{"id":11637,"date":"2025-01-04T21:46:50","date_gmt":"2025-01-04T20:46:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=11637"},"modified":"2025-02-08T21:57:04","modified_gmt":"2025-02-08T20:57:04","slug":"jaroslav-santroch-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/jaroslav-santroch-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Jaroslav \u0160antroch-rozhovor"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"11637\" class=\"elementor elementor-11637\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-982e68d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"982e68d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c174fe1\" data-id=\"c174fe1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3716516 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3716516\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"content clearfix\"><div class=\"field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden\"><div class=\"field-items\"><div class=\"field-item even\"><h2><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Rozhovor s\u00a0ing. Jaroslavem \u0160antrochem, CSc., n\u00e1m\u011bstkem pro obor ochrana \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9m hydrometeorologick\u00e9m \u00fastavu<\/strong><\/span><\/h2><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/sites\/default\/files\/%C5%A0antroch.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"214\" height=\"171\" \/>1. Pane n\u00e1m\u011bstku, ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s tradi\u010dn\u00edmi obory meteorologie a hydrologie je obor ochrany \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed \u201emlad\u00edkem\u201c, \u010dinnost \u00fastavu o tento obor byla roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena v roce 1967. Jste pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jednoho z \u201eotc\u016f zakladatel\u016f\u201c a jist\u011b i proto m\u016f\u017eete zprost\u0159edkovat, jak a s jak\u00fdmi p\u0159edstavami jste tehdy za\u010d\u00ednali?<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Historie oboru ochrany \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v \u010cesk\u00e9m hydrometeorologick\u00e9m \u00fastavu je ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s tradi\u010dn\u00edmi obory meteorologie a hydrologie skute\u010dn\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00e1, av\u0161ak kv\u016fli probl\u00e9m\u016fm, kter\u00e9 musely b\u00fdt \u0159e\u0161eny ve st\u00e1t\u011b s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi emisemi oxidu si\u0159i\u010dit\u00e9ho (v sedmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch a osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech) na obyvatele v Evrop\u011b, velice bohat\u00e1 a zaj\u00edmav\u00e1. Problematika ochrany \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed byla do \u010dinnosti Hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu za\u010dlen\u011bna v r. 1967 po schv\u00e1len\u00ed z\u00e1kona \u010d. 35\/1967 Sb. o opat\u0159en\u00edch proti zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a s t\u00edm souvisej\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159echodem problematiky ochrany ovzdu\u0161\u00ed do rezortu ministerstva lesn\u00edho a vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, kdy byla z\u0159\u00edzena speci\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017eka ochrany \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed jako odborn\u00e1 z\u00e1kladna objektivn\u00edho sledov\u00e1n\u00ed a hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdvoje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed pro pot\u0159eby ministerstev, n\u00e1rodn\u00edch v\u00fdbor\u016f a investor\u016f p\u0159i rozvoji oblast\u00ed, asanaci \u00fazem\u00ed a ochran\u011b prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Jej\u00ed zaklad tvo\u0159ili pracovn\u00edci, pod veden\u00edm dr. Bed\u0159icha B\u00f6hma, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161li z hygienick\u00e9 slu\u017eby. V r. 1968 bylo z t\u00e9to slo\u017eky, vybaven\u00e9 n\u011bkolika des\u00edtkami odborn\u00edk\u016f a pot\u0159ebnou technikou, vytvo\u0159eno v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 a odborn\u00e9 pracovi\u0161t\u011b pod n\u00e1zvem Laborato\u0159 ochrany ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e1 po federalizaci v r. 1969 byla p\u0159ejmenov\u00e1na na odborn\u00e9 st\u0159edisko ochrany \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, s deta\u0161ovan\u00fdmi pracovi\u0161ti na pobo\u010dk\u00e1ch HM\u00da v \u00dast\u00ed nad Labem, Ostrav\u011b a Brn\u011b. Je a\u017e neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9, \u017ee jsem za\u010dal pracovat v tomto p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 mlad\u00e9m a perspektivn\u00edm kolektivu ji\u017e p\u0159ed 37 lety, zpo\u010d\u00e1tku v odd\u011blen\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed radioaktivity ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a pozd\u011bji v laborato\u0159\u00edch zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. V roce 1970 byla \u010dinnost OSO\u010cO roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena o v\u00fdzkum a inventarizaci emis\u00ed u zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. V r\u00e1mci st\u00e1tn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fakolu V\u00fdzkum rozptylu \u0161kodlivin v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e s ohledem na zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho v letech 1968\u20131970, byla vybudov\u00e1na prvn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edch stanic oxidu si\u0159i\u010dit\u00e9ho a pol\u00e9tav\u00e9ho prachu v\u00a0\u010ceskoslovensku a byly vytvo\u0159eny p\u0159edpoklady pro systematick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na jeho \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>2. Asi je mo\u017en\u00e9 konstatovat, \u017ee probl\u00e9m zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed si ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed vynutil vznik specializovan\u00e9ho pracovi\u0161t\u011b v instituci zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se procesy v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e a hydrosf\u00e9\u0159e, tedy v \u010cHM\u00da. Jak\u00e9 byly \u00fakoly tohoto pracovi\u0161t\u011b a jak se postupn\u011b roz\u0161i\u0159oval rozsah \u010dinnosti.