{"id":11804,"date":"2025-01-05T11:18:47","date_gmt":"2025-01-05T10:18:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=11804"},"modified":"2025-01-05T11:21:45","modified_gmt":"2025-01-05T10:21:45","slug":"historie-hydrometeorologicke-sluzby-na-uzemi-nekdejsiho-ceskoslovenska","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/historie-hydrometeorologicke-sluzby-na-uzemi-nekdejsiho-ceskoslovenska\/","title":{"rendered":"HISTORIE HYDROMETEOROLOGICK\u00c9 SLU\u017dBY NA \u00daZEM\u00cd N\u011aKDEJ\u0160\u00cdHO \u010cESKOSLOVENSKA"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"11804\" class=\"elementor elementor-11804\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fdd5254 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fdd5254\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9028a86\" data-id=\"9028a86\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02badf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"02badf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<div><p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>1. \u00daVOD<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V tomto roce uplyne 80 let od z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tn\u00edho \u00fastavu meteorologick\u00e9ho a \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tn\u00ed\u00adho \u00fastavu hydrologick\u00e9ho, a t\u00edm i od zalo\u017een\u00ed \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 hydrometeorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed je vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed spojovat s touto slu\u017ebou ne\u017e s institucemi, kter\u00e9 v sou\u010dasnos\u00adti na tradice b\u00fdval\u00e9ho \u00fastavu navazuj\u00ed, tedy i s \u010cesk\u00fdm hydro\u00admeteorologick\u00fdm \u00fastavem a Slovensk\u00fdm hydrometeorologic\u00adk\u00fdm \u00fastavem. B\u011bhem on\u011bch osmi desetilet\u00ed se toti\u017e m\u011bnily jak n\u00e1zvy t\u011bchto \u00fastav\u016f, tak jejich \u010dinnosti i \u00fazemn\u00ed kompetence, odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed politick\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 prom\u011bny na \u00fazem\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00e9ho \u010ceskoslovenska. Kontinuita hydrometeoro\u00adlogick\u00e9 slu\u017eby po cel\u00e9 obdob\u00ed je naopak zcela zjevn\u00e1 a nezpo\u00adchybniteln\u00e1 a nav\u00edc udr\u017eovan\u00e1 i n\u011bkter\u00fdmi osobnostmi, kter\u00e9 ji dlouhodob\u011b reprezentovaly navzdory r\u016fzn\u00fdm reorganiza\u00adc\u00edm, kter\u00e9 u n\u00e1s nastaly.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>2. METEOROLOGIE A HYDROLOGIE JAKO ST\u00c1TN\u00cd SLU\u017dBY<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tis\u00edcilet\u00fd v\u00fdvoj v na\u0161\u00ed meteorologii sm\u011b\u0159oval od nahodi\u00adl\u00fdch vizu\u00e1ln\u00edch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed a\u017e po vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed pozoro\u00advac\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed a shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed napozorovan\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f. Ji\u017e Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) si byl v\u011bdom d\u016fle\u017ei\u00adtosti soustavn\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, kdy\u017e v Praze v roce 1605 napsal: ,Bude-li ka\u017ed\u00fd na sv\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b pozorovat po\u010das\u00ed a bude-li sv\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed publikovat, p\u0159isp\u011bje k zname\u00adnit\u00e9mu u\u017eitku &#8220;. V \u010cech\u00e1ch vznikla prvn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 meteorologick\u00fdch stanic z\u00e1sluhou astronom\u016f Anton\u00edna Strnada (1746-1799) a Martina Aloise Davida (1757-1836). Budov\u00e1n\u00edm s\u00edt\u00ed stanic pro praktick\u00e9 pot\u0159eby se pozd\u011bji zab\u00fdvaly r\u016fzn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011b\u00addeck\u00e9, hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a vlasteneck\u00e9 spolky a komise.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nov\u00fd trend v organizaci meteorologick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce nastolilo c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed z 23. \u010dervence 1851 o z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edho \u00fastavu pro meteorologii a zemsk\u00fd magnetizmus (Central-Anstalt f\u00fcr Meteorologie und Erdmagnetismus) ve V\u00eddni, j\u00edm\u017e byla meteorologie pov\u00fd\u0161ena ze z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 \u010dinnosti na st\u00e1t\u00adn\u00ed slu\u017ebu. Prvn\u00edm \u0159editelem \u00fastavu se stal Karl Kreil (1798-1862).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vznik meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby v Rakousku souvisel s upev\u00ad\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm st\u00e1tn\u00ed moci v dob\u011b, kdy ze strany hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 sf\u00e9ry vzr\u016fstaly po\u017eadavky na objektivn\u00ed informace charakteru pod\u00adkladov\u00fdch dat pro rozli\u010dn\u00e9 podnikatelsk\u00e9 z\u00e1m\u011bry. Ze stejn\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu byl ve V\u00eddni zalo\u017een nap\u0159. C\u00edsa\u0159sko-kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd geolo\u00adgick\u00fd \u00fastav v roce 1849, dal\u0161\u00ed z p\u0159edch\u016fdc\u016f st\u00e1tn\u00edch slu\u017eeb bu\u00addouc\u00ed \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 republiky. Po rakousko-uhersk\u00e9m vy\u00adrovn\u00e1n\u00ed vznikl 12. \u010dervence 1870 v Budape\u0161ti Zemsk\u00fd \u00fastav pro meteorologii a zemsk\u00fd magnetizmus (Orsz\u00e1gos Meteorol\u00f3giai \u00e9s Foldm\u00e1gness\u00e9gi Int\u00e9zet), kter\u00fd za\u010dal spravovat i sta\u00adnice v tehdej\u0161\u00edch Horn\u00edch Uhr\u00e1ch, \u010dili na Slovensku. Prvn\u00edm \u0159editelem budape\u0161\u0165sk\u00e9ho \u00fastavu se stal Julius Schenzel, dru\u00adh\u00fdm Miklos Konkoly-Thege (1842-1916), budovatel observa\u00adto\u0159e ve star\u00e9 \u010eale, dne\u0161n\u00edm Hurbanovu. Budape\u0161\u0165sk\u00fd \u00fastav na rozd\u00edl od v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9ho soust\u0159e\u010foval i hydrologickou slu\u017ebu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdroby a stavebn\u00ed \u010dinnosti v 19. stolet\u00ed zvy\u0161o\u00advalo n\u00e1roky tak\u00e9 na hydrotechnick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, vodn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159\u00adstv\u00ed, vod\u00e1renstv\u00ed a vyu\u017eit\u00ed tok\u016f jako plavebn\u00edch cest. Proto rakousk\u00e9 Ministerstvo obchodu v\u00fdnosem z 20. listopadu 1850 na\u0159\u00eddilo pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch stav\u016f na hlavn\u00edch toc\u00edch a zas\u00edl\u00e1\u00adn\u00ed zpr\u00e1v \u00fa\u0159ad\u016fm, dal\u0161\u00ed na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vydalo Ministerstvo vnitra 27. \u010dervna 1876. V \u010cech\u00e1ch zemsk\u00fd sn\u011bm v roce 1875 z\u0159\u00eddil Hydrografickou komisi pro Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 jako\u017eto autonom\u00adn\u00ed instituci vydr\u017eovanou z prost\u0159edk\u016f zem\u011b. Jej\u00ed hydrologickou sekci vedl Andreas Rudolf Harlacher (1842-1890), ombrometrickou sekci Franti\u0161ek Josef Studni\u010dka (1836-1903). V jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch v\u011bt\u0161inou nesoustavn\u011b sledovaly vodn\u00ed re\u017eim dobrovol\u00adn\u00e9 spolky.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Po katastrof\u00e1ln\u00edch povodn\u00edch, zejm\u00e9na na Dunaji v roce 1890, byla z\u0159\u00edzena st\u00e1tn\u00ed hydrografick\u00e1 slu\u017eba. Ministerstvo vnitra ve spolupr\u00e1ci s ministerstvy orby, obchodu, financ\u00ed, kultu a vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed vydalo v prosinci 1894 jej\u00ed organiza\u010dn\u00ed sta\u00adtut, kter\u00fd vypracoval Richard hrab\u011b Bienerth (1863-1918). Prvn\u00edm \u0159editelem C. k. rakousk\u00e9ho \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edho \u00fa\u0159adu pro hyd\u00adrologickou slu\u017ebu (K. k.\u00f6sterreichisches Centralbureau f\u00fcr hydrographischen Dienst) byl Romuald von Iszkowski. Kro\u00adm\u011b \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed hydrografick\u00e9 kancel\u00e1\u0159e byla v zem\u00edch zalo\u017eena hydrografick\u00e1 odd\u011blen\u00ed, zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se v p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch povod\u00edch i meteorologick\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm. Rakousk\u00e1 slu\u017eba se stala z\u00e1kla\u00addem pozd\u011bji \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 hydrologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby v \u00fast\u0159ed\u00ed i regionech, nap\u0159. brn\u011bnsk\u00e1 pobo\u010dka \u010cHM\u00da navazuje na p\u016f\u00adsoben\u00ed hydrografick\u00e9ho odd\u011blen\u00ed Moravy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>3. ST\u00c1TN\u00cd \u00daSTAV METEOROLOGICK\u00dd<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 republika, vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00e1 28. \u0159\u00edjna 1918, po\u00adt\u0159ebovala pro sv\u016fj rozvoj prov\u00e9st v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 zm\u011bny ve st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1v\u011b a zalo\u017eit \u010detn\u00e9 celost\u00e1tn\u00ed instituce, kter\u00e9 by nahradily dosavadn\u00ed analogick\u00e9 instituce \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 z V\u00eddn\u011b nebo Buda\u00adpe\u0161ti. To se t\u00fdkalo i \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby, kter\u00e1 se ustavovala na rozhran\u00ed let 1919 a 1920.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na z\u00e1klad\u011b rozhodnut\u00ed ministersk\u00e9 rady z 9. prosince 1919 v\u00fdnosem z 14. ledna 1920 Ministerstvo \u0161kolstv\u00ed a n\u00e1rod\u00adn\u00ed osv\u011bty schv\u00e1lilo stanovy \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tn\u00edho \u00fasta\u00advu meteorologick\u00e9ho, pozd\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edho jen n\u00e1zvu St\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fastav meteorologick\u00fd (S\u00daM). \u00dastav pro sv\u016fj v\u011bdeck\u00fd cha\u00adrakter byl pod\u0159\u00edzen uveden\u00e9mu ministerstvu \u0161kolstv\u00ed a m\u011bl vojensk\u00fd odbor, kter\u00fd se m\u011bl starat o p\u0159\u00edpravu odborn\u00edk\u016f v arm\u00e1dn\u00ed pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eb\u011b. Prvn\u00edm \u0159editelem \u00fastavu byl jmenov\u00e1n Rudolf Schneider (1881-1955), kter\u00fd p\u0159edt\u00edm za\u00adst\u00e1val m\u00edsto vedouc\u00edho zem\u011bt\u0159esn\u00e9 slu\u017eby v \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm \u00fasta\u00advu pro meteorologii a geodynamiku ve V\u00eddni.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Stanovy S\u00daM p\u0159edepisovaly podobn\u00e9 povinnosti, jak\u00e9 maj\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9 hydrometeorologick\u00e9 \u00fastavy: shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u011bdeck\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u011bdeck\u00e9 b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a \u00fa\u010dast na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu, z\u0159izov\u00e1n\u00ed a provoz meteo\u00adrologick\u00fdch stanic, zkou\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f, vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed, sou\u010dinnost s vojenskou meteorologi\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edmi orga\u00adnizacemi podobn\u00e9ho zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a popularizace v\u011bdy. Zd\u016fraz\u00ad\u0148ovaly v\u011bdeckou povahu \u010dinnost\u00ed \u00fastavu: \u201eSm\u011br v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se nijak neomezuje. V\u0161ichni zam\u011bstnanci \u00fastavu jsou povinni ve zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm voln\u00e9m \u010dase