{"id":11931,"date":"2025-01-05T14:10:07","date_gmt":"2025-01-05T13:10:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=11931"},"modified":"2025-01-05T14:11:00","modified_gmt":"2025-01-05T13:11:00","slug":"60-let-od-vypusteni-1-sondy-vaisala-1992","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/60-let-od-vypusteni-1-sondy-vaisala-1992\/","title":{"rendered":"60 let od vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed 1. sondy Vaisala (1992)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"11931\" class=\"elementor elementor-11931\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1f6462c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1f6462c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-157faaa\" data-id=\"157faaa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b3fc05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b3fc05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"content clearfix\"><div class=\"field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden\"><div class=\"field-items\"><div class=\"field-item even\"><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">K bli\u017e\u0161\u00edmu sezn\u00e1men\u00ed s finskou firmou Vaisala a histori\u00ed v\u00fdvoje radiosondy m\u011b inspiroval \u010dl\u00e1nek J. Pribi\u0161e oti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd v Bulletinu Slovensk\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti p\u0159i SAV (ro\u010dn\u00edk III, \u010d. 2, str. 32) P. A. Mol\u010danov &#8211; priekopn\u00edk radiosond\u00e1\u017en\u00fdch meran\u00ed (65 rokov odpatentovania vyn\u00e1lezu). Prvn\u00ed radiosonda h\u0159eb\u00ednkov\u00e9ho typu byla vypu\u0161t\u011bna v Pavlovsku u Petrohradu 30. ledna 1930. Vlastn\u00ed princip k\u00f3\u00addovac\u00ed radiosondy si nechal Mol\u010danov patentovat v roce 1927 pod n\u00e1zvem radiometeograf.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dr. Vilho Vaisala (1889\u20131969) vypustil prvn\u00ed radiosondu 30. 12. 1931, tedy o dva roky pozd\u011bji. \u010cty\u0159i pilotovac\u00ed ba\u00adl\u00f3ny, ka\u017ed\u00fd o hmot\u011b 50 g, vynesly sondu do v\u00fd\u0161ky 7 km se stoupac\u00ed rychlost\u00ed 150 m\/min. Radiosonda v\u00e1\u017eila 420 g a m\u011b\u0159ila pouze teplotu vzduchu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vilho Vaisala studoval na univerzit\u011b v Helsink\u00e1ch a G\u00f6tingen matematiku, fyziku, aerodynamiku, astronomii a che\u00admii. Doktorskou pr\u00e1ci podal z matematiky. Od sv\u00fdch 22 let pracoval jako asistent ve fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed laborato\u0159i fakulty a experimentoval s kondenz\u00e1tory, jich\u017e za 20 let pou\u017eil ke konstrukci radiosondy. V\u0161echny konstrukce j\u00edm vyvinut\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f vych\u00e1zely z detailn\u00ed matematick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Od roku 1916 pracoval na drakov\u00e9 stanici Ilmala a roku 1919 byl jmenov\u00e1n vedouc\u00edm aerologick\u00e9ho odd\u011blen\u00ed finsk\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby. Navrhl a zkonstruoval mechanick\u00e9 sondy &#8211; meteografy &#8211; vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed drak\u016f, bal\u00f3n\u016f a letadel. \u00dasp\u011b\u0161nost drakov\u00fdch v\u00fdstup\u016f byla v\u0161ak siln\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na intenzit\u011b v\u011btru. Vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed palub voln\u011b let\u00edc\u00edch bal\u00f3n\u016f m\u011blo pouze historick\u00fd v\u00fdznam, pro vlastn\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f po\u010das\u00ed v\u00fdznam nem\u011blo. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdstup\u016f dos\u00e1hl pomoc\u00ed drak\u016f 5470 m a letadlem 7600 m.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Aby zajistil re\u00e1ln\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, nahradil meteografy novou technologi\u00ed &#8211; radiotechnikou. Spojit\u00fd p\u0159enos m\u011b\u0159e\u00adn\u00fdch veli\u010din na zemsk\u00fd povrch zaji\u0161\u0165oval syst\u00e9m vys\u00edla\u010d-p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010d, umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed oper\u00e1torovi po\u010d\u00edtat v\u00fdsledky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed b\u011bhem v\u00fdstupu sondy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">T\u00e9to z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zm\u011bn\u011b p\u0159edch\u00e1zely experimenty s p\u0159evodem m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch hodnot teploty na elektrick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 vys\u00edla\u010dem. Nepatrn\u00e9 mechanick\u00e9 zm\u011bny teplotn\u00edho \u010didla byly prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zm\u011bny kapacity p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bny na elektric\u00adk\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup byl zcela origin\u00e1ln\u00ed, proto\u017ee do t\u00e9to chv\u00edle byl p\u0159enos polohy zapisova\u010de nahrazuj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1znam na pap\u00edr p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en Morseov\u00fdm k\u00f3dem \u010di Ollandov\u00fdm bub\u00ednkov\u00fdm m\u011bni\u010dem. U Vaisalovy metody vstupuje \u010didlo p\u0159\u00edmo do vys\u00edla\u010de. Na tomto principu pracuj\u00ed finsk\u00e9 sondy dodnes.