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ji\u017e od po\u010d\u00e1tku \u010dinnosti oboru ochrana \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v HM\u00da byla hlavn\u00ed pozornost zam\u011b\u0159ena na monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee pouze na z\u00e1klad\u011b nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch dat a stanoven\u00ed podm\u00ednek pro \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a rozptyl \u0161kodlivin je mo\u017eno realizovat na zdroj\u00edch technologick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed vedouc\u00ed ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed. Hlavn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v \u010ceskoslovensku a na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed Evropy byly exhalace ze spalovac\u00edch proces\u016f, proto byly jako z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161kodliviny pro monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed vybr\u00e1ny oxid si\u0159i\u010dit\u00fd a pra\u0161n\u00fd aerosol. D\u00e1le se m\u011b\u0159ily oxidy dus\u00edku, oxid uhelnat\u00fd a n\u011bkter\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed specifick\u00e9 \u0161kodliviny. Ji\u017e na po\u010d\u00e1tku sedmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let pracovalo v s\u00edt\u00edch HM\u00da v\u00edce ne\u017e sto stanic pravideln\u011b m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edch zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b diskontinu\u00e1ln\u00edmi manu\u00e1ln\u00edmi metodami. S\u00a0rozvojem citlivosti analytick\u00fdch metod a jejich automatizac\u00ed byly n\u011bkter\u00e9 stanice pozd\u011bji vybavov\u00e1ny automatick\u00fdmi analyz\u00e1tory. Znalost kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase se sou\u010dasnou progn\u00f3zou meteorologick\u00e9 situace d\u00e1vala p\u0159edpoklad vyu\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto dat pro regulaci zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed syst\u00e9m regulace velk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, pracuj\u00edc\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b progn\u00f3zy meteorologick\u00e9 situace a nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch imisn\u00edch dat, byl uveden do provozu v osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech v Severo\u010desk\u00e9m kraji a pozd\u011bji na Ostravsku. V t\u011bchto letech byly skute\u010dn\u011b p\u0159i smogov\u00fdch epizod\u00e1ch prov\u00e1d\u011bny z\u00e1sahy do re\u017eimu provozu velk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f emis\u00ed a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm elektr\u00e1ren v Severo\u010desk\u00e9m kraji, v\u010detn\u011b v\u00fdm\u011bny nekvalitn\u00edho, vysoce sirnat\u00e9ho paliva za uhl\u00ed kvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, co\u017e byl komplikovan\u00fd a bohu\u017eel v\u011bt\u0161inou dlouhodob\u011bj\u0161\u00ed proces prakticky bez efektu na kvalitu vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Soustavn\u00e9 sledov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v s\u00edt\u00edch stanic p\u0159edstavuje obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f. Kvalitativn\u00ed zm\u011bnou ve zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed byla realizace Intern\u00edho informa\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Tento syst\u00e9m zah\u00e1jil \u010dinnost v r. 1971 a jeho v\u00fdsledkem bylo vytvo\u0159en\u00ed banky dat na nov\u00fdch, i kdy\u017e z dne\u0161n\u00edho hlediska jednoduch\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u00edch a vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch ro\u010denek \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav ji\u017e v sedmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech zpracov\u00e1val v\u00fdsledky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u0161ech organizac\u00ed zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch monitoring kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Bohu\u017eel publikace t\u011bchto dat nebyla pro st\u00e1tn\u00ed org\u00e1ny \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed, proto ro\u010denky \u010cesk\u00e9ho hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed m\u011bly ozna\u010den\u00ed \u201ePouze pro slu\u017eebn\u00ed pot\u0159ebu\u201c. Zaveden\u00ed nov\u00e9 organizace \u010cHM\u00da na po\u010d\u00e1tku osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let znamenalo rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u010dinnosti v oboru ochrana \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed do r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f \u00fastavu. Kv\u016fli tomu se omezila, a t\u00edm i zhor\u0161ila, spolupr\u00e1ce jednotliv\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f ochrany \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, co\u017e se projevilo ve v\u00fdrazn\u00e9m sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed odborn\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pak v kvalit\u011b poskytovan\u00fdch dat jak v oblasti monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed, tak i v oblasti jejich zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed a vyhodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">N\u00e1vrat k oborov\u00e9mu \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9ho hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu, a s t\u00edm souvisej\u00edc\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00ed \u00faseku ochrany \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1tkem devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let, pos\u00edlil postaven\u00ed \u00fastavu v t\u00e9to oblasti tak. \u017de v sou\u010dasnosti je \u010cHM\u00da vedouc\u00ed instituc\u00ed na \u00faseku sledov\u00e1n\u00ed a vyhodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v \u010cR.