1lenost 400 a\u017e 1000 km. Stanice pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako zdroj\u016f bateri\u00ed dob\u00edjen\u00fdch v\u011btr\u00adn\u00fdm gener\u00e1torem. Trvanlivost bateri\u00ed je zaru\u010dena po dobu 1 roku za norm\u00e1ln\u00edch provozn\u00edch podm\u00ednek. Stanice je ur\u010dena pro pou\u0161tn\u00ed, horsk\u00e9 a pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed oblasti. Jej\u00ed cena je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 59 000 rubl\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">SSSR vyr\u00e1b\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e automatickou mo\u0159skou stanici, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 na d\u00e1lku 400 km \u00fadaje teploty vzduchu a vody, vlhkosti vzduchu, rychlosti a sm\u011bru v\u011btru.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ze zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch p\u011bti st\u00e1t\u016f vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch automatick\u00e9 stanice je na prvn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b v po\u010dtu vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fdch typ\u016f Japonsko, kter\u00e9 vy\u00advinulo 4 pozemn\u00ed automatick\u00e9 stanice a 3 automatick\u00e9 klima\u00adtologick\u00e9 stanice. O druh\u00e9 m\u00edsto se d\u011bl\u00ed USA a Francie se \u010dty\u0159mi typy stanic, na t\u0159et\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b je NSR se t\u0159emi typy stanic a na posledn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b \u0160v\u00e9dsko s jedn\u00edm typem pozemn\u00ed automatick\u00e9 stanice.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Celkem je tedy vid\u011bt, \u017ee p\u0159esto\u017ee v oboru automatick\u00fdch stanic pro meteorologick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely byl za posledn\u00edch 20 let u\u010din\u011bn zna\u010dn\u00fd pokrok, nejsou zdaleka odhaleny v\u0161echny mo\u017enosti jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed ani v\u0161echny konstruk\u010dn\u00ed mo\u017enosti, kter\u00e9 by p\u0159i maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed jedno\u00adduchosti za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed umo\u017enily jeho nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 omezen\u00ed jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed na t\u011b\u017eko dostupn\u00e9 nebo neobydlen\u00e9 kon\u010diny je prozat\u00edmn\u00ed a b\u011bhem \u010dasu jist\u011b dojde k roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed automatick\u00fdch stanic i do jin\u00fdch oblast\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>B. Sob\u00ed\u0161ek, MZ 1962\/3-4, ro\u010dn\u00edk 15, str. 108-109<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Automatisace p\u0159edstavuje v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b jeden z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed produktivity pr\u00e1ce a odstran\u011bn\u00ed stereotypn\u00edch pracovn\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f ve v\u0161ech oborech lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Uv\u011bdom\u00edme-li si, \u017ee pozorovatelsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost na meteorologick\u00fdch [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12161","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12161","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12161"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12161\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12165,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12161\/revisions\/12165"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12161"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}