svoj\u00ed spoluprac\u00ed p\u0159isp\u00edva\u00adli k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu, jej\u017e jim bud \u0159editel \u00fastavu ulo\u017e\u00ed, nebo kter\u00fd se souhlasem \u0159editelov\u00fdm sami si vyvol\u00ed&#8230; V \u010dele \u00fasta\u00advu stoj\u00ed \u0159editel, kter\u00fdm se m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1ti jenom v\u011bdeck\u00fd \u010dinn\u00fd pra\u00adcovn\u00edk. &#8220;<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00dastav m\u011bl od po\u010d\u00e1tku probl\u00e9my s um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm. Za\u010dal pra\u00adcovat v jedin\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti ve st\u00e1tn\u00ed hv\u011bzd\u00e1rn\u011b v Klementinu, z\u00e1hy se v\u0161ak na\u0161lo p\u0159echodn\u011b vyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, kdy\u017e prof. Stanislav Hanzl\u00edk (1878-1956), spr\u00e1vce \u00dastavu pro meteoro\u00adlogii a klimatologii Karlovy univerzity, se svolen\u00edm jej\u00ed Filozofick\u00e9 fakulty prop\u016fj\u010dil S\u00daM v\u011bt\u0161inu m\u00edstnost\u00ed sv\u00e9ho \u00fastavu, s\u00eddl\u00edc\u00edho na Karlov\u011b. Dob\u0159e m\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 snaha pomoci mlad\u00e9mu \u00fastavu, kter\u00e1 umo\u017enila jeho po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed rozvoj, se pozd\u011bji stala jeho brzdou, proto\u017ee tzv. provizorn\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed trvalo 21 let. A\u017e v roce 1940 \u00fastav z\u00edskal budovu b\u00fdval\u00e9 po\u0161\u00adtovn\u00ed spo\u0159itelny na Sm\u00edchov\u011b v Hole\u010dkov\u011b ulici. Mezit\u00edm v roce 1929 se v\u0161eobecn\u00e1 p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed a leteck\u00e1 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eba p\u0159est\u011bhovala do pronajat\u00fdch m\u00edstnost\u00ed na Vinohradech v Lucembursk\u00e9 ulici a odtud v roce 1937 na St\u00e1tn\u00ed leti\u0161t\u011b v Ruzyni a definitivn\u00ed s\u00eddlo v roce 1959 v b\u00fdval\u00e9m z\u00e1mku v Komo\u0159anech u Prahy.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V S\u00daM v roce 1921 pracovalo jen 8 pragmatik\u00e1ln\u00edch za\u00adm\u011bstnanc\u016f, v roce 1928 m\u011bl 19 a v roce 1931 23 systemizovan\u00fdch m\u00edst. Je obdivuhodn\u00e9, \u017ee tak mal\u00fd kolektiv byl scho\u00adpen zorganizovat a \u0159\u00eddit stani\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 na \u00fazem\u00ed sahaj\u00edc\u00edm od A\u0161e po Jasi\u0148u s dobrovoln\u00fdmi pozorovateli r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1rodnost\u00ed, prov\u00e1d\u011bt posudkovou \u010dinnost, sestavovat ro\u010denky, p\u0159istoupit ke zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed klimatografie \u010cSR a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm rozvinout pro\u00adgn\u00f3zn\u00ed slu\u017ebu, kter\u00e1 hlavn\u011b v leteck\u00e9 meteorologii dos\u00e1hla zna\u010dn\u00fdch \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f. K \u010deln\u00fdm p\u0159edstavitel\u016fm S\u00daM pat\u0159ili klimatolog Alois Gregor (1892-1972), prognostici Gustav Swoboda (1893-1956), po 2. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce prvn\u00ed gener\u00e1ln\u00ed sekret\u00e1\u0159 Sv\u011btov\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 organizace, a Mikul\u00e1\u0161 Kon\u010dek (1900-1982) i odborn\u00edk na meteorologick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje Ferdinand Kocourek (1898-1964). Z dal\u0161\u00edch zn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch osobnost\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u00edme V\u00e1clava Hlav\u00e1\u010de (1899-1987), Emila Vesel\u00e9ho (1903-1987) a leteck\u00e9 meteorology Vladim\u00edra Miklendu (1904-1942), kter\u00fd se stal ob\u011bt\u00ed nacistick\u00e9 perze\u00adkuce, Zde\u0148ka Dvorn\u00e9ho (1906-1966) a Eduarda Jarkovsk\u00e9ho (1904-1988).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>4. ST\u00c1TN\u00cd \u00daSTAV HYDROLOGICK\u00dd<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podobn\u011b jako S\u00daM, kter\u00fd p\u0159evzal od b\u00fdval\u00fdch \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f podunajsk\u00e9 monarchie meteorologickou slu\u017ebu, slu\u017e\u00adbu hydrologickou v nov\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b zorganizoval St\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fastav hydrologick\u00fd, pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd Ministerstvu ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch prac\u00ed. Byl z\u0159\u00ed\u00adzen na z\u00e1klad\u011b usnesen\u00ed ministersk\u00e9 rady z 9. prosince 1919 a \u010dinnost zah\u00e1jil 13. \u0159\u00edjna 1920. Proto v tomto roce si p\u0159ipo\u00adm\u00edn\u00e1me i 80. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 hydrologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby. \u0158editelem \u00fastavu, kter\u00fd tak\u00e9 zpo\u010d\u00e1tku pou\u017e\u00edval v n\u00e1zvu slo\u00advo \u201e\u010ceskoslovensk\u00fd&#8221;, se stal Jan Smetana (1883-1962).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00dakolem \u00fastavu bylo poskytovat podklady pro vyu\u017eit\u00ed na\u0161eho vodstva, \u010dili pro vodn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, a k tomu sledo\u00advat a zkoumat sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9, povrchov\u00e9 a podzemn\u00ed vody. Sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165, kterou \u00fastav spravoval, pat\u0159ila k nejhust\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v Evrop\u011b (S\u00daM sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00e9 stanice nevydr\u017eoval a \u00fadaje o sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch p\u0159eb\u00edral od hydrologick\u00e9ho partnera). Hydrolo\u00adgov\u00e9 podstatn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ili m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky a ze za\u010d\u00e1tku tak\u00e9 ve velk\u00e9m rozsahu provozovali stanice teplom\u011brn\u00e9. M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty vzduchu pozd\u011bji jako duplicitn\u00ed \u010din\u00adnost postoupili S\u00daM. Vrcholn\u00fdm d\u00edlem \u00fastavu, kter\u00fd v roce 1930 zm\u011bnil n\u00e1zev na St\u00e1tn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 \u00fastavy hydrologick\u00fd a hydrotechnick\u00fd T. G. Masaryka, bylo vyd\u00e1n\u00ed souborn\u00e9ho d\u00ed\u00adla \u201eVodopis \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 republiky&#8221;.