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>3. Projevy a symptomy zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed byl jist\u011b srovnateln\u00e9 s dal\u0161\u00edmi zem\u011bmi, u n\u00e1s patrn\u011b vzhledem k z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ei t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdm pr\u016fmyslem zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech z\u0159eteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Vych\u00e1zeli jste p\u0159i koncipov\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9mu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, sledov\u00e1n\u00ed a progn\u00f3zy ze zahrani\u010dn\u00edch zku\u0161enost\u00ed? Pt\u00e1me se, proto\u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch program\u016f existuje v\u00edce jak \u010dtvrtstolet\u00ed v\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edm pojet\u00ed, pouze s aktu\u00e1ln\u00edmi obsahov\u00fdmi modifikacemi. Uve\u010fme nap\u0159. Progn\u00f3zn\u00ed a sign\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m ochrany ovzdu\u0161\u00ed (PSS), Imisn\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m (IIS), Registr emis\u00ed a zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed (REZZO) apod.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Souhlas\u00edm s V\u00e1mi, \u017de hlavn\u00ed sm\u011bry aktivit byly ji\u017e od po\u010d\u00e1tku \u010dinnosti oboru ochrana ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v \u010cHM\u00da nastaveny dob\u0159e. Je to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1sluha kolektivu odborn\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed tyto programy p\u0159ipravovali a realizovali. Z velk\u00e9ho po\u010dtu odborn\u00edk\u016f bych r\u00e1d zm\u00ednil alespo\u0148 dr. Bed\u0159icha B\u00f6hma a dr. Milana Koldovsk\u00e9ho v oblasti meteorologick\u00fdch aspekt\u016f zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, dr. Jitku Hrdou v oblasti datab\u00e1z\u00ed a informa\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f a ing. Ji\u0159\u00edho Kurf\u00fcrsta v oblasti registru emis\u00ed a zdroj\u016f. Ale i dal\u0161\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed postupn\u011b p\u0159ich\u00e1zeli, zajistili, \u017ee vybudovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m m\u011bl vysokou odbornou \u00farove\u0148, a t\u00edm byl i snadno aplikovateln\u00fd p\u0159i realizaci nov\u00e9 legislativy p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b vstupu \u010cR do EU. P\u0159esto v\u0161ak V\u00e1mi zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 programy byly v posledn\u00edch letech v\u00fdznamn\u011b inovovan\u00e9. V r. 2004 byla dokon\u010dena inovace informa\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu ISKO2 a jeho p\u0159echod pod datab\u00e1zi ORACLE. Nov\u00fd syst\u00e9m je realizov\u00e1n s ohledem na rychle vzr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed po\u017eadavky na ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f a metadat a je v n\u011bm \u0159e\u0161eno i ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed operativn\u00edch dat, kter\u00e9 d\u0159\u00edve bylo realizov\u00e1no v odd\u011blen\u00e9 datab\u00e1zi. Sou\u010dasn\u011b je zpracov\u00e1na a d\u00e1le roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1na softwarov\u00e1 podpora, vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z po\u017eadavk\u016f reportingu sm\u011brem k EU, v\u00fdstup\u016f pro st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vu a podklad\u016f pro ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed tabel\u00e1rn\u00edch sestav a ro\u010denek \u010cHM\u00da. Registr emis\u00ed a zdroj\u016f byl postupn\u011b upraven tak, aby spl\u0148oval po\u017eadavky na zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed pravideln\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed bilance emis\u00ed za \u010cR podle standardn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 metodiky EMEP\/CORINAIR. Legislativn\u011b je nov\u011b zpracov\u00e1n \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed, krajsk\u00fd a m\u00edstn\u00ed regula\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d, s nezanedbatelnou rol\u00ed \u010cHM\u00da, o zdroj\u00edch zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a o stavu a p\u0159edpov\u011bdi rozptylov\u00fdch podm\u00ednek. V souladu s po\u017eadavkem zp\u0159\u00edstup\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch informac\u00ed o \u00farovni zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed za \u00fa\u010delem ochrany zdrav\u00ed lid\u00ed byla upravena lokalizace monitorovac\u00edch stanic automatizovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b a je zaji\u0161t\u011bno p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dat v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed pro rozhlas, televizi, tisk, po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b a jin\u00e9 hromadn\u00e9 sd\u011blovac\u00ed prost\u0159edky.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>4. Jak\u00e9 jsou hlavn\u00ed \u00fakoly \u00faseku ochrany \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v sou\u010dasnosti a jak je \u00fasek person\u00e1ln\u011b vybaven?<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm \u00fakolem \u010cesk\u00e9ho hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu podle z\u0159izovac\u00ed listiny je vykon\u00e1vat funkci \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edho st\u00e1tn\u00edho \u00fastavu pro obory \u010distota ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, hydrologie, jakost vody, klimatologie a meteorologie, jako odborn\u00e9 slu\u017eby poskytovan\u00e9 p\u0159ednostn\u011b pro st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vu. V \u00faseku ochrany \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed \u00fastav zabezpe\u010duje z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed objektivn\u00edch informac\u00ed o dosavadn\u00edm v\u00fdvoji, sou\u010dasn\u00e9m stavu zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a jeho progn\u00f3ze pro pot\u0159ebu st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy, samospr\u00e1vy, informov\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti a poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00edm partner\u016fm. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed vstupy jsou zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1ny provozov\u00e1n\u00edm monitoringu kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR a zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00edm provozn\u00edho informa\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed (ISKO), zahrnuj\u00edc\u00edm krom\u011b imisn\u00edch dat i data o emis\u00edch a jejich zdroj\u00edch (REZZO). Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost je v\u011bnov\u00e1na zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u010dinnost\u00ed vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch ze z\u00e1kona \u010d. 86\/2002 Sb., v platn\u00e9m zn\u011bn\u00ed, o ochran\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou specifikov\u00e1ny ve z\u0159izovac\u00ed listin\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>5. Jak\u00e9 jsou hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdstupy a v jak\u00e9 form\u011b jsou poskytov\u00e1ny org\u00e1n\u016fm st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy a ve\u0159ejnosti?<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Hlavn\u00edmi pravideln\u00fdmi ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00edmi v\u00fdstupy jsou souhrnn\u00fd ro\u010dn\u00ed tabel\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159ehled Zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e1 depozice v datech, \u010cesk\u00e1 republika a grafick\u00e1 ro\u010denka zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Uveden\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159ehledy jsou ur\u010deny pro pr\u00e1ci org\u00e1n\u016f a organizac\u00ed \u0159e\u0161\u00edc\u00edch problematiku \u017divotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a ochrany ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0na\u0161em st\u00e1t\u011b. Bezplatn\u011b jsou poskytov\u00e1ny org\u00e1n\u016fm st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy v ochran\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed (M\u017dP \u010cR, refer\u00e1t\u016fm \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed krajsk\u00fdch a m\u011bstsk\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f a \u010cesk\u00e9 inspekci \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b oblastn\u00edch inspektor\u00e1t\u016f). Pro pot\u0159eby M\u017dP jsou ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1ny podklady pro vymezen\u00ed oblast\u00ed se zhor\u0161enou kvalitou ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b emisn\u00ed inventury a zpracovan\u00fdch p\u0159ehled\u016f o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed je p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek do zpr\u00e1vy M\u017dP \u017divotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice, kter\u00e1 je ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1na vl\u00e1d\u011b \u010cR. Ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b jsou d\u00e1le pro vl\u00e1du p\u0159ipravov\u00e1ny zpr\u00e1vy o vyhodnocen\u00ed imisn\u00edho monitoringu a hodnocen\u00ed provozu smogov\u00fdch regula\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f. Prezentace informac\u00ed o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed je zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1na na internetov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch \u010cHM\u00da, teletextu \u010cesk\u00e9 televize nebo na telefonn\u00ed lince 14 110.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>6. Podle pov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edho ze sou\u010dasn\u00e9 legislativy provozuje \u010cHM\u00da st\u00e1tn\u00ed imisn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165. Z jak\u00fdch stanic tato s\u00ed\u0165 sest\u00e1v\u00e1? Je rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed stanic reprezentativn\u00ed a odpov\u00edd\u00e1 jejich technick\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed soudob\u00fdm po\u017eadavk\u016fm?<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V souladu se z\u00e1konem o ochran\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed \u010d. 86\/2002 Sb., byl \u010cHM\u00da pov\u011b\u0159en monitorov\u00e1n\u00edm kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. S\u00ed\u0165 imisn\u00edho monitoringu je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nkem sledov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v \u010cR. \u00da\u010delem takto pojat\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed imisn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b je poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch informac\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00edm org\u00e1n\u016fm z hlediska \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed cel\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu a pro pln\u011bn\u00ed \u00fakol\u016f vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch z nov\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed legislativy v oblasti ochrany ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, z p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch sm\u011brnic EU a ze z\u00e1vazk\u016f plynouc\u00edch z mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch dohod uzav\u0159en\u00fdch \u010ceskou republikou. Tato s\u00ed\u0165 byla v letech 2002\u20132004 renovov\u00e1na tak, aby vyhovovala po\u017eadavk\u016fm legislativy \u010cR a EU. Koncep\u010dn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed t\u00e9to renovace nav\u00e1zalo na zku\u0161enosti s provozem m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b automatizovan\u00e9ho imisn\u00edho monitoringu vybudovan\u00e9 za\u010d\u00e1tkem devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let. Z hodnocen\u00ed zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed podle po\u017eadavk\u016f p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch sm\u011brnic EU vyplynulo, \u017ee hlavn\u00ed pozornost bude zam\u011b\u0159ena na zkvalitn\u011bn\u00ed monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed jemn\u00e9 frakce pra\u0161n\u00e9ho aerosolu \u2013 PM<sub>10<\/sub>, na prekurzory ozonu t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (benzen) a oxidy dus\u00edku, na t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kovy a perzistentn\u00ed organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b bylo nutno zajistit zlep\u0161en\u00ed kvality monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed pra\u0161n\u00e9ho aerosolu, proto\u017ee kvalita