{"id":10981,"date":"2024-12-30T17:23:54","date_gmt":"2024-12-30T16:23:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/?page_id=10981"},"modified":"2024-12-30T17:25:03","modified_gmt":"2024-12-30T16:25:03","slug":"mala-doba-ledova","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/mala-doba-ledova\/","title":{"rendered":"Mal\u00e1 doba ledov\u00e1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"10981\" class=\"elementor elementor-10981\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6be20aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6be20aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-14d09da\" data-id=\"14d09da\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f993224 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f993224\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify\"><strong><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Jak klima formovalo d\u011bjiny v letech 1300\u20131850. Autor: Brian Fagan. Z angl. orig. p\u0159elo\u017eil Pavel Vere\u0161. Praha: Academia 2007. 289 stran. Cena 329 K\u010d. ISBN 978-80-2001451-3<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V popul\u00e1rn\u011b-nau\u010dn\u00e9 knize pod\u00e1v\u00e1 Brian Fagan, autor t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dvou des\u00edtek tematicky r\u016fznorod\u00fdch faktografick\u00fdch publikac\u00ed (viz nap\u0159. Povodn\u011b, hladomory a c\u00edsa\u0159ov\u00e9: El Ni\u0148o a z\u00e1nik civilizac\u00ed. Dobrodru\u017estv\u00ed archeologie; N\u00e1vrat do Babylonu; Starov\u011bk\u00e1 Severn\u00ed Amerika) obraz klimatick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje mal\u00e9 doby ledov\u00e9 v Evrop\u011b v pr\u016fb\u011bhu p\u011bti stolet\u00ed jej\u00edch d\u011bjin, av\u0161ak se zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm z\u0159etelem na Evropu severn\u00ed a z\u00e1padn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Kniha je rozd\u011blena do \u010dty\u0159 d\u00edl\u016f. Prvn\u00ed d\u00edl je nazv\u00e1n Tepl\u00e9 obdob\u00ed a jeho dozvuky (dv\u011b kapitoly), druh\u00fd Za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 ochlazov\u00e1n\u00ed (t\u0159i kapitoly), t\u0159et\u00ed, rozsahem nejobs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed \u2013 \u201ePln\u00fd sv\u011bt\u201c je u konce (\u0161est kapitol), a posledn\u00ed je v\u011bnov\u00e1n soudob\u00e9mu tepl\u00e9mu obdob\u00ed (jedna kapitola).<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">I kdy\u017e autor nen\u00ed stoupencem tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny jsou prvotn\u00edm hybatelem v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch trend\u016f (ekologick\u00fd determinismus), je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den o nezanedbateln\u00e9m vlivu klimatu a jeho anom\u00e1li\u00ed na ekonomick\u00fd, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed a politick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj lidstva.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V tepl\u00e9m obdob\u00ed mezi 9. a 13. stolet\u00edm, kter\u00e9 bylo p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 pro zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, pastevectv\u00ed, rybolov, se pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 letn\u00ed teploty pohybovaly 0,1 a\u017e 1 \u00b0C nad pr\u016fm\u011brem 20. stolet\u00ed, letn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edce byly dostate\u010dn\u011b tepl\u00e9 a such\u00e9, vinice se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily daleko na sever. Do\u0161lo k rychl\u00e9mu n\u00e1r\u016fstu obyvatelstva, m\u00edrn\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed umo\u017enilo doplavit se Viking\u016fm do Severn\u00ed Ameriky. Ve 12. a 13. stolet\u00ed se hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 prosperita prom\u00edtla v rozvoji m\u011bst a v\u00fdstavb\u011b velkolep\u00fdch sakr\u00e1ln\u00edch staveb (katedr\u00e1ly Notre-Dame v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei, Reme\u0161i, Sevres, Canterbury apod.). Obdob\u00ed prosperity v\u0161ak skon\u010dilo na p\u0159elomu 13. a 14. stolet\u00ed (okolo roku 1310) \u2013 index Severoatlantick\u00e9 oscilace (NAO) se \u201ep\u0159eklopil\u201c vysok\u00e9ho na n\u00edzk\u00fd; v Evrop\u011b nastala tzv. mal\u00e1 doba ledov\u00e1 (zhruba a\u017e do roku 1850), p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e1 \u010dast\u00fdmi \u201emezicykly\u201c. Klima se stalo nep\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00fdm a studen\u011bj\u0161\u00edm, s opakovan\u00fdmi v\u00fdkyvy a katastrof\u00e1ln\u00edmi zm\u011bnami (arktick\u00e9 zimy, hork\u00e1 l\u00e9ta, mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e1 sucha, p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00e9 de\u0161t\u011b). Podstatn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st knihy (druh\u00fd a t\u0159et\u00ed d\u00edl) je v\u011bnov\u00e1na tomuto obdob\u00ed a t\u00e9matu. Obsah nejl\u00e9pe ilustruj\u00ed n\u00e1zvy jednotliv\u00fdch kapitol \u2013 Nenad\u00e1l\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 v\u00fdkyvy, Bou\u0159e, tresky a dogly (= anglick\u00e1 oce\u00e1nsk\u00e1 plavidla s vysokou p\u0159\u00edd\u00ed a n\u00edzkou z\u00e1d\u00ed), Po\u010detn\u00e9 rolnictvo, P\u0159\u00edzrak hladu, V\u00e1lka proti ledovc\u016fm, Je sp\u00ed\u0161e zima ne\u017e l\u00e9to, Potravinov\u00e1 nouze a revoluce, Rok bez