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Hydrologick\u00e1 slu\u017eba se vyv\u00edjela velkoryseji ne\u017e meteoro\u00adlogick\u00e1 jak z hlediska r\u016fstu po\u010dtu pracovn\u00edk\u016f (v roce 1920 m\u011bl \u00fastav 7 zam\u011bstnanc\u016f, v roce 1935 ji\u017e 54), tak v\u00fdstavbou vlastn\u00edch budov v Praze-Podbab\u011b. Organizace slu\u017eby byla slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e slu\u017eby meteorologick\u00e9, proto\u017ee praktick\u00e1 \u010din\u00adnost byla prov\u00e1d\u011bna podle povod\u00ed v hydrografick\u00fdch odd\u011ble\u00adn\u00edch, kter\u00e9 byly sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed zemsk\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f. Na Slovensku hyd\u00adrologickou slu\u017ebu zalo\u017eil Oto Dub (1902-1979).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>5. ST\u00c1TN\u00cd V\u00ddZKUMN\u00c9 \u00daSTAVY BIOKLIMATOLOGICK\u00c9<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Byly dal\u0161\u00edmi organizacemi, na n\u011b\u017e navazuje dne\u0161n\u00ed hydrometeorologick\u00e1 slu\u017eba. Vznikly jako sou\u010d\u00e1sti Svazu pro zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 a zem\u011bd\u011blsko-pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumnictv\u00ed, zalo\u017ee\u00adn\u00e9ho rovn\u011b\u017e brzy po vzniku \u010cSR (1919), resp. Svazu v\u00fd\u00adzkumn\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch, a pov\u011bt\u0161inou se naz\u00fdvaly St\u00e1tn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 \u00fastavy pro p\u00fadoznalstv\u00ed a zem\u011bd\u011blskou me\u00adteorologii. S\u00eddlily v Praze, Brn\u011b, Opav\u011b, Bratislav\u011b a Ko\u0161ic\u00edch a mimo jin\u00e9 \u0159\u00eddily s\u00edt\u011b agrometeorologick\u00fdch stanic, kter\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bly i obvykl\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed jako klimatologick\u00e9 stanice S\u00daM. D\u00e1le se zab\u00fdvaly mikroklimatick\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumem v ze\u00adm\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch a lesn\u00edch porostech a publikovaly zem\u011bd\u011blsko-meteorologick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy. Vybudovaly zna\u010dn\u011b rozs\u00e1hlou celo\u00adst\u00e1tn\u00ed fenologickou slu\u017ebu, kter\u00e1 pat\u0159ila k prvn\u00edm v Evrop\u011b a z\u00edskala mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed uzn\u00e1n\u00ed. O jej\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00ed a rozvoj se nej\u00adv\u00edce zaslou\u017eili Josef Kopeck\u00fd (1865-1935) a V\u00e1clav Nov\u00e1k (1888-1967), organiz\u00e1torem agrometeorologie na Slovensku byl Franti\u0161ek Kyntera (1897-1958).<\/span><\/p><\/div><div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Bioklimatologick\u00e9 \u010dinnosti se v\u011bnovala tak\u00e9 pracovi\u0161t\u011b hum\u00e1nn\u00ed klimatologie, kter\u00e1 prov\u00e1d\u011bla v rezortu zdravotnic\u00adtv\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e1 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v l\u00e1ze\u0148sk\u00fdch oblastech za \u00fa\u010delem vysti\u017een\u00ed l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00edho podneb\u00ed. St\u0159edem z\u00e1jmu byla zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b tatransk\u00e1 oblast, v n\u00ed\u017e pracoval jako klimatolog st\u00e1tn\u00edch l\u00e1zn\u00ed na \u0160trbsk\u00e9m Plese Anton\u00edn Be\u010dv\u00e1\u0159 (1901-1965). P\u0159i nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9m sanatoriu pro nemocn\u00e9 tuberkul\u00f3zou v Prose\u010dnici nad S\u00e1zavou spravoval meteorologickou stanici Josef Mrkos (1882-1974).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>6. SLU\u017dBY V DRUH\u00c9 REPUBLICE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Do v\u00fdvoje slu\u017eeb v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b zas\u00e1hl mni\u00adchovsk\u00fd dikt\u00e1t (30. 9. 1938) a vz\u00e1p\u011bt\u00ed na Slovensku a Pod\u00adkarpatsk\u00e9 Rusi v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e1 arbitr\u00e1\u017e (2. 11. 1938). V jejich d\u016f\u00adsledku se zna\u010dn\u011b zmen\u0161il plo\u0161n\u00fd rozsah \u00fazem\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e slu\u017eby p\u016fsobily, proto\u017ee druh\u00e1 republika byla o v\u00edce ne\u017e 41 tis\u00edc km<sup>2 <\/sup>men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e republika prvn\u00ed. Z odstoupen\u00e9ho pohrani\u010dn\u00edho \u00faze\u00adm\u00ed musely b\u00fdt sousedn\u00edm st\u00e1t\u016fm p\u0159ed\u00e1ny jak stanice, tak napozorovan\u00fd archivn\u00ed materi\u00e1l, kter\u00fd byl po v\u00e1lce do na\u0161\u00ed vlasti navr\u00e1cen jen ne\u00fapln\u00fd, proto\u017ee mnoh\u00e9 v\u00fdkazy byly ztra\u00adceny nebo zni\u010deny.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1nikem \u010cesko-Slovenska (14. 3. 1939), jak se druh\u00e1 re\u00adpublika naz\u00fdvala, k n\u011bmu\u017e do\u0161lo vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edm Slovensk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu a po n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Protektor\u00e1tu \u010cechy a Morava, se do nov\u00fdch st\u00e1tn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f rozd\u011blily i meteorologick\u00e9 a hyd\u00adrologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby. D\u00e1le se vyv\u00edjely odli\u0161n\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem a a\u017e do osvobozen\u00ed v roce 1945 mezi sebou neudr\u017eovaly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ofici\u00ad\u00e1ln\u00ed styky. V\u010dlen\u011bn\u00edm Podkarpatsk\u00e9 Rusi do Ma\u010farska a po v\u00e1lce do SSSR (Zakarpatsk\u00e1 Ukrajina) byly od \u010deskosloven\u00adsk\u00fdch hydrometeorologick\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed definitivn\u011b odd\u011bleny i tam\u00adn\u00ed pozorovac\u00ed objekty.