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V roce 1933 p\u0159edlo\u017eil matematickou formulaci \u00falohy se z\u00e1kladn\u00edm vztahem y = (C1 \u2013 C) \/ C1 . C2 ,<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">kde C je kapacita m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 veli\u010diny, C1 a C2 jsou extr\u00e9mn\u00ed hodnoty kapacit definovan\u00e9 rozsahem m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho prvku. T\u00edmto postupem se eleminuj\u00ed ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed zm\u011bny v elektric\u00adk\u00e9m obvodu. V roce 1934 bylo napojeno tlakov\u00e9 \u010didlo, v roce 1935 \u010didlo vlhkostn\u00ed. Pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b se zdokonalovaly po\u00adzemn\u00ed p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010de, kalibra\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a metody vyhodnoco\u00adv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f na origin\u00e1ln\u00edch aerogramech.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nov\u00e1 radiosonda byla p\u0159edvedena v roce 1935 na var\u0161avsk\u00e9m zased\u00e1n\u00ed Aerologick\u00e9 komise Sv\u011btov\u00e9 meteoro\u00adlogick\u00e9 organizace. 25. \u0159\u00edjna t\u00e9ho\u017e roku napsal Vaisala v\u0161em \u0159editel\u016fm meteorologick\u00fdch slu\u017eeb dopis, ve kter\u00e9m nab\u00edz\u00ed sv\u00e9 sondy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vaisala byl p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den, \u017ee cena aparatury bude klesat a kvalita stoupat, bude-li s\u00e1m zaji\u0161\u0165ovat jej\u00ed v\u00fdrobu a v\u00fdvoj. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u00e9to \u00favahy a p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed byla v roce 1936 za\u00adlo\u017eena firma Vaisala. V tov\u00e1rn\u011b se vyr\u00e1b\u011bl cel\u00fd komplet pod n\u00e1zvem Vaisala Sounding System a vlastn\u00ed sonda m\u011bla hmotnost 280 g. Sou\u010dasn\u00fd syst\u00e9m m\u00e1 n\u00e1zev DigiCora. Ra\u00addiosondy firmy Vaisala jsou vypou\u0161t\u011bny v 90 zem\u00edch; od roku 1991 t\u00e9\u017e v SHM\u00da a od 1. ledna 1992 t\u00e9\u017e na observato\u0159i Praha-Libu\u0161. Od zalo\u017een\u00ed firmy bylo vypu\u0161t\u011bno v\u00edce ne\u017e 3,5 mili\u00f3nu radiosond. V posledn\u00edch dvaceti letech k nim p\u0159ibyly speci\u00e1ln\u00ed sondy m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed profil oz\u00f3nu. Tyto sondy jsou t\u00e9\u017e vypou\u0161t\u011bny na observato\u0159i v Praze-Libu\u0161i.<\/span><\/p><\/div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159i p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti 50. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00ed firmy Vaisala byla zalo\u017eena presti\u017en\u00ed cena s finan\u010dn\u00ed dotac\u00ed za pr\u00e1ce v oboru meteorologick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f a pozorovac\u00edch metod podpo\u00adruj\u00edc\u00edch programy Sv\u011btov\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 organizace. Pr\u00e1ce do konkursu p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1 \u0159editel p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017e\u00adby prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sekretari\u00e1tu SMO nejpozd\u011bji do 30. listo\u00adpadu ka\u017ed\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159n\u00edho roku. P\u0159ehled zat\u00edm ud\u011blen\u00fdch cen je pro n\u00e1s pou\u010dn\u00fd:<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">1986 C. G. Collier (Bracknell) za pr\u00e1ci Accuracy of Rainfall Estimated by Radar, 1987 J. Sevruk, slo\u00advensk\u00fd hydrolog \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku a pracuj\u00edc\u00ed ve Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Towards the Universal Precipitation Gauge of the Future (mimochodem m\u00e1 tento pra\u00adcovn\u00edk z\u00e1sluhu na tom, \u017ee bude v SHMU uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1na v roce 1993 velk\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed konference o sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch a v\u00fdparu pod patronac\u00ed SMO), 1988 D. Sonntag (Potsdam) WMO Assmann Aspiration Psychrometer Intercomparison, J.Nash (Bracknell) a F. J. Shidlin (NOAA) WMO International Radiosonde Comparison 1984\/1985, P. May (Austr\u00e1lie) a R. Strauch (NOAA) a K. Moran (NOAA) The accuracy of RASS* Temperature Measurements a kone\u010dn\u011b v roce 1991 obdr\u017eel cenu M. Kitchen (Bracknell) za pr\u00e1ci The Comparison of the Performance of Upper-Air Stations in the Global Observing Network. Nech\u0165 p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00fd v\u00fd\u010det prac\u00ed je pro na\u0161e pracovn\u00ed\u00adky inspiruj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">*<sup>) <\/sup>RASS = Radio Acoustic Sounding System Zpracov\u00e1no podle \u201eVaisala News&#8221; 125\/1992.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Miroslav \u0160koda, MZ 1992\/4, ro\u010dn\u00edk 45, str. 123-124<\/em><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>K bli\u017e\u0161\u00edmu sezn\u00e1men\u00ed s finskou firmou Vaisala a histori\u00ed v\u00fdvoje radiosondy m\u011b inspiroval \u010dl\u00e1nek J. Pribi\u0161e oti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd v Bulletinu Slovensk\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti p\u0159i SAV (ro\u010dn\u00edk III, \u010d. 2, str. 32) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11931","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11931","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11931"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11931\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11935,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11931\/revisions\/11935"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11931"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}