m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edstroji nebyla vyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed. V souladu s\u00a0legislativn\u00edm\u00a0 po\u017eadavky byla proto st\u00e1tn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 navr\u017eena tak, aby bylo zaji\u0161t\u011bno sledov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v aglomerac\u00edch Praha, Brno a Moravskoslezsk\u00fd kraj, ve v\u0161ech 12 z\u00f3n\u00e1ch (kraj\u00edch) a d\u00e1le ve v\u0161ech m\u011bstech s po\u010dtem obyvatel od ca 30 tis\u00edc. P\u0159i stanoven\u00ed po\u010dtu stanic v jednotliv\u00fdch aglomerac\u00edch a z\u00f3n\u00e1ch se d\u00e1le p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eelo k velikosti jejich emisn\u00edho a imisn\u00edho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed. Podle na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy 350\/2002 Sb. je proto na \u00fazem\u00ed cel\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n provoz automatizovan\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b pro kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, dopln\u011bn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00edmi manu\u00e1ln\u00edmi. V r\u00e1mci t\u00e9to s\u00edt\u011b jsou analyz\u00e1tory m\u011b\u0159eny v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase s p\u0159enosem do vyhodnocovac\u00edho centra koncentrace oxidu si\u0159i\u010dit\u00e9ho, suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic PM<sub>10<\/sub>, PM<sub>2.5<\/sub>, oxid\u016f dus\u00edku, oxidu dusi\u010dit\u00e9ho, oxidu dusnat\u00e9ho, oxidu uhelnat\u00e9ho, benzenu a ozonu, v dopl\u0148kov\u00e9 manu\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edti potom koncentrace t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kov\u016f \u2013 olova, kadmia, arzenu a niklu a polycyklick\u00fdch aromatick\u00fdch uhlovod\u00edk\u016f. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti tvo\u0159\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 imisn\u00edho monitoringu 64 z\u00e1kladn\u00edch automatizovan\u00fdch stanic, kterou dopl\u0148uje 13 \u00fa\u010delov\u00fdch automatizovan\u00fdch stanic pro monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00edho ozonu a 4 \u00fa\u010delov\u00e9 automatizovan\u00e9 stanice v dopravn\u011b exponovan\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch. D\u00e1le je tato s\u00ed\u0165 dopln\u011bna s\u00edt\u00ed manu\u00e1ln\u00edch monitorovac\u00edch stanic, ur\u010den\u00fdch p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kov\u016f a polycyklick\u00fdch aromatick\u00fdch uhlovod\u00edk\u016f, na kter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 odb\u011brov\u00e9 aparatury vy\u017eaduj\u00ed lidskou obsluhu a odebran\u00e9 vzorky je nutno n\u00e1sledn\u011b vyhodnotit ve specializovan\u00fdch chemick\u00fdch laborato\u0159\u00edch \u00fastavu.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>7. Z uplynul\u00fdch letech byla s nemal\u00fdmi n\u00e1klady z\u0159\u00edzena kalibra\u010dn\u00ed laborato\u0159 imis\u00ed s akreditac\u00ed p\u0159idru\u017een\u00e9 laborato\u0159e \u010cesk\u00e9ho metrologick\u00e9ho institutu. M\u016f\u017eete stru\u010dn\u011b charakterizovat n\u00e1pl\u0148 \u010dinnosti tohoto pracovi\u0161t\u011b a v\u00fdznam osv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed o akreditaci pro imisn\u00ed monitoring \u010cHM\u00da?<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kalibra\u010dn\u00ed laborato\u0159 imis\u00ed je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sdru\u017een\u00ed akreditovan\u00fdch referen\u010dn\u00edch laborato\u0159\u00ed Metrochem, jako sou\u010d\u00e1st programu EUROMET, kter\u00e9 metrologicky zast\u0159e\u0161uje p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 chemick\u00e1 referen\u010dn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. V roce 2000 laborato\u0159 z\u00edskala osv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed o akreditaci podle \u010cSN EN 45001 pro kalibraci pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed oxidu si\u0159i\u010dit\u00e9ho, oxid\u016f dus\u00edku, oxidu uhelnat\u00e9ho a ozonu v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bylo v roce 2001 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eno o m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed benzenu, toluenu a xylenu (BTX) a v r. 2002 reaktivov\u00e1no podle \u010cSN EN 17025. Kalibra\u010dn\u00ed laborato\u0159 imis\u00ed se jako p\u0159idru\u017een\u00e1 laborato\u0159 \u010cesk\u00e9ho metrologick\u00e9ho institutu z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148uje Programu rozvoje metrologie v \u010cR zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00edm a udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm provozu etalonu SRP \u010d. 17 NIST (standardn\u00ed referen\u010dn\u00ed fotometr) pro kalibraci analyz\u00e1tor\u016f ozonu, kter\u00fd bude v tomto roce vyhl\u00e1\u0161en jako st\u00e1tn\u00ed etalon. Kalibra\u010dn\u00ed laborato\u0159 imis\u00ed vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 funkci region\u00e1ln\u00edho kalibra\u010dn\u00edho centra SMO\/GAV a EMEP\/EHK OSN pro st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropu pro kalibraci analyz\u00e1tor\u016f ozonu. Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm \u00fakolem kalibra\u010dn\u00ed laborato\u0159e je v\u0161ak zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kalibrac\u00ed a n\u00e1vaznosti etalon\u016f pro imisn\u00ed monitoring provozovan\u00fd \u010cesk\u00fdm hydrometeorologick\u00fdm \u00fastavem. Zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1vaznosti kalibra\u010dn\u00edch etalon\u016f bylo z\u00e1kladem pro p\u0159\u00edpravu ud\u011blen\u00ed osv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed o akreditaci pro laborato\u0159e a monitorovac\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 imisn\u00edho monitoringu \u010cHM\u00da podle \u010cSN EN 17025, kter\u00e9 vydal v r. 2005 \u010cesk\u00fd institut pro akreditaci. V sou\u010dasnosti zahrnuje v\u0161echny komponenty po\u017eadovan\u00e9 legislativou \u010cR a EU. Uveden\u00fd syst\u00e9m v n\u00e1vaznosti na akreditovanou kalibra\u010dn\u00ed laborato\u0159 imis\u00ed spl\u0148uje p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1 krit\u00e9ria vy\u017eadovan\u00e1 sm\u011brnicemi EU, co\u017e bylo potvrzeno v r\u00e1mci Asociace referen\u010dn\u00edch laborato\u0159\u00ed pro kvalitu vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho ovzdu\u0161\u00ed ES (AQUILA).