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>7. \u00daST\u0158EDN\u00cd METEOROLOGICK\u00dd \u00daSTAV PRO \u010cECHY A MORAVU<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Za n\u011bmeck\u00e9 okupace \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed do\u0161lo ke dv\u011bma v\u00fdji\u00adme\u010dn\u00fdm ud\u00e1lostem v hydrometeorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eb\u011b: v\u0161echny slo\u017eky meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby byly slou\u010deny do jedin\u00e9 insti\u00adtuce a nov\u00fd \u00fastav z\u00edskal vlastn\u00ed vhodnou budovu pro svou \u010dinnost v Hole\u010dkov\u011b ulici, o kter\u00e9 jsme se ji\u017e zm\u00ednili.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na z\u00e1klad\u011b rozhodnut\u00ed protektor\u00e1tn\u00ed vl\u00e1dy z 21.9. a 7.12. 1939 byl z\u0159\u00edzen \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed meteorologick\u00fd \u00fastav pro \u010cechy a Moravu, kter\u00fd zahrnoval b\u00fdval\u00fd St\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fastav meteorologic\u00adk\u00fd, sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed St\u00e1tn\u00edch v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f hydrologick\u00e9ho a hydrotechnick\u00e9ho, odd\u011blen\u00ed pro zem\u011bd\u011blskou meteorologii a fenologii St\u00e1tn\u00edho \u00fastavu bioklimatologick\u00e9ho p\u0159i zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch \u00fastavech v Praze a meteoro\u00adlogickou s\u00ed\u0165 zemsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu v Brn\u011b. \u00dastav byl jedinou organizac\u00ed, kter\u00e1 mohla prov\u00e1d\u011bt bioklimatologick\u00e1 a l\u00e1ze\u0148sko-meteorologick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed. \u0158editelem \u00fastavu, kte\u00adr\u00fd podl\u00e9hal Ministerstvu ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch prac\u00ed a v dob\u011b vzniku m\u011bl 112 systemizovan\u00fdch m\u00edst, byl jmenov\u00e1n dosavadn\u00ed \u0159editel S\u00daM Rudolf Schneider.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Snahy o spojen\u00ed nebo alespo\u0148 koordinaci \u010dinnosti p\u0159\u00edbuz\u00adn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch rezort\u016fm \u0161kolstv\u00ed, ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch prac\u00ed, zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, n\u00e1rodn\u00ed obrany a zdravotnictv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 si z pro\u00adst\u0159edk\u016f sv\u00fdch ministerstev po\u0159izovaly vlastn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b pozorova\u00adc\u00edch stanic, se objevovaly ji\u017e na za\u010d\u00e1tku prvn\u00ed republiky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Tehdy sou\u010dinnost v hydrometeorologii m\u011bla zaji\u0161\u0165ovat mezi-ministersk\u00e1 komise (poradn\u00ed komit\u00e9), slo\u017een\u00e1 z \u0159editel\u016f \u00fasta\u00adv\u016f a ministersk\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f, sch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se k porad\u00e1m a \u0159e\u0161\u00edc\u00ed celost\u00e1tn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky. Na ve\u0159ejnosti \u00fastavy vystupovaly pod spo\u00adle\u010dn\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem \u201e\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 \u00fastavy pro meteorologii a hydrologii&#8221;, k integraci slu\u017eeb v\u0161ak nedo\u0161lo.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Dobr\u00e9 p\u0159edpoklady pro pr\u00e1ci \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edho \u00fastavu kazila v\u00e1l\u00adka, b\u011bhem n\u00ed\u017e byly n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u010dinnosti \u00fastavu zastavov\u00e1ny a kle\u00adsal po\u010det jeho zam\u011bstnanc\u016f nasazov\u00e1n\u00edm do obor\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly pro v\u00e1lku prioritn\u00ed. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed zam\u011bstnanci se aktivn\u011b z\u00fa\u010dastnili protifa\u0161istick\u00e9ho odboje, kter\u00fd se pro Vladim\u00edra Miklendu (1904-1942), Jana B\u00ednu (1897-1944) a Karla Kohouta (ti944) stal osudn\u00fdm. Z v\u011bdeck\u00fdch spis\u016f t\u00e9 doby zaujalo zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed sekul\u00e1rn\u00ed pra\u017esk\u00e9 teplotn\u00ed \u0159ady V\u00e1clavem Hlav\u00e1\u010dem, kter\u00e9 proslavilo pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed v Klementinu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>8.\u00a0 ST\u00c1TNY HYDROLOGICK\u00dd A METEOROLOGICK\u00dd \u00daSTAV<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ve v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 Slovensk\u00e9 republice byl z\u00e1konem z 21. 11. 1939 z\u0159\u00edzen \u0160t\u00e1tny hydrologick\u00fd a meteorologick\u00fd \u00fastav (\u0160HaM\u00da) se s\u00eddlem v Bratislav\u011b, kter\u00e9mu kr\u00e1tce (od kv\u011btna 1939) p\u0159edch\u00e1zela Spr\u00e1va slovenskej poveternostnej slu\u017eby. Do nov\u00e9ho \u00fastavu, jeho\u017e organizace byla upravena v roce 1940 a kter\u00fd byl um\u00edst\u011bn v Bratislav\u011b v Trnavsk\u00e9 ulici, byly za\u010dlen\u011bny v\u0161echny stanice ji\u017e uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, kter\u00e9 po z\u00e1niku \u010cSR z\u016fstaly na \u00fazem\u00ed Slovenska, tedy S\u00daM, zem\u011b\u00add\u011blsk\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f, hydrografick\u00e9ho odd\u011blen\u00ed zemsk\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159adu a tak\u00e9 P\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed \u00fast\u0159ed\u00ed pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed leteck\u00e9 slu\u017eby ve Vajnorech u Bratislavy. \u00dastav, v n\u011bm\u017e pra\u00adcovalo asi 40 zam\u011bstnanc\u016f (v\u010detn\u011b hydrolog\u016f), zalo\u017eil a vedl Mikul\u00e1\u0161 Kon\u010dek, k rozvoji meteorologie p\u0159isp\u011bl \u0160tefan Petrovi\u010d (nar. 1906).