l\u00e9ta, An Ghorta M\u00f3r (Velk\u00fd hlad). Krom\u011b kapitoly o nenad\u00e1l\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch v\u00fdkyvech, ve kter\u00e9 se autor pokou\u0161\u00ed shrnout sou\u010dasn\u00e9 poznatky o p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch t\u011bchto jev\u016f, v dal\u0161\u00edch kapitol\u00e1ch zachycuje ud\u00e1losti zp\u016fsobovan\u00e9 t\u011bmito vesm\u011bs neblah\u00fdmi jevy, v\u010detn\u011b vliv\u016f politick\u00fdch, hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch. L\u00ed\u010den\u00ed lok\u00e1ln\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed je velmi p\u016fsobiv\u00e9 a m\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 beletristick\u00fd charakter. Jestli\u017ee dnes tvrd\u00edme, \u017ee pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed extr\u00e9my jsou v sou\u010dasnosti \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a intenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, pak ur\u010dit\u011b stoj\u00ed kniha B. Fagana za p\u0159e\u010dten\u00ed. Na\u0161e sou\u010dasn\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed je patrn\u011b ovlivn\u011bno on-line informa\u010dn\u00edm servisem m\u00e9di\u00ed i \u017eivotn\u00edm standardem, kdy ka\u017ed\u00e9 vybo\u010den\u00ed je naz\u00edr\u00e1no jako trag\u00e9die. Ve sv\u011bt\u011b mezi 15. a 18. stolet\u00edm \u017eilo 80 a\u017e 90 % lidstva z\u00a0p\u016fdy, kdy proti rozmar\u016fm po\u010das\u00ed nebylo obrany. <em>\u201eV d\u016fsledku zhor\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed klimatick\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f se rostouc\u00ed obyvatelstvo Evropy st\u00e1valo ob\u011bt\u00ed smrteln\u00e9 sm\u011bsi r\u016fzn\u00fdch b\u011bd. Nast\u00e1vala ne\u00faroda a na choroby zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 abnorm\u00e1ln\u00edm po\u010das\u00edm hynul dobytek. P\u0159ich\u00e1zel jeden hladomor za druh\u00fdm a p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161el s sebou epidemie, zat\u00edmco hladov\u00e9 bou\u0159e a v\u0161eobecn\u00e1 nejistota zas\u00edvaly strach a ned\u016fv\u011bru. Mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b se rozmohly procesy s \u010darod\u011bjnicemi, proto\u017ee lid\u00e9 obvi\u0148ovali sousedy, \u017ee maj\u00ed na sv\u011bdom\u00ed \u0161patn\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed&#8230;Bou\u0159kov\u00e1 \u010dinnost se ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 16. stolet\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161ila o 85 %&#8221;.<\/em><\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">V posledn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti knihy (Teplej\u0161\u00ed sklen\u00edk) konstatuje autor, \u017ee stopades\u00e1tilet\u00e9 oteplen\u00ed je nyn\u00ed nejdel\u0161\u00ed za tis\u00edc let. P\u0159esto je B. Fagan rezervovan\u00fd v odpov\u011bdi na ot\u00e1zku, zda jsou rekordn\u00ed teploty z posledn\u00edho obdob\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed nekon\u010d\u00edc\u00edho cyklu studen\u011bj\u0161\u00edho a teplej\u0161\u00edho klimatu, jen\u017e trv\u00e1 od konce doby ledov\u00e9, nebojsou projevem lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. D\u016fvodem, pro\u010d nev\u00edme, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry jsou dne\u0161n\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho charakteru, je tak\u00e9 nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed vlivu Slunce na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed klima.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Faganovo kniha z kategorie literatury faktu zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem p\u0159ibli\u017euje obdob\u00ed trvaj\u00edc\u00ed v Evrop\u011b v\u00edce ne\u017e p\u016fl tis\u00edcilet\u00ed. Z hlediska v\u00fdb\u011bru p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f i m\u00edstopisu jde sice o pohled pon\u011bkud jednostrann\u00fd, nicm\u00e9n\u011b dostate\u010dn\u011b p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00fd a v\u011bcn\u011b fundovan\u00fd. Sv\u00e9 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e by m\u011bla naj\u00edt u odborn\u00e9, ale i \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Liter\u00e1rn\u00ed odkazy na citace jsou uvedeny po kapitol\u00e1ch na konci knihy, stejn\u011b jako i rejst\u0159\u00edk.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"rteright\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Zden\u011bk Hork\u00fd, MZ 2007\/5, ro\u010dn\u00edk 60, str. 164<\/em><\/span><\/p><hr \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jak klima formovalo d\u011bjiny v letech 1300\u20131850. Autor: Brian Fagan. Z angl. orig. p\u0159elo\u017eil Pavel Vere\u0161. Praha: Academia 2007. 289 stran. Cena 329 K\u010d. ISBN 978-80-2001451-3 V popul\u00e1rn\u011b-nau\u010dn\u00e9 knize pod\u00e1v\u00e1 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10981","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10981","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10981"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10981\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10985,"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10981\/revisions\/10985"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cmes.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10981"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}