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>8. \u00dasek ochrany \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed \u0159e\u0161it v minulosti \u0159adu v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f. M\u016f\u017eete uv\u00e9st hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 projekty a granty, na kter\u00fdch se pracovi\u0161t\u011b nyn\u00ed pod\u00edl\u00ed? Od p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edho roku bude \u010cHM\u00da ve\u0159ejnou v\u00fdzkumnou instituc\u00ed. Bude v souvislosti s touto orientac\u00ed nutn\u00e9 zm\u011bnit n\u00e1pl\u0148 \u010dinnosti?<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ji\u017e od vzniku oboru ochrany \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v Hydrometeorologick\u00e9m \u00fastavu jeho pracovn\u00edci zaji\u0161\u0165ovali \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f z t\u00e9to oblasti&#8217; Jednalo se o st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fakoly z programu ochrana a tvorba prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ve kter\u00fdch byly z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1ny a zp\u0159es\u0148ov\u00e1ny prvn\u00ed informace o zdroj\u00edch emis\u00ed a jejich \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed do okol\u00ed&#8217; byly vypracov\u00e1ny metodiky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed emis\u00ed a imis\u00ed, zpracov\u00e1n \u0159\u00e1d provozu m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed a byl p\u0159ipraven syst\u00e9m \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed emis\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b kritick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Od po\u010d\u00e1tku devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let se v\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 \u010dinnost \u00faseku zam\u011b\u0159ila na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u00fakol\u016f z programu v\u011bdy a v\u00fdzkumu, kter\u00e9 byly orientov\u00e1ny na podporu pln\u011bn\u00ed \u00fakol\u016f st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy v oblasti ochrany ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. V\u00fdznamn\u00fdm v\u00fdstupem bylo zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed metodiky SYMOS&#8217;97 pro v\u00fdpo\u010det rozptylu zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed pro bodov\u00e9, plo\u0161n\u00e9 a mobiln\u00ed zdroje zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e1 byla legislativn\u011b potvrzena jako referen\u010dn\u00ed metoda pro \u010cR. V oblasti monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed byl v r\u00e1mci v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fakolu p\u0159ipraven projekt renovovan\u00e9 imisn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00fd byl \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b realizov\u00e1n v letech 2002\u20132004. V\u00a0dob\u011b p\u0159\u00edpravy vstupu \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky do EU byly hled\u00e1ny zp\u016fsoby aplikace legislativy EU do syst\u00e9mu ochrany ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v \u010cR. Jednalo se o nov\u00fd syst\u00e9m inventarizace emis\u00ed, v\u00fdzkum a v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edch metod pro hodnocen\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, zpracov\u00e1ni syst\u00e9mu integrovan\u00e9ho hodnocen\u00ed a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v n\u00e1vaznosti na sm\u011brnice EU a vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed podpory pro navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed strategi\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b modelov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dasti zdroj\u016f na zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v aglomerac\u00edch. V posledn\u00edch letech jsou \u0159e\u0161eny projekty t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00fdzkumu model\u016f \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, omezov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, studia vzniku sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stic z plynn\u00fdch prekurzor\u016f a jejich pod\u00edlu na celkov\u00e9 imisn\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ei a studia p\u016fvodu pra\u0161n\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic v exponovan\u00fdch oblastech pro programy zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">P\u0159echod \u010cHM\u00da na ve\u0159ejnou v\u00fdzkumnou instituci od po\u010d\u00e1tku p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edho roku je d\u00e1n z\u00e1konem a v sou\u010dasnosti se p\u0159ipravuje jeho realizace. I kdy\u017e v\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 \u010dinnost je d\u016fle\u017eitou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u00fakol\u016f, kter\u00e9 zaji\u0161\u0165uje \u00fasek ochrany \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, hlavn\u00edm \u00fakolem \u00faseku je Zajistit Z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed objektivn\u00edch informac\u00ed o dosavadn\u00edm v\u00fdvoji a sou\u010dasn\u00e9m stavu zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a jeho progn\u00f3ze pro pot\u0159eby st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy, samospr\u00e1vy, informov\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti a poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00edm partner\u016fm z EU a dal\u0161\u00edch zemi. Z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje v sou\u010dasnosti 90 % \u010dinnosti \u00faseku. Dlouhodob\u00e9 \u0159ady z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed nen\u00ed mo\u017eno drasticky omezit nebo p\u0159eru\u0161it pouh\u00fdmi administrativn\u00edmi z\u00e1sahy, proto bude nutno urychlen\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161it ot\u00e1zky financov\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dinnosti \u00faseku v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159echodu \u00fastavu na ve\u0159ejnou v\u00fdzkumnou instituci.