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u0160HaM\u00da za\u010dal pravideln\u011b vyd\u00e1vat p\u0159edpov\u011bdi po\u010das\u00ed ve sd\u011blovac\u00edch prost\u0159edc\u00edch a meteorologicky zaji\u0161\u0165ovat letec\u00adkou dopravu. Z\u0159\u00eddil m\u011bstskou observato\u0159 v Bratislav\u011b a uvedl do provozu vysokohorsk\u00e9 observato\u0159e na Lomnick\u00e9m \u0161t\u00edt\u011b a Skalnat\u00e9m Plese. V\u00fdznamn\u00fdm po\u010dinem bylo vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b totaliz\u00e1tor\u016f, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly p\u0159isp\u011bt k pozn\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00ed bilance v horsk\u00fdch oblastech Slovenska. Pri p\u0159echodu fronty vyho\u0159e\u00adla budova \u00fastavu a zni\u010deny byly i zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 totaliz\u00e1tory.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Do funkce prvn\u00edho pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u0159ednosty \u00fastavu nastou\u00adpil Oto Dub. Koncem listopadu 1946 byl \u0160HaM\u00da rozd\u011blen na \u0160t\u00e1tny hydrologick\u00fd \u00fastav, jeho\u017e p\u0159ednostou se stal Oto Dub a na \u0160t\u00e1tny meteorologick\u00fd \u00fastav, jeho\u017e p\u0159ednostou byl Mikul\u00e1\u0161 Kon\u010dek. Oba \u00fastavy m\u011bly rozd\u00edln\u00e9 osudy. Kdy\u017e z\u00e1konem z 9. 1. 1951 byl z\u0159\u00edzen V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodohospo\u00add\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v Praze s pobo\u010dkou v Bratislav\u011b, byli do n\u011bj p\u0159evede\u00adni v\u0161ichni zam\u011bstnanci hydrologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu krom\u011b pracov\u00adn\u00edk\u016f provozu, kte\u0159\u00ed byli p\u0159evedeni do vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch rozvojov\u00fdch st\u0159edisek. T\u00edm \u0160t\u00e1tny hydrologick\u00fd \u00fastav zanikl. V\u00fdvoj slovensk\u00e9ho meteorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu sm\u011b\u0159oval ke spojen\u00ed s analogick\u00fdm \u00fastavem v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>9.\u00a0 ST\u00c1TN\u00cd METEOROLOGICK\u00dd \u00daSTAV<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Na z\u00e1klad\u011b vl\u00e1dn\u00edho na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed z 11. 7. 1950 vznikl St\u00e1tn\u00ed meteorologick\u00fd \u00fastav (SM\u00da) s celost\u00e1tn\u00ed p\u016fsobnost\u00ed, kter\u00fd vznikl slou\u010den\u00edm St\u00e1tn\u00edho meteorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu v Praze, n\u00e1stupce \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edho meteorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu pro \u010cechy a Moravu a \u0160t\u00e1tneho meteorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu v Bratislav\u011b, kter\u00fd se stal region\u00e1ln\u00ed instituc\u00ed pro \u00fazem\u00ed Slovenska. Nad\u0159\u00ed\u00adzen\u00fdm rezortem bylo Ministerstvo dopravy, resp. Poveren\u00edctvo dopravy. \u0158editelem \u00fastavu byl jmenov\u00e1n Alois Gregor, slovensk\u00e9ho J\u00e1n Dan\u00e9 (1903-1974). \u00dastav\u016fm se poda\u0159ilo obnovit v\u00e1lkou zni\u010den\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b stanic a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed na navr\u00e1cen\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch, podle po\u017eadavk\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch slo\u017eek n\u00e1rodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed z\u0159izovat nov\u00e9 stanice a dob\u0159e zorganizovat synoptickou a leteckou slu\u017ebu. V roce 1951 byla v Bratislav\u011b d\u00e1na do u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e1 budova na Kolib\u011b, projektov\u00e1na ji\u017e pod\u00adle pot\u0159eb \u00fastavu.<\/span><\/p><\/div><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Podle nov\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dn\u00edho na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed od 1. 1. 1952 byl pra\u017esk\u00fd a bratislavsk\u00fd \u00fastav spojen do spole\u010dn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu s \u0159editelstv\u00edm v Praze, slou\u010den tak\u00e9 s v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eby a pod\u0159\u00edzen Ministerstvu n\u00e1rodn\u00ed obrany. Jako d\u016fvod se uv\u00e1d\u011blo zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se politick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed, ozna\u010do\u00advan\u00e9 jako studen\u00e1 v\u00e1lka. \u0158editelem \u00fastavu se stal Josef Z\u00edtek (1916-1989). Tehdy byla z jeho kompetence vy\u0148ata synop-tick\u00e1 a leteck\u00e1 pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed slu\u017eba, podl\u00e9haj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo arm\u00e1\u00add\u011b. Proveden\u00e9 reorganizace v\u0161ak m\u011bly jen kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 trv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>10.\u00a0\u00a0 HYDROMETEOROLOGICK\u00dd \u00daSTAV<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pronikavou zm\u011bnu vyvolalo vl\u00e1dn\u00ed na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed z 27.11.1953 o Hydrometeorologick\u00e9m \u00fastavu (HM\u00da), \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 od 1. 1. 1954. Znamenalo nej v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed organiza\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1sah do \u010des\u00adkoslovensk\u00e9 hydrologick\u00e9 a meteorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby od roku 1919, kdy slu\u017eby u n\u00e1s byly konstituov\u00e1ny. Stav, kter\u00fd navo\u00addilo, m\u00e1 za dobu existence na\u0161\u00ed slu\u017eby nejdel\u0161\u00ed trv\u00e1n\u00ed a v pod\u00adstat\u011b trv\u00e1 doposud, i kdy\u017e prob\u011bhly st\u00e1topr\u00e1vn\u00ed zm\u011bny, souvi\u00adsej\u00edc\u00ed s federalizac\u00ed a z\u00e1nikem spole\u010dn\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. Podle uvede\u00adn\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dn\u00edho na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byl dosavadn\u00ed SM\u00da slou\u010den s hydro\u00adlogickou a hydrografickou slu\u017ebou vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch roz\u00advojov\u00fdch st\u0159edisek a znovu byla do \u00fastavu za\u010dlen\u011bna p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed slu\u017eba. HM\u00da byl pod\u0159\u00edzen \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed spr\u00e1v\u011b vod\u00adn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, a t\u00edm byl poprv\u00e9 p\u0159i\u010dlen\u011bn k rezortu vod\u00adn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Tak byla v celost\u00e1tn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku dokon\u010de\u00adna integrace meteorologick\u00e9 a hydrologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby, kterou do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve p\u0159edstavoval \u0160HaM\u00da.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jist\u011b\u017ee spojen\u00ed hydrologie s meteorologi\u00ed do jednoho \u00fasta\u00advu bylo napodoben\u00edm sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho vzoru (v SSSR do\u0161lo ke spojen\u00ed ji\u017e v roce 1924), av\u0161ak, jak jsme ji\u017e uvedli, podobn\u00e9 snahy byly star\u0161\u00edho data. Ji\u017e Franti\u0161ek Augustin (1846-1908) navrhoval bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed sep\u011bt\u00ed obou bl\u00edzk\u00fdch obor\u016f a poslanec Kaftan na sn\u011bmu Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho v roce 1891 podal n\u00e1vrh na z\u0159\u00ed\u00adzen\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu pro meteorologii a hydrografii, jak\u00fd v t\u00e9 dob\u011b fungoval v n\u011bkter\u00fdch n\u011bmeck\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. Dlouho\u00adlet\u00e1 praxe HM\u00da prok\u00e1zala prosp\u011b\u0161nost onoho spojen\u00ed z hle\u00addiska ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed slo\u017eek vodn\u00ed bilance, hydrologick\u00fdch p\u0159edpo\u00adv\u011bd\u00ed, komplexn\u00ed posudkov\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, spole\u010dn\u00fdch v\u00fdzkum\u00adn\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f, vyu\u017eit\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed a databank i usnadn\u011bn\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch kontakt\u016f s partnery v sousedn\u00edch st\u00e1tech i v r\u00e1mci SMO.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Pracovi\u0161t\u011b \u00fastavu v Bratislav\u011b (nap\u0159. v roce 1958 tam p\u0159i zm\u011bn\u011b organiza\u010dn\u00ed struktury byla z\u0159\u00edzena pobo\u010dka s odbory hydrologie a klimatologie) si uchovala zna\u010dnou m\u00edru samo\u00adstatnosti a v n\u011bkter\u00fdch sm\u011brech ur\u010dovala odborn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj cel\u00e9\u00adho \u00fastavu. Uplatn\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kona o \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 federaci od 1. 1. 1969 vedlo k rozd\u011blen\u00ed dosud jednotn\u00e9 slu\u017eby a vytvo\u0159en\u00ed dvou n\u00e1rodn\u00edch \u00fastav\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159echodn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaly n\u00e1zvy Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav Praha a Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav Bratislava. Pra\u017esk\u00fd \u00fastav sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho n\u00e1zvu \u010cesk\u00fd hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav (\u010cHM\u00da) u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 od roku 1980, bratislavsk\u00fd ozna\u010den\u00ed Slovensk\u00fd hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav (SHM\u00da) od roku 1982. Po z\u00e1niku federace od 1.1.1993 \u00fasta\u00advy p\u016fsob\u00ed ve dvou st\u00e1tn\u00edch \u00fatvarech jako p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvkov\u00e9 nebo rozpo\u010dtov\u00e9 organizace Ministerstev \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. \u0158editeli HM\u00da, resp. \u010cHM\u00da po Josefu Z\u00edtkovi se postupn\u011b stali Franti\u0161ek Pechala, V\u00e1clav Richter, Milan Koldovsk\u00fd a Ivan Obrusn\u00edk, samostatn\u00fd \u00fastav v Bratislav\u011b vedl Ferdi\u00adnand \u0160amaj, nyn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm \u0159editelem SHM\u00da je \u0160tefan \u0160kulec.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>11. Z\u00c1V\u011aR<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 hydrometeorologick\u00e1 slu\u017eba v na\u0161ich zem\u00edch a st\u00e1tech za 80 let pro\u0161la obrovsk\u00fdm person\u00e1ln\u00edm, materi\u00e1ln\u00edm a v\u011bdeck\u00fdm rozvojem. Z nepatrn\u00fdch za\u010d\u00e1tk\u016f s n\u011bkolika des\u00edtkami zam\u011bstnanc\u016f se rozrostla do t\u00e9 m\u00edry, \u017ee oba HM\u00da p\u0159ed rozpadem federace zam\u011bstn\u00e1valy asi 1 800 pracovn\u00edk\u016f, z toho zhruba 500 s vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00fdm vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00edm r\u016fzn\u00e9ho druhu. Bylo vybudov\u00e1no na 90 profesion\u00e1ln\u00edch pra\u00adcovi\u0161\u0165, z toho 36 na Slovensku, krom\u011b meteorologick\u00fdch sta\u00adnic nap\u0159. s\u00eddla veden\u00ed \u00fastav\u016f v Bratislav\u011b-Kolib\u011b, v Praze-Komo\u0159anech, pobo\u010dky v b\u00fdval\u00fdch krajsk\u00fdch m\u011bstech, d\u00e1le hydroprogn\u00f3zn\u00ed st\u0159ediska, provozn\u00ed a v\u011bdeckov\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 pra\u00adcovi\u0161t\u011b Praha-Libu\u0161, Mal\u00fd Javorn\u00edk, Jaslovsk\u00e9 Bohunice, G\u00e1novce, observato\u0159e Doksany, Milhostov, Tu\u0161imice a Ko\u00ad\u0161etice, radioloka\u010dn\u00ed stanice Koj\u0161ovsk\u00e1 hol\u00e1, Skalky a Praha (Brdy), byly vybudov\u00e1ny pln\u011b automatizovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b imisn\u00edho monitoringu zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, centr\u00e1ln\u00ed archivy Brozany a Liptovsk\u00fd J\u00e1n, \u0161kolic\u00ed a rekrea\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, nap\u0159. Radosto-vice, uskute\u010dnila se rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 automatizace klimatologick\u00fdch a hydrologick\u00fdch stanic. Nov\u00e1 technologie zas\u00e1hla telekomu\u00adnika\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, distribuci a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat, hromadn\u011b byly nasa\u00adzeny pro provozn\u00ed a v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce osobn\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010de. Pomoc\u00ed superpo\u010d\u00edta\u010de jsou v \u010cHM\u00da z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1ny p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed materi\u00e1\u00adly, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed i zahrani\u010dn\u00ed slu\u017eby.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 investi\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdstavba m\u011bla slou\u017eit p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm nov\u00fdm \u010dinnostem, kter\u00e9 HM\u00da p\u0159evzal. Z nich nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed byla ochrana \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, d\u00e1le aerologie, radioloka\u010dn\u00ed a dru\u017eicov\u00e1 meteorologie, zabezpe\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed jadern\u00e9 energetiky sledov\u00e1n\u00ed jakosti vody, rozvinuly se numerick\u00e9 p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed metody a modelov\u00e1n\u00ed, vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v meteorologii, hydrologii i ochran\u011b \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Vznikly rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 publikace v\u011bnovan\u00e9 hydrologick\u00fdm pom\u011br\u016fm \u010ceskoslovenska, sv\u011btov\u011b unik\u00e1tn\u00ed d\u00edlo, d\u00e1le atlas podneb\u00ed, klimatografie slovensk\u00fdch kraj\u016f, klimatologie Hurbanova a jin\u00fdch v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch stanic, zhodnocen\u00ed agroklimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek, po\u010das\u00ed za ur\u010dit\u00fdch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch situac\u00ed, po\u010das\u00ed a podneb\u00ed kru\u0161nohorsk\u00e9 oblasti, souborn\u00e9 vyhodnoce\u00adn\u00ed podneb\u00ed, vodn\u00edho re\u017eimu a kvality \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed v \u010ceskoslovensku a mnoh\u00e9 nepublikovan\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly velk\u00e9 faktografick\u00e9 ceny.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Nebylo \u00fa\u010delem tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku pojednat o v\u00fdsledc\u00edch jed\u00adnotliv\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed hydrometeorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby, ale v souvis\u00adlosti s jej\u00edm jubileem pouk\u00e1zat na jej\u00ed organiza\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj, kte\u00adr\u00fd byl dosti pestr\u00fd a m\u00e1lo p\u0159ehledn\u00fd. V\u00fdvoj pokra\u010duje a vede k nov\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 souvisej\u00ed s technick\u00fdm pokrokem a nov\u00fdmi \u00fakoly a tak\u00e9 s mno\u017estv\u00edm finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 se do slu\u017eby vkl\u00e1daj\u00ed. \u0160et\u0159en\u00ed vyvolan\u00e9 moment\u00e1ln\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159skou situac\u00ed v \u010cesku a na Slovensku by nem\u011blo zne\u00adhodnotit dosavadn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci tis\u00edc\u016f zam\u011bstnanc\u016f a dobrovoln\u00fdch pozorovatel\u016f, ale odstranit nehospod\u00e1rnost v \u00fasec\u00edch, v nich\u017e se snad n\u00e1rodn\u00ed slu\u017eby rozm\u00e1chly a\u017e p\u0159\u00edli\u0161.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">D\u011bjiny hydrometeorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby na \u00fazem\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00e9ho \u010ceskoslovenska ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee \u00fastavy, kter\u00e9 jsou jej\u00edmi vykona\u00advateli, lze spojovat, rozd\u011blovat, redukovat, ru\u0161it a znovu z\u0159i\u00adzovat, av\u0161ak slu\u017ebu jako takovou pro jej\u00ed obecnou prosp\u011b\u0161nost nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 nem\u00edt. Existovala d\u00e1vno p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e se za\u010dalo u n\u00e1s hojn\u011b sklo\u0148ovat slovo ekologie a monitorovala ovzdu\u0161n\u011b vodn\u00ed slo\u017eky \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed mnohem d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e si spo\u00adle\u010dnost ofici\u00e1ln\u011b uv\u011bdomila, co s t\u00edmto prost\u0159ed\u00edm prov\u00e1d\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Karel Kr\u0161ka, MZ 1999\/6, ro\u010dn\u00edk 52, str. 161-164<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. \u00daVOD V tomto roce uplyne 80 let od z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tn\u00edho \u00fastavu meteorologick\u00e9ho a \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tn\u00ed\u00adho \u00fastavu hydrologick\u00e9ho, a t\u00edm i od zalo\u017een\u00ed \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 hydrometeorologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed je [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11804","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11804","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11804"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11804\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11808,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11804\/revisions\/11808"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11804"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}