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>9. Nutnost mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce je alfou a omegou v oblasti ochrany ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a t\u00fdk\u00e1 se jak oblasti monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed (v\u00fdm\u011bna nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch dat), tak i \u00fa\u010dasti v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch programech. M\u016f\u017eete specifikovat nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aktivity a formy t\u00e9to spolupr\u00e1ce?<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Transport zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho ovzdu\u0161\u00ed nerespektuje hranice st\u00e1t\u016f, co\u017e je jeden z hlavn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce v tomto oboru. Proto ji\u017e v roce 1979 byla vyhl\u00e1\u0161ena \u00damluva o d\u00e1lkov\u00e9m zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm hranice st\u00e1t\u016f v Evrop\u011b, kterou \u010ceskoslovensko ratifikovalo v r. 1983. l kdy\u017e v osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech byla \u00damluva velice \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na jako politick\u00fd n\u00e1stroj, je nepopirateln\u00e9, \u017ee splnila po\u017eadavky na zlep\u0161en\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm sn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm emis\u00ed s\u00edry jako hlavn\u00ed komponenty acidifikace prost\u0159ed\u00ed cel\u00e9 Evropy. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u00damluvy je Kooperativn\u00ed program pro monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed a vyhodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed l\u00e1tek zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b, na jeho\u017e pln\u011bn\u00ed se ji\u017e od jeho vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed v r. 1984 v\u00fdznamn\u011b pod\u00edl\u00ed \u010cHM\u00da. P\u0159edstavitel \u010cHM\u00da je m\u00edstop\u0159edsedou \u0158\u00edd\u00edc\u00edho v\u00fdboru EMEP, observato\u0159 Ko\u0161etice pracuje jako jedna ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch monitorovac\u00edch region\u00e1ln\u00edch stanic EMEP s roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdm programem a \u010cHM\u00da je odpov\u011bdn\u00fd za zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed a reporting emisn\u00edch inventur. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci Sv\u011btov\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 organizace se zaji\u0161\u0165uje monitorovac\u00ed program Glob\u00e1ln\u00edho pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry (WMO\/GAW). Se Vstupem \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky do EU se v\u00fdznamn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila spolupr\u00e1ce s Evropskou agenturou pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Podle rozhodnut\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 komise jsou p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1na data o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed do Evropsk\u00e9ho informa\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu AIRBASE. P\u0159ipravuje se p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dat v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase ze v\u0161ech stanic imisn\u00edho monitoringu do tohoto syst\u00e9mu. T\u00fdm pracovn\u00edk\u016f \u010cHM\u00da, kter\u00fd je \u010dlenem konsorcia Evropsk\u00e9ho tematick\u00e9ho st\u0159ediska pro ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a klimatickou zm\u011bnu (ETC\/ACC) Evropsk\u00e9 agentury \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, zpracoval mapy imisn\u00edho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed Evropy, zpr\u00e1vy o koncentrac\u00edch p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00edho ozonu V letn\u00edch obdob\u00edch posledn\u00edch let na \u00fazem\u00ed Evropy a zpr\u00e1vu o v\u00fdvoji a testov\u00e1n\u00ed interpola\u010dn\u00edch a asimila\u010dn\u00edch metod mapov\u00e1n\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v evropsk\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. Tento kolektiv je d\u00e1le \u010dlenem konsorcia 10 evropsk\u00fdch instituc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zv\u00edt\u011bzilo ve v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9m \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dinnosti ETC\/ACC pro obdob\u00ed 2001\u20132010. Pracovn\u00edci \u00faseku se d\u00e1le pod\u00edlej\u00ed na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu GEMS (Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed a region\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m monitoringu Zem\u011b) a na projektu Interreg \u2013 TAQI (Zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v nadn\u00e1rodn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>10. V \u010dl\u00e1nku nazvan\u00e9m odpady? Daleko hor\u0161\u00ed je smog (Lidov\u00e9 noviny, 16. 3. 2006) uvedl Bed\u0159ich Moldan, \u017ee vl\u00e1da by m\u011bla \u0159e\u0161it nejen dovoz odpad\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, je\u017e ohro\u017euje zdrav\u00ed a \u017eivoty. V \u010dl\u00e1nku se p\u00ed\u0161e: \u201ePodle odhad\u016f EU p\u016fsob\u00ed \u0161kodliviny ve vzduchu v \u010cesku asi deset tis\u00edc \u00famrt\u00ed ro\u010dn\u011b nav\u00edc. Dopad ned\u00e1vn\u00e9ho smogu p\u0159\u00edmo zhodnocen nen\u00ed, znamenalo by to dosti n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum, av\u0161ak podle analogi\u00ed z\u00a0jin\u00fdch studi\u00ed byl nepochybn\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00fd.\u201c Pokud citovan\u00e1 konstatace je relevantn\u00ed, pak zpochyb\u0148uje \u00favahy jist\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti odborn\u00edk\u016f o z\u0159eteln\u00e9m zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v \u010cesku. V jak\u00e9m sm\u011bru podle V\u00e1s doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed, a kde naopak ke zhor\u0161en\u00ed? A jak\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry vyvozujete pro dal\u0161\u00ed sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed ochrany \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cHM\u00da?<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Profesor Moldan zmi\u0148uje lednovou epizodu vysok\u00fdch koncentrac\u00ed pra\u0161n\u00e9ho aerosolu, kdy na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky, a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na Ostravsku, p\u0159i n\u011bkolikadenn\u00ed inverzn\u00ed situaci p\u0159ekra\u010dovaly nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodinov\u00e9 koncentrace pra\u0161n\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic frakce PM<sub>10<\/sub> mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b imisn\u00ed limit. Zpr\u00e1va Evropsk\u00e9 agentury pro \u017divotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed ukazuje oblast Slezska (Ostravsko a oblast Katovic) jako jednu z nejv\u00edce zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch ve st\u0159edn\u00ed a z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b pra\u0161n\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1sticemi. Proto bude nutno v t\u00e9to oblasti urychlen\u011b realizovat opat\u0159en\u00ed na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed pra\u0161n\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z technologick\u00fdch proces\u016f a spalov\u00e1n\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed uhl\u00ed. Jemn\u00e9 pra\u0161n\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed se staly v posledn\u00edch letech nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b. I p\u0159es kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed imisn\u00edch limit\u016f pra\u0161n\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt V\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 negativn\u00ed d\u016fsledky na zdrav\u00ed obyvatelstva, je nutno konstatovat v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zlep\u0161en\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cR v posledn\u00edch dvaceti letech. D\u00edky technologick\u00fdm opat\u0159en\u00edm, ods\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm velk\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren a omezen\u00edm v\u00fdroby t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu klesly emise oxidu si\u0159i\u010dit\u00e9ho v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice od roku 1990 o 88 %. Podobn\u011b klesly emise tuh\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic o 87 %. Vysok\u00e9 emise oxidu si\u0159i\u010dit\u00e9ho m\u011bly za n\u00e1sledek extr\u00e9mn\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v \u010cR v sedmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch a osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 denn\u00ed koncentrace oxidu si\u0159i\u010dit\u00e9ho na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010ceskoslovenska byly nam\u011b\u0159eny p\u0159i smogov\u00e9 situaci v lednu 1982, kdy p\u0159esahovaly na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed Severo\u010desk\u00e9ho kraje hodnotu 3 000 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup>. Podobn\u011b dlouhodob\u011b pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 denn\u00ed koncentrace pra\u0161n\u00e9ho aerosolu v Severo\u010desk\u00e9 a Severomoravsk\u00e9m kraji v osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech dosahovaly a\u017e 1 600 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup>. Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i zn\u00e1m\u00e9 smogov\u00e9 epizod\u011b v Lond\u00fdn\u011b v prosinci 1952, kdy bylo jako d\u016fsledku extr\u00e9mn\u011b zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho ovzdu\u0161\u00ed prok\u00e1z\u00e1no a\u017e 12 000 \u00famrt\u00ed, byly nam\u011b\u0159eny koncentrace oxidu si\u0159i\u010dit\u00e9ho kolem 3 500 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup> a \u010dern\u00fdch saz\u00ed a\u017e 4 500 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup>. V sou\u010dasnosti nep\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 denn\u00ed koncentrace oxidu si\u0159i\u010dit\u00e9ho 150 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup> a pra\u0161n\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic hodnotu 300 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup>, s v\u00fdjimkou p\u0159i profesorem Moldanem zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 epizod\u011b, kdy byly kr\u00e1tkodob\u011b nam\u011b\u0159eny pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodinov\u00e9 koncentrace a\u017e 750 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup>. M\u016f\u017eeme konstatovat, \u017ee kvalita ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v \u010cR v posledn\u00edch letech se d\u00edky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed stala srovnatelnou s vysp\u011bl\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty Evropy, se v\u0161emi probl\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b, a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm obrovsk\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst automobilismu. Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed pra\u0161n\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic z autodopravy je nejv\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fakol ochrany ovzdu\u0161\u00ed pro bl\u00edzkou budoucnost.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Zden\u011bk Hork\u00fd, MZ 2006\/4, ro\u010dn\u00edk 59, str. 97\u2013101<\/em><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rozhovor s\u00a0ing. Jaroslavem \u0160antrochem, CSc., n\u00e1m\u011bstkem pro obor ochrana \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9m hydrometeorologick\u00e9m \u00fastavu 1. Pane n\u00e1m\u011bstku, ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s tradi\u010dn\u00edmi obory meteorologie a hydrologie je obor ochrany \u010distoty ovzdu\u0161\u00ed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11637","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11637","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11637"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11637\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14694,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11637\/revisions